Effects of rice straw and sewage sludge-derived hydrochars on some agronomic traits and leaf chlorophyll index of rice in a sandy loam soil contaminated with lead (Pb)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran.

2 Soil Science Depertment, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz , Tabriz, Iran

3 Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran

4 Tea Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Lahijan, Iran

5 Rice Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran

Abstract

 
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of rice straw, sewage sludge, and their hydrochars on some agronomic traits and chlorophyll index of rice plants in a sandy loam soil contaminated with lead (Pb) under greenhouse conditions. The research was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications and two factors of organic matter at 11 levels (control, rice straw, rice straw hydrochar, sewage sludge, sewage sludge hydrochar, rice straw + rice straw hydrochar, sewage sludge + sewage sludge hydrochar, rice straw + sewage sludge, rice straw hydrochar + sewage sludge hydrochar, rice straw hydrochar + sewage sludge, sewage sludge hydrochar + rice straw), and Pb at two levels of 0 and 500 mg/kg as lead nitrate. The results showed that soil contamination with Pb significantly reduced leaf chlorophyll index, plant height, panicle dry matter, panicle length, leaf number, leaf width, and stem diameter. By application of sewage sludge and its hydrochar, agronomic traits of rice were significantly increased, and this increase was even higher in the presence of sewage sludge than its hydrochar. The application of rice straw decreased panicle dry matter and leaf number and increased the ratio of shoot dry matter to that of root and had no significant effect on other traits. The application of rice straw hydrochar reduced shoot and root dry matter, leaf number, and leaf length. The results showed that integration of sewage sludge and its hydrochar with rice straw and its hydrochar can reduce the negative effects of rice straw and its hydrochar and Pb toxicity.

Keywords

Main Subjects

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

 

Introduction

Conversion of rice straw (Oryza sativa L.) and sewage sludge into hydrochars can reduce the organic matter decomposition rate, increase its stability in soil and eliminate pathogens, pests and weed seeds. Soil contamination with lead (Pb) can negatively affect the quantity and quality of rice. It is expected that by using sewage sludge and its hydrochar, rice straw and its hydrochar, and their combination, the toxic effects of Pb will decrease. To this end, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of rice straw, sewage sludge, and their hydrochars on some agronomic traits and chlorophyll index of rice plants (cv. Hashemi) in a sandy loam soil contaminated with Pb under greenhouse conditions.

Methodology

The research was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications and two factors of organic matter at 11 levels (control, rice straw, rice straw hydrochar, sewage sludge, sewage sludge hydrochar, rice straw + rice straw hydrochar, sewage sludge + sewage sludge hydrochar, rice straw + sewage sludge, rice straw hydrochar + sewage sludge hydrochar, rice straw hydrochar + sewage sludge, sewage sludge hydrochar + rice straw), and Pb at two levels of 0 and 500 mg/kg as lead nitrate (PbNO3).

Results and Discussion

The results showed that soil contamination with Pb significantly reduced leaf chlorophyll index, plant height, panicle dry matter, panicle length, leaf number, leaf width, and stem diameter. By application of sewage sludge and its hydrochar, agronomic traits of rice were significantly increased, and this increase was even higher in the presence of sewage sludge than its hydrochar. The application of rice straw decreased panicle dry matter and leaf number and increased the ratio of shoot dry matter to that of root and had no significant effect on other traits. The application of rice straw hydrochar reduced shoot and root dry matters, leaf number, and leaf length. Compared to the initial biomass, the effect of hydrochar on the studied traits was different depending on its origin (rice straw or sewage sludge) and the type of trait. Using both types of studied hydrochars compared to the initial biomass did not cause significant changes in leaf chlorophyll index, leaf length, leaf width, panicle length, and plant height. There was no significant difference between sewage sludge and its hydrochar in terms of the number of leaves, but the use of rice straw hydrochar reduced the number of leaves compared to the initial biomass. The application of both types of hydrochars significantly reduced the number of panicles and the dry matter of root, shoot, and panicle compared to the initial biomass.

Conclusion

The results showed that integration of sewage sludge and its hydrochar with rice straw and its hydrochar could reduce the negative effects of rice straw and its hydrochar and Pb toxicity. This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions and its results may be different in field conditions. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct this research in field conditions in a soil contaminated with Pb.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.M. and N.N.; methodology, M.M. and N.N.; software, M.M. and N.N.; validation, M.M., N.N., S.O., A.S. and S.M.S.; formal analysis, M.M. and N.N.; investigation, M.M.; resources, M.M. and N.N.; data curation, M.M. and N.N.; writing—original draft preparation, M.M. and N.N.; writing–review and editing, N.N., S.O., A.S. and S.M.S.; visualization, M.M.; supervision, N.N.; project administration, N.N.; funding acquisition, N.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Data Availability Statement

Data is available on reasonable request from the authors.

Acknowledgements

This paper is published as a part of a Ph.D. dissertation supported by the Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology of the University of Tabriz, Iran. The authors are thankful to the University of Tabriz for financial supports.

Ethical considerations

The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and misconduct.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

 

 

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Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
Volume 56, Issue 1
April 2025
Pages 17-42

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