تاثیر تغییر کاربری جنگل بر ویژگی‌های کیفی خاک و تصاعد دی اکسید کربن

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جنگل شناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، گروه جنگلداری، دانشکدة منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران

2 استادیار گروه مرتعداری، دانشکدة منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران.

3 دانشیار گروه جنگلداری، دانشکدة منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران

چکیده

تغییر کاربری اراضی یکی از دخالت­های مهم بشر در اکوسیستم­های طبیعی است که بر روی فرآیندهای اکوسیستم به ویژه خاک اثرگذار است. در پژوهش حاضر، اثر کاربری­های جنگلی (جنگل طبیعی و جنگل­کاری بلندمازو) و غیرجنگلی (عرصه­های باغی، مرتعی و زراعی) بر تغییرپذیری شاخص­های کیفی خاک و پویایی تصاعد دی اکسید کربن مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. در هر یک از کاربری­های مورد بررسی، تعداد 16 نمونه خاک (عمق 10-0 سانتی­متری) جمع­آوری و به آزمایشگاه انتقال داده شد. مطابق با نتایج، بیشترین مقدار ماده آلی خاک به رویشگاههای جنگلی و بالاترین مقدار جرم مخصوص ظاهری به عرصه­های مرتعی و زراعی اختصاص داشت. هرچند تغییرات جرم مخصوص حقیقی خاک در بین کاربری­های مختلف اراضی معنی­دار نبود، اما خاک جنگل­کاری بلندمازو دارای بالاترین مقدار تخلخل بود. جنگل طبیعی دارای پایدارترین خاکدانه­ها بوده و به دنبال تخریب جنگل و تغییر نوع کاربری از پایداری آنها بطور معنی­داری کاسته شد. بیشترین محتوای شن به عرصه مرتعی و بالاترین مقدار رس به جنگل طبیعی اختصاص داشته، در حالی که محتوای سیلت تفاوت آماری معنی­داری در بین کاربری­های مختلف اراضی نشان نداد. بالاترین مقدار زیتوده درشت­ریشه در جنگل طبیعی و جنگل­کاری بلندمازو مشاهده شد در حالی که زیتوده ریزریشه در جنگل طبیعی بالاترین مقدار بود. بیشترین مقادیر رطوبت خاک در رویشگاههای جنگلی (بویژه در فصول زمستان و پاییز) مشاهده شد، در حالی که بالاترین درجه حرارت خاک به عرصه­های زراعی و مرتعی (بویژه در فصل تابستان) اختصاص داشت. تصاعد دی اکسید کربن از خاک در فصل تابستان تحت جنگل­کاری بلندمازو بالاترین مقدار بوده است. مطابق با تحلیل مؤلفه­های اصلی، مقدار ماده آلی، محتوای رطوبت و همچنین میزان تخلخل خاک در جنگل­کاری بلندمازو نقش مؤثری در افزایش تصاعد دی اکسید کربن از خاک این نوع از کاربری­ اراضی در مقایسه با سایر رویشگاهها داشته است. نتایج این پژوهش مؤید حفاظت از جنگل­های طبیعی برای افزایش مشخصه­های کیفی و سلامت خاک می­باشد. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Forest Land Use Change on Soil Quality Characteristics and Carbon Dioxide Emission

نویسندگان [English]

  • Somayyeh Ehsani 1
  • Yahya Kooch 2
  • Moslem Akbarinia 3
1 M. Sc. Student of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, I. R. Iran.
2 Assistant Prof., Department of Rangeland, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, I. R. Iran.
3 Associate Prof., Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, I. R. Iran.
چکیده [English]

Changing land use is one of the most important human interactions in natural ecosystems that affect ecosystem processes, especially soils. In the present study, the effects of forest (natural forest and oak plantation) and non-forest (garden, rangeland and agriculture) land sues on the variability of soil quality indices and carbon dioxide emission dynamics have been considered. In each of the proposed land uses, 16 soil samples (0-10 cm depth) were collected and transferred to the laboratory. According to the results, the highest amounts of soil organic matter were allocated to forest habitats and the highest bulk density was belonged to rangeland and agricultural areas. However, the variation of soil particle density among the various land uses was not significant, but the highest soil porosity was found under oak plantation. The natural forest has the most stable aggregates, and following deforestation and the land use change, their stability was significantly reduced. The highest amount of sand was belonged to rangelands and the highest amount of clay was allocated to natural forest, while the content of silt did not show significant differences among different land uses. The highest amount of coarse root biomass was observed in the natural forest and oak plantation, while the fine root biomass in the natural forest was the highest amount. Greater amounts of soil moisture content were found in the forest habitats (especially in winter and autumn), while the highest soil temperature was assigned to agriculture and rangeland areas (especially in summer). The emission of carbon dioxide from the soil was highest during the summer, under the oak plantation. According to the PCA output, the amount of soil organic matter, moisture content and porosity in the oak plantation have had an important role in increasing carbon dioxide emission from the soil of this type of land use compared to other sites. The results of this study confirm the protection of natural forests in order to increase the soil quality characteristics and health.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Porosity
  • aggregate stability
  • root biomass
  • moisture
  • temperature
Alef, K. (1995). Estimating of soil respiration. In: Methods in soil microbiology and biochemistry (eds K Alef, P Nannipieri) pp. 464-470. (Academic Press: New York).
Anonymous (2000). Forest Management Planning in Neirang district of Noshahr. Organization of Forest and Rangelands and Watershed Management, Islamic Republic of Iran, 309 (In Persian).
Asadian, M., Hojjati, S. M., Pourmajidian, M. R. and Fallah, A. (2013). Impact of land-use management on nitrogen transformation in a mountain forest ecosystem in the North of Iran. Journal of Forestry Research, 24 (2):115-119.
Ashagrie, Y., Zech, W. and Guggenberger, G. (2005). Transformation of a podocarpus falcatus dominated natural forest into a monoculture eucalyptus globulus plantation at Munsee, Ethiopia: soil organic C, N and S dynamics in primary particle and aggregate-size fractions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 106 (3): 89-98.
Barbier, S., Gosselin, F. and Balandier, P. (2008). Influence of tree species on understory vegetation diversity and mechanisms involved. A critical review for temperate and boreal forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 254 (2): 1-15.
Barthès, B. G., Kouakoua, E., Larré-Larrouy, M. C., Razafimbelo, T. M., de Luca, E. F., Azontonde, A. and Feller, C. L. (2008). Texture and sesquioxide effects on water-stable aggregates and organic matter in some tropical soils. Geoderma, 143 (5): 14-25.
Beheshti, A., Raiesi, F. and Golchin, A. (2012). Soil properties, C fractions and their dynamics in land use conversion from native forests to croplands in northern Iran. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 148 (2): 121-133.
Binkley, D. and Fisher, R. (2012). Ecology and Management of Forest Soils. John Wiley & Sons.‏ 368p.
Brassard, B. W., Chen, H. Y. H., Bergeron, Y. and David, P. (2011). Coarse root biomass allometric equations for Abies balsamea, Picea mariana, Pinus banksiana and Populus tremuloides in the boreal forest of Ontario, Canada. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35 (2): 4189-4196.
Bronick, C. J. and Lal, R. (2005). Manuring and rotation effects on soil organic carbon concentration for different aggregate size fractions on two soils in northeastern Ohio, USA. Soil and Tillage Research, 81 (2): 239-252.
Emadodin, I., Reiss, S. and Bork, H. R. (2009). A study of the relationship between land management and soil aggregate stability (Case Study near Albersdorf, northern-Germany). Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 4 (4): 48-53.
Fan, S., Guan, F., Xu, X., Forrester, D. I., Ma, W. and Tang, X. (2016). Ecosystem Carbon Stock Loss after Land Use Change in Subtropical Forests in China. Forests, 7 (4): 142-151.‏
Fattet, M., Fu, Y., Ghestem, M., Ma, W., Foulonneau, M., Nespoulous, J. and Stokes, A. (2011). Effects of vegetation type on soil resistance to erosion: relationship between aggregate stability and shear strength. Catena, 87 (3): 60-69.‏
Gutiérrez-Girón, A., Díaz-Pinés, E., Rubio, A. and Gavilán, R. G. (2015). Both altitude and vegetation affect temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition in Mediterranean high mountain Soils. Geoderma, 237 (4): 1-8.‏
Haynes, R. J. (2005). Labile organic matter fractions as central components of the quality of agricultural soils: an overview. Advances in Agronomy, 85 (5): 221-268.
Hertel, D., Harteveld, M. A. and Leuschne, C. (2009). Conversion of a tropical forest into agroforestry alters the fine root-related carbon flux to the soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 41 (4): 481–490.
Jafari Haghighi, M. (2003). Soil analysis methods. Nedaye Zohi Publication, 236p. (In Persian)
John, R., Kyle, C., Claudia, E. and Clapham, B. (2012). Land use patterns, ecoregion and phytoplankton relationships in productive Ohio reservoirs. Inland Waters, 2 (2):101- 109.
Karami, P., Hosseini, S. M., Rahmani, A., Kooch, Y. and Mokhtari, J. (2014). The effects of pure and mixed plantations of alder (Alnus subcordata C. A. Mey) and poplar (Populus deltoides Marsh.) on earthworm abundance and biomass. Environmental Engineering Research, 3 (2): 7-14.
Kooch, Y. and Parsapour, M. K. (2017). Effect of Caucasian alder (Alnus subcordata C. A. Mey.), Chestnut-leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey.) and horizontal cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L. var. horizontalis (Mill.) Gord.) plantation on litter, soil and CO2 emission characters. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 25 (2): 310-319 (In Persian).
Kuznetsova, T., Lukjanova, A., Mandre, M. and Lõhmus, K. (2011). Aboveground biomass and nutrient accumulation dynamics in young black alder, silver birch and Scots pine plantations on reclaimed oil shale mining areas in Estonia. Forest Ecology and Management, 262 (3): 56-64.
Liu, M. Y., Chang, Q. R., Qi, Y. B., Liu, J. and Chen, T. (2014). Aggregation and soil organic carbon fractions under different land uses on the tableland of the loess plateau of China. Catena, 115 (3): 19-28.
Mao, R. and Zeng, D. H. (2010). Changes in soil particulate organic matter, microbial biomass, and activity following afforestation of marginal agricultural lands in a semi-arid area of Northeast China. Environmental Management, 46 (2): 110-116.
Meyfroidt, P., Puong, V. T. and Anh, H. V. (2013). Trajectories of deforestation, coffee expansion and displacement of shifting cultivation in the Central highlands of Vietnam. Global Environmental Change, 23 (2):1187-1198.
Mismir, N. and Mismir, M. (2012). Root biomass and carbon storage in Abies nordmanniana Stands. Journal of Forestry Faculty, 6 (2): 225-227.
Moller, C. L., Vangsoe, M. T. and Sand-Jensen, K. (2014). Comparative growth and metabolism of gelatinous colonies of three cyanobacteria, nostoc commune, nostoc pruniforme and nostoc zetterstedtii, at different temperatures. Freshwater Biology, 59 (4): 2183-2193.
Neatrour, M. A., Jones, R. H. and Golladay, S. W. (2005). Correlations between soil nutrients availability and fine- root biomass at two spatial scales in forested wetlands with contrasting hydrological regimes, NRC Research Press, 35 (2): 2934-2941.
Page, L. M. and Cameron, A. D. (2006). Regeneration dynamics of Sitka spruce in artificially created forest gaps. Forest Ecology and Management, 221 (5): 260-266.‏
Parmar, K., Keith, A. M., Rowe, R. L., Sohi, S. P., Moeckel, C., Pereira, M. G. and McNamara, N. P. (2015). Bioenergy driven land use change impacts on soil greenhouse gas regulation under Short Rotation Forestry. Biomass and Bioenergy, 82 (5): 40-48.
Poeplau, C. and Don, A. (2013). Sensitivity of soil carbon stocks and fractions to different land-use changes across Europe. Geoderma, 192 (1):189-201.
Pojasok, T. and Kay, B. D. (1990). Assessment of a combination of wet sieving and turbidimetry to characterize the structural stability of moist aggregates. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 70 (6): 33-42.
Quan, X., Wang, Ch., Zhang, Q., Wang, X., Luo, Y. and Lamberty, B. B. (2010). Dynamics of fine roots in five Chinese temperate forests. Journal of Plant Research, 123 (4): 497-507.
 
Raiesi F. and Asadi, E. (2006). Soil microbial activity and turnover in native grazed and ungrazed rangelands in a semiarid ecosystem. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 43 (4):76-82.
Raiesi, F. (2007). The conversion of overgrazed pastures to almond orchards and alfalfa cropping systems may favor microbial indicators of soil quality in Central Iran. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 121 (4): 309-318.
Saiz, G., Byrne, K. A., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Kiese, R., Blujdea, V. and Farrell, E. P. (2006). Stand age-related effects on soil respiration in a first rotation Sitka Spruce chronosequence in Central Ireland. Global Change Biology, 12 (5): 1007-1020.
Schulp, C. J., Nabuurs, G. J., Verburg, P. H. and de Waal, R. W. (2008). Effect of tree species on carbon stocks in forest floor and mineral soil and implications for soil carbon inventories. Forest Ecology and Management, 256 (6): 482-490.
Schwarz, B., Dietrich, C., Cesarz, S., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Auge, H., Schulz, E. and Eisenhauer, N. (2015). Non-significant tree diversity but significant identity effects on earthworm communities in three tree diversity experiments. European Journal of Soil Biology, 67 (5): 17-26.
Srivastava, A., Ahn, C. Y., Asthana, R. K., Lee, H. G. and Oh, H. M. (2016). Status, alert system, and prediction of Cyanobacteria bloom in South Korea. Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International, 8 p.
Tamooh, F., Huxhamd, M., Karachi, M., Mencuccini, M., Kairo, J. G. and Kirui, B. (2008). Below-ground root yield and distribution in natural and replanted mangrove forests at Gazi bay, Kenya. Forest Ecology and Management, 256 (7): 1290-1297.
Tufekcioglu, A., Raich, J. W., Isenhart, T. M. and Schultz, R. C. (1999). Fine root dynamics, coarse root biomass, root distribution, and soil respiration in a multispecies riparian buffer in Central Iowa, USA. Agroforestry Systems, 44 (4): 163-174.
Wang, Q., Xiao, F., He, T. and Wang, S. (2013). Responses of labile soil organic carbon and enzyme activity in mineral soils to forest conversion in the Subtropics. Annals of Forest Science, 70 (4): 579-587.
Weand, M. P., Arthur, M. A., Lovett, G. M., McCauley, R. L. and Weathers, K. C. (2010). Effects of tree species and N additions on forest floor microbial communities and extracellular enzyme activities. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 42 (4): 2161–2173.
Yang, K., Zhu, J. J., Yan, Q. L. and Sun, O. J. (2010). Changes in soil P chemistry as affected by conversion of natural secondary forests to larch plantations. Forest Ecology and Management, 260 (7): 422-428.
Zhang, C., Chen, L. and Jiang, J. (2013). Vertical root distribution and root cohesion of typical tree species on the Loess Plateau. China Journal Arid Land, 6 (2): 601-611.