بررسی ویژگی‌های مورفومتری آبکندها و عوامل مؤثر بر گسترش آن‌ها در کاربری زراعت دیم در جنوب استان آذربایجان‌شرقی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد گروه خاک‌شناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران.

2 دانشجوی دکتری فیزیک و حفاظت خاک گروه خاک‌شناسی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران.

چکیده

فرسایش آبکندی یکی از مهم­ترین انواع فرسایش آبی است که با­ توجه به تولید رسوب و تخریب شدید خاک، مطالعه آن اهمیت ویژه­ای دارد. اطلاعات اندکی در مورد گسترش فرسایش آبکندی در مناطق تحت کشاورزی دیم وجود دارد. مطالعه حاضر به­منظور بررسی روابط بین ویژگی­های مورفومتری آبکند و تأثیر برخی عوامل زمینی (طول، شیب، مساحت زهکش، کاربری زمین و جهت شخم) بر گسترش فرسایش آبکندی به­منظور بررسی راه­کارهای حفاظتی در جهت کاهش هدررفت خاک در پهنه­ای کشاورزی به وسعت 900 کیلومتر مربع در جنوب استان آذربایجان شرقی انجام گرفت. در این راستا 223 آبکند در منطقه شناسایی و ویژگی­های مورفومتری شامل طول، عرض، عمق، اختلاف ارتفاع دو سر آبکند، مساحت مقطع و حجم در کنار عوامل زمینی شامل درجه شیب، درجه شیب زمین بالادست آبکند و طول زمین، سطح زهکش و عوامل مدیریتی (کاربری زمین و جهت شخم) تعیین شد. بر اساس نتایج، آبکندها در عرصه­هایی با مساحت حوضه زهکش 5/1 تا 1/45 هکتار گسترش یافته، طول آن­ها از 52 متر تا 2088 متر و حجم آن­ها از 150 تا 35088 متر مکعب تغییر می­کند. همبستگی­ معنی­دار بین حجم آبکند و طول، عرض، عمق، شاخص شکل و سطح مقطع آبکند وجود دارد. طول آبکند مهم­ترین مشخصه مورفومتری آبکند برای بیان گسترش آبکندها در منطقه است. گسترش فرسایش آبکندی تحت تأثیر مستقیم اختلاف ارتفاع دو سر آبکند (51 /0r=)، مساحت عرصه زهکش (71/0r=) و طول دامنه (78 /0r=) و تحت تأثیر عکس شیب دامنه و شیب زمین بالادست قرار دارد. نتایج نشان داد طول دامنه مهم­ترین عامل مؤثر بر گسترش آبکندها در منطقه است. به­طوری که در دامنه­های طولانی، توسعه طولی آبکند و در نتیجه گسترش حجمی آبکند بیش­تر است. در چنین دامنه­هایی اجرای عملیات حفاظت خاک ضروری است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Study of Morphometric Characteristics of Gullies and Factors Affecting Gully Development in Dryland Farming Area in South of East-Azarbaijan Province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Reza Vaezi 1
  • Ouldouz Bakhshi Rad 2
1 Associate Professor of Soil Science- Soil erosion and Conservation
2 Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture University of Zanjan
چکیده [English]

Gully erosion is one of the most important types of water erosion, due to sediment production and severe soil degradation. There is a few information on development of gully erosion in agricultural rainfed areas. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship among gully morphometric characteristics and to find out the effect of land factors (gully length, slope, surface drainage area, land use and plough direction) on gully formation. Also, some conservation strategies for reducing soil losses were studied in a 900 km2 agricultural area in south of Eastern Azarbijan province. For this purpose, 223 gullies were identified in the study area and some characteristics including length, width, depth, elevation difference between the two sides of gully, cross section area and volume, along with land factors consist of slope gradient of land and upland, slope length, surface drainage area, and management factors (land use and plough direction) were determined. Based on the results, gullies have developed in the areas with a drainage surface ranged from 1.5 to 45.1 ha and their length varies from 52 to 2088 m and the volume is between 150 and 35088 m3. Significant correlations are found between gully volume and length, width, depth, shape factor and cross section area. The length is the most important morphometric characteristics to explain gully volume in the lands. Gully development is directly affected by land’s factors including the elevation difference between the two sides of gully (r= 0.51), surface drainage area (r= 0.71), and length (r= 0.78), while it inversely affected by land and upland slope. The gully length is the major factor controlling gully erosion in the area. So that in long slopes, the longitudinal development of the gully and consequently the volumetric expansion of the gully is more. In such areas it is necessary to carry out soil conservation practices.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Drainage area
  • Gully length
  • Gully volume
  • Land use
  • Plough direction
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