Splash Particle Size Distribution along the Experimental Flume under Different Rainfall Intensities and Slopes

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Professor/ Tarbiat Modares University

2 Tarbiat Modares University

3 University of Guilan

Abstract

Splash detachment and transport of soil particles by raindrops are the initiating mechanisms of soil erosion by water. The size distribution of splashed particles is very important and effective in the rate of other erosion processes. However, this important issue has been less considered. Therefore, the present study investigated individual and interaction effects of slope, rainfall intensity and spatial variations along the plot and upward and downward splash cup. In addition, the variables were grouped by Tukey test in RStudio software. The tow-way ANOVA in upward splash cup showed that the rainfall intensities significantly affected all variables except particles of < 2 micron and skewness of sediment. A variable except D10, sorting and kurtosis of sediment in downward splash cup significantly differed in varying rainfall intensities and slopes and their interaction. Besides that, the Tukey test explained that the rainfall intensity of 90 mm h-1 significantly influenced study variables compared to those reported for rainfall intensities of 30 and 60 mm h-1.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Agassi, M. and Bradford, J. M. (1999). Methodologies for interrill soil erosion studies. Soil and Tillage Research, 49(4), 277-287.
Armstrong, A., Quinton, J. N., Heng, B. C. P. and Chandler, J. H. (2011). Variability of interrill erosion at low slopes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 36(1), 97-106.
Asadi, H., Ghadiri, H., Rose, C. W., Rouhipour, H., (2007a). Interrill soil erosion processes and their interaction on low slopes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 32(5), 711-724.
Asadi, H., Ghadiri, H., Rose, C. W., Yu, B., Hussein, J., (2007b). An investigation of flow-driven soil erosion processes at low streampowers. Journal of Hydrology, 342(1), 134-142.
Barry, D. A., Sander, G. C., Jomaa, S., Heng, B. C. P., Parlange, J. Y., Lisle, I. G. and Hogarth, W. L. (2010). Exact solutions of the Hairsine-Rose precipitation-driven erosion model for a uniform grain size soil. Journal of Hydrology, 389 (3–4), 399–405.
Blott, S.S., Pye, K., (2001). Gradistat: A grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediment. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 10 (26), 1237-1248.
Ekern, P. C. (1950). Raindrop impact as a force initiating soil erosion. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 15, 7–10.
Ellison, W. D. (1944). Studies of raindrop erosion. Agricultural Engineering, 25 (4), 131–136.
Falsone, G., Bonifacio, E., Zanini, E., (2012). Structure development in aggregates of poorly developed soils through the analysis of the pore system. Catena, 95, 169–176.
Fox, D. M., Bryan, R. B., (1999). The relationship of soil loss by interrill erosion to slope gradient. Catena, 38(3), 211-222.
Fu, S., Liu, B., Liu, H. and Xu, L. (2011). The effects of slope on interrill erosion at short slopes. Catena, 84, 29-34.
Gerits, J. J. P., DeLima, J. L. M. P. and Van Den Broek, T. M. W. (1990). Overland flow and erosion. In: Anderson, M.G., Burt, T.P. (Eds.), Process Studies in Hillslope Hydrology. Wiley, Chichester, pp. 173–214.
Goebes, P., Seitz, S., Geißler, C., Lassu, T., Peters, P., Seeger, M., Nadrowski, K. and Scholten, T. (2014). Momentum or kinetic energy – How do substrate properties influence the calculation of rainfall erosivity? Journal of Hydrology, 517, 310–316.
Hawke, R. M., Price, A. G. and Bryan, R. B. (2006). The effect of initial soil water content and rainfall intensity on near-surface soil hydrologic conductivity: a laboratory investigation. Catena, 65(3), 237-246.
Huang, L., Wang, C. Y., Tan, W. F., Hu, H. Q., Cai, C. F.,Wang, M. K., (2010). Distribution of organic matter in aggregates of eroded Ultisols, Central China. Soil Tillage Research, 108 (1), 59–67.
Janeau, J. L., Bricquet, J. P., Planchon, O. and Valentin, C. (2003). Soil crusting and infiltration on steep slopes in northern Thailand. European Journal of Soil Science, 54, 543–553.
Khaledi Darvishan, A., Sadeghi, S. H. R., Homaee, M. and Arabkhedri, M. (2014). Measuring sheet erosion using synthetic color contrast aggregates. Hydrological Processes, 28(15), 4463-4471.
Kinnell, P. I. A. (2005). Raindrop impact induced erosion processes and prediction: A review. Hydrological Processes, 19, 2815–2844.
Legout, C., Leguedois, S., Le Bissonnais, Y., Malam, I.O., (2005). Splash distance and size distributions for various soils. Geoderma, 124 (3), 279–292.
Leguédois, S., Le Bissonnais, Y., (2004). Size fractions resulting from an aggregate stability test, interrill detachment and transport. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 29 (9), 1117–1129.
Ma, R. M., Li, Z. X., Cai, C. F., Wang, J. G., (2014). The dynamic response of splash erosion to aggregate mechanical breakdown through rainfall simulation events in Ultisols (subtropical China. Catena, 121: 279-287.
Misra, R. K. and Rose, C. W. (1995). An examination of the relationship between erodibility parameters and soil strength. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 33, 715–732.
Sadeghi, S. H. R., Abdollahi, Z. and Khaledi Darvishan, A. V. (2013). Experimental comparison of some techniques for estimating Natural Rain Drop Size Distribution in Caspian Sea Southern Coast, Iran. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58(6), 1374-1382.
Shi, Z. H., Yue, B. J., Wang, L., Fang, N. F., Wang, D., and Wu, F. Z. (2013). Effects of mulch cover rate on interrill erosion processes and the size selectivity of eroded sediment on steep slopes. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 77(1), 257-267.
Sutherland, R. A., Wan, Y., Ziegler, A. D., Lee, C. T., & El-Swaify, S. A. (1996). Splash and wash dynamics: an experimental investigation using an Oxisol. Geoderma, 69(1), 85-103.
Terry, J. P. (1998). A rain splash component analysis to define mechanisms of soil detachment and transportation. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 36, 525–542.
Torri, D. and Poesen, J. (1992). The effect of soil surface slope on raindrop detachment. Catena, 19, 561–578.
Vermang, J., Demeyer, V., Cornelis, W., Gabriëls, D., (2009). Aggregate stability and erosion response to antecedent water content of a loess soil. Soil Science Society American Journal, 73 (3), 718–726.
Yusefi, A., Farrokhian Firouzi, A. and Khalili Moghadam, B. (2014). Evaluation of temporal variation of splash erosion in different slopes and agricultural and forest land uses. Journal of Soil and Water Resources Conservation, 3(3), 11-20. (In Farsi)
Zhang G. H., Liu G. B., Wang G. L., Wang Y. X., (2011). Effects of vegetation cover and rainfall intensity on sediment-bound nutrient loss, size composition and volume fractal dimension of sediment particles. Pedosphere, 21(5): 676-684.
 
 
 
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
Volume 47, Issue 4 - Serial Number 4
January 2017
Pages 657-664

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics