تاثیر بیوچار چوب انگور بر پاسخ ذرت به تنش کمبود آب در شرایط گلخانه‌ای

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

2 گروه خاکشناسی دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

3 گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

چکیده

یک مطالعه گلخانه­ای با هدف بررسی تاثیر بیوچار بر مراحل رشد رویشی و زایشی گیاه ذرت (Zea mays L.) تحت تنش کمبود آب انجام شد. بیوچار تولیدشده از پبرولیز خرده­های ­چوب درخت انگور )در ℃350(، در نسبت­های وزنی 0، 5/0، 1، 2، 3، 4 و 5 درصد با یک خاک لوم شنی (نمونه­برداری­شده از استان البرز) مخلوط و به­منظور کشت ذرت استفاده شدند. آزمایش شامل دو تیمار کم­آبیاری در مراحل رویشی (I1) و زایشی (I2) و یک تیمار آبیاری کافی روزانه در طول فصل رشد (I3) بود. گیاهان در دوره کم­آبیاری در معرض چرخه­های متوالی تر (آبیاری تا حد ظرفیت مزرعه) و خشک­شدن خاک (ناشی از تعرق گیاه) با دامنه نوسان رطوبتcm3 cm-3  30/0- 18/0 قرار گرفتند. برخی ویژگی­های فیزیولوژیک گیاهان شامل شدت تعرق، هدایت روزنه­ای و شدت فتوسنتز در طول چرخه­های خشکی خاک و زیست­توده در پایان آزمایش اندازه­گیری شدند. منحنی رطوبتی خاک با استفاده از دستگاه­های جعبه شنی و صفحات فشاری و هدایت هیدرولیکی غیراشباع (Kh) با دستگاه هایپروپ اندازه­گیری شدند. نتایج نشان داد افزودن 4 درصد بیوچار به خاک، شدت تعرق را 81، 100 و 49 درصد در I1، و 228، 198 و 61 درصد در I2 به­ترتیب در رطوبت­های­ خاک 18/0، 20/0 و  cm3 cm-3 23/0 افزایش داد. میزان تاثیر بیوچار بر بهبود شاخص­های فیزیولوژیک گیاهان تحت تنش خشکیِ مرحله زایشی، بیش­تر از مرحله رویشی بود. در نتیجه­ی این بهبود، شاخص برداشت گیاهان در خاک­های حاوی بیوچار برای تیمارهای I1 و I2، به­ترتیب 35 و 50 درصد افزایش یافت. راندمان مصرف آب دانه نیز در تیمارهای I1 و I2 تحت تاثیر بیوچار به­ترتیب 42 و 49 درصد افزایش یافت. با توجه به تاثیر اندک بیوچار به­ویژه در محدوده خشک منحنی رطوبتی بر افزایش نگهداشت آب خاک، به نظر می­رسد، کارکرد بیوچار در بالاتر نگهداشتن Kh و پتانسیل جریان ماتریک مهم­ترین عامل بهبود شدت تعرق در چرخه­های خشک­شدن خاک بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Grapevine Wood Biochar on Maize Response to Water Deficit Stress in Greenhouse Condition

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammadtaghi Tirgarsoltani 1
  • Hosseinali Bahrami 2
  • ali mokhtasibidgoli 3
1 Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
2 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
3 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the effect of biochar on vegetative and reproductive stages of maize (Zea mays L.) under water deficit stress. A biochar produced from the pyrolysis of grapevine wood chips (at 350℃), was mixed with a sandy loam soil (from Alborz province) at the rates of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 % w/w, which were used for planting maize. The experiment consisted of two deficit irrigation treatments in vegetative (I1) and reproductive (I2) stages and one sufficient daily irrigation treatment throughout the growing season (I3). Plants in the period of deficit irrigation were subjected to successive wetting (via watering up to FC) and drying (via plant transpiration) soil cycles with water content varying between 0.30 and 0.18 cm3cm-3, respectively. Some plant physiological characteristics including transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis rate were determined during the drying cycles and biomass at the end of experiment. Soil water retention curve and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (Kh) were measured by a combination of the Sandbox, Pressure plate, and Hyprop apparatus. The results showed that the addition of four percent biochar to the soil increased transpiration rate by 81, 100 and 49% in I1 and 228, 198 and 61% in I2 at soil water contents of 0.18, 0.20 and 0.23 cm3 cm-3, respectively. The effect of biochar on improving the physiological parameters of plants under drought stress in the reproductive stage was greater than the ones in the vegetative stage. Due to this improvement, the harvest index of plants in soils containing biochar increased by 35 and 50% in I1 and I2, respectively. Under the biochar impacts, grain water use efficiency also increased by 42% and 49% in I1 and I2, respectively. Given the small effect of biochar on increasing soil water retention especially in the dry range, it seems that the performance of biochar to keep higher Kh and matric flux potential were the most important factors to improve transpiration rate in the soil drying cycles.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Soil hydraulic conductivity
  • Stomatal conductance
  • Transpiration rate
  • Water use efficiency
  • Water retention
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