Effects of land use on some soil properties in olive orchard

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Soil Science, faculty of agriculture, University of guilan, Iran

2 Department of Soil Science, University of Guilan

3 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Raht, Iran

10.22059/ijswr.2025.401149.669999

Abstract

This research examines the effects of land-use changes from natural rangeland to olive orchards on the physical and chemical properties of soil. Soil samples were collected from three different locations: (1) under the olive tree canopies, (2) in the inter-row spacing between olive trees, and (3) in the adjacent natural rangeland. Sampling was carried out systematically in two locations within the olive orchard (under tree canopies and in the spacing between trees) and in the natural rangeland, at a depth of 0 to 10 cm. After being transferred to the laboratory and dried at 40 degrees Celsius, the soil samples underwent standard physical and chemical tests. Overall, the analysis of variance results indicated that the effect of land use and sampling location on all measured variables (organic matter, pH, bulk density, mean weight diameter of soil aggregates, water infiltration rate, and water repellency) was statistically significant at the 99% confidence level (p < 0.01). The results showed that converting natural rangeland to olive orchards led to a significant increase in soil organic matter. Specifically, organic matter content increased from 1.84% in the rangeland to a range of 2.53% to 5.54% under the tree canopy and between olive trees. 

Keywords

Main Subjects

Introduction

This research examines the effects of land-use changes from natural rangeland to olive orchards on the physical and chemical properties of soil in Rostamabad, Rudbar County, Gilan Province. Land-use change, as one of the main factors influencing soil quality changes, has always been a subject of interest, and understanding its exact effects on soil properties is essential for achieving sustainable land management. Studies have also shown that land-use change can significantly impact soil erosion by influencing soil physical properties, including aggregate stability, bulk density, water repellency, and water infiltration rate. The objective of this study is to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the changes in soil properties, particularly organic matter, acidity, bulk density, mean weight diameter of soil aggregates, water infiltration rate, and water repellency, resulting from these land-use.

Materials and Methods

To achieve the research objectives in this study, soil samples were collected from three different locations: (1) under the olive tree canopies, (2) in the inter-row spacing between olive trees, and (3) in the adjacent natural rangeland. Each of these sections had three slope positions: downslope (points DS1-DS2-DS3), midslope (points MS1-MS2-MS3), and upslope (points US1-US2-US3). Sampling was carried out systematically in two locations within the olive orchard (under tree canopies and in the spacing between trees) and in the natural rangeland, at a depth of 0 to 10 cm. After being transferred to the laboratory and dried at 40 degrees Celsius, the soil samples underwent standard physical and chemical tests. These tests included measuring texture, bulk density, organic matter (using the wet oxidation method), pH and electrical conductivity, calcium carbonate, mean weight diameter of soil aggregates (wet sieving method), and water infiltration rate using the single-ring infiltrometer method. Soil water repellency was also measured using the water drop penetration test.

Results and Discussion

Overall, the analysis of variance results indicated that the effect of land use and sampling location on all measured variables (organic matter, pH, bulk density, mean weight diameter of soil aggregates, water infiltration rate, and water repellency) was statistically significant at the 99% confidence level (p < 0.01). The results showed that converting natural rangeland to olive orchards led to a significant increase in soil organic matter. Specifically, organic matter content increased from 1.84% in the rangeland to a range of 2.53% to 5.54% under the tree canopy and between olive trees. This increase indicates the positive impact of olive tree cultivation on soil enrichment, particularly improving soil quality under the canopy of olive trees.

The results also revealed that soil organic matter content varied with slope position, with the highest organic matter content found in the lower slope positions. Additionally, soil bulk density in the olive orchard, especially under the tree canopy, decreased significantly, which improves water infiltration and increases soil porosity. Conversely, the mean weight diameter of soil aggregates and water infiltration rate increased significantly in the olive orchard. These changes suggest that the soil in the olive orchard has better structure and greater stability, which can help prevent soil erosion. The findings also indicated that changes in aggregate stability under the tree canopy of olive trees follow a specific pattern similar to the changes in soil organic matter, with aggregate stability decreasing as the elevation of sampling points increases. This could be attributed to the decrease in organic matter due to the increased elevation of the sampling points. Furthermore, pH levels in the olive orchard, particularly under the tree canopy, decreased, which, along with a slight increase in water repellency under the tree canopy, can contribute to enhancing soil aggregate stability. In general, natural rangeland and the area between olive trees did not show a specific pattern in soil property changes with slope position, which could be due to the continuous disturbance of the soil in these areas.

Conclusions

Overall, the findings of this study indicate that land-use change from rangeland to olive orchards can lead to improvements in the physical and chemical properties of soil, thereby enhancing soil stability and productivity in the studied area. These findings can serve as a basis for policymaking related to sustainable land management and promoting olive tree cultivation in similar regions. Finally, it is recommended that future research focus on the short-term effects of this land-use change and examine the impacts of other management practices on soil quality.

Author Contributions

All authors actively participated in the preparation process of this article. The roles of the authors included conceptualization of the research topic, drafting the initial manuscript, and revising and improving subsequent versions. All stages of writing were carried out with close collaboration and thorough reviews to ensure the highest scientific quality of the article.

Data Availability Statement

All reported data in the article have been fully and accurately included in the manuscript, and there is no need for additional information. The data have been organized in a way that provides comprehensive support for the analyses, results, and discussions presented.

Acknowledgements

The authors of this article sincerely thank the Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, for providing laboratory facilities and supporting fieldwork. The authors would also like to express their special appreciation to the esteemed reviewers who played a significant role in improving the content of the manuscript through their valuable comments and suggestions.

Ethical considerations

The authors have avoided any form of data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or unethical behavior.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
Volume 56, Issue 10
January 2026
Pages 2845-2864

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