ارزیابی عملکرد زهکش زیرزمینی در رشد گیاه لوبیا محلی (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) در کشت دوم اراضی شالیزاری ) مقیاس مدل فیزیکی)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی اب دانشکده علوم کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان

2 هیات علمی گروه مهندسی آب دانشکده علوم کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان و عضو وابسته پژوهشی پژوهشکده حوضه آبی دریای خزر

3 گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران

4 استاد گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشکده علوم کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان

چکیده

برای رفع وضعیت ماندابی قسمت وسیعی از شالیزارهای شمال ایران و تأمین شرایط کشت در فصل‌های پاییز و زمستان، احداث سامانه‌های زهکشی زیرزمینی ضروری است. عمق و فاصله مناسب زهکش‌ها در سامانه زهکشی زیرزمینی، باعث به حداقل رساندن اثر منفی تخلیه زه‌آب‌ها به محیط زیست می‌شود. این پژوهش به‌منظور بررسی عملکرد کیفی و کمی زهکش زیرزمینی در مقیاس مدل فیزیکی در سال 1396 در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان انجام شد. پس از آماده‌سازی مدل فیزیکی و پر کردن مخزن با خاک شالیزاری و ایجاد لایه سخت در عمق 15 سانتی‌متری خاک، کشت گیاه لوبیا محلی (پاچ‌باقلا) انجام شد. در زمان وقوع بارندگی از زه‌آب و عصاره‌ خاک نمونه‌برداری شده و پارامترهای هدایت الکتریکی، اسیدیته و غلظت عناصر سدیم، کلسیم، منیزیم، نیترات و ارتوفسفات اندازه‌گیری شد. دبی خروجی زهکش و بار آبی با پیزومترهای نصب شده در مخزن در زمان قبل و بعد از وقوع باران قرائت شد. در طول اجرای آزمایش، روند تغییرات هدایت الکتریکی زه‌آب به میزان 60 درصد کاهشی و نسبت جذب سدیم (SAR) با توجه به مقدار بارش و جذب کلسیم و منیزیم خاک نوسانی بود. حداکثر مقدار نیترات زه‌آب 9/46 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر در ابتدای دوره رشد گیاه مشاهده شد که فراتر از حد مجاز تخلیه زه‌آب به محیط زیست بوده و اهمیت مدیریت کود را نشان می‌دهد. غلظت نیترات در خاک تحت تأثیر فاصله از زهکش قرار گرفت در حالی که غلظت ارتوفسفات تحت تأثیر فاصله از زهکش نبود. میانگین مقادیر بار آبی (17-7 سانتی‌متر) با توجه به عمق توسعه ریشه گیاه، کارآمدی عملکرد زهکش در خروج زه‌آب و عدم مشکل آبگرفتگی ریشه گیاه در طول دوره رشد را نشان داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of qualitative and technical performance of subsurface drainage in phaseolus vulgaris l. as a second crop of paddy fields (physical model scale)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Nastia Memari 1
  • Maryam Navabian 2
  • Nader Pirmoradian 3
  • Masoud Esfahani 4
1 M. Sc. Student of Water Eng. Dep., Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan
2 Associated Prof. of Water Eng. Dep., Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan and Dept. of Water Eng. and Environment, University of Guilan. Rasht, Iran
3 Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
4 Prof. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding Dep., Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan,
چکیده [English]

Subsurface drainage system is required to eliminate water logging and establish planting condition for the second crops in the autumn and winter seasons in the large part of paddy fields in northern Iran. Proper depth and distance in a drainage system minimizes the negative effects of drainage effluents on the environment. This research was carried out in a physical model scale of paddy fields in agricultural faculty of Gillan University during 1396 to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative performance of the subsurface drainage in the second crop cultivation. The phaseolus vulgaris l. crop was planted in the physical model after filling the box with the soil of paddy fields and creating the hard pan layer at the depth of 15 cm. Drainage water and soil solution samples were collected during the occurrence of precipitation and their electrical conductivity, acidity, sodium, calcium, magnesium, nitrate and orthophosphate parameters were measured. The pressure head and drainage discharge were measured before and after precipitation events. The trend of electrical conductivity of the drainage water was decreased 60% as compared to the initial value and the amounts of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were oscillated due to precipitation and calcium and magnesium adsorption in the soil. The maximum amount of nitrate in the drainage water was 46.9 mg/l at the beginning of the crop growth period, which exceeded the permissible level of drainage discharge into the environment and indicates the importance of fertilizer management. The concentration of nitrate in the soil was affected by the distance from the drain, while the concentration of orthophosphate was not affected. The mean values of pressure head (7-17 cm) with respect to the root depth, showed an efficient drainage performance regarding to the drainage discharge and no water logging at the root depth during the growth period.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Pressure head
  • salinity
  • Root depth
  • Nitrate
Abdel Dayem, S., Hoevenaars, J., Mollinga, P., Scheumann, W., Slootweg, R. and Van Steenbergen, F. (2005). Agriculture drainage towards an integrated approach. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage System, 19(2), 71-87
Alizadeh, M., Afrasiab, P., Yazdani, M. R., liaghat, A. M. and Delbari, M. (2016). The effect of depth and space subsurface drainage on paddy field drainage intensity (Case study: Fields of Rice Research Institute of Iran). Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 23(4), 219-233. (In Farsi)
Aslani, F., Nazemi, A.H., Ashrafsadrodini, S. A., Fakherifard, A. and Ghorbani, M. A. (2010). Depth and space estimation based on quality effluent suitable for subsurface drainage. Journal Research Soil Water Iran, 41(2), 139-141. (In Farsi)
Bagheri A., Zand E., and Parsa M. (1997). Beans, the bottlenecks and strategies. Jahad of Mashhad University Press, 94 pages. (In Farsi).
Bahceci, I., Tari, A. F., Agar, A. I. and Sonmez, B. (2006). Water and salt balance studuest using saltmod, to improve subsurface drainage design in the Konya-Cumra Plain, Turky. Agricultural Water Management, 85(3), 261-271.
Balkaya, A. and Odabas M. S. (2002). Determination of the seed characteristics in some significant snap bean varieties grown in Samsun, Turkey, Pak. Journal of Biological Science, 5(1), 382-387.
Christen, E. and Skehan, D. (2001). Design and management of subsurface horizontal drainage to reduce salt loads. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 127(3), 148-155.
Darzi-Naftchali, A.,  Mirlatifi, S.M., Shahnazari, A., Ejlali, F. and  Mahdian, M.H. (2013). Effect of subsurface drainage on water balance and water table in poorly drained paddy fields. Agricultural Water Management, 130, 61-68. (in Farsi)
Dori, H. R., Shahbazi, V. M. and Saeedi, R. A. (2013). Identification and Distribution of Pachloobi species in Guilan province. The 5th Iranian Bean Conference. March 7, 715-713. (In Farsi)
Drainage Department, Iranian National Irrigation and Drainage Committee, (2002). Attitudes to problems and problems of underground drainage studies and implementation. Iranian National Irrigation and Drainage Committee press, No. 59. (In Farsi)
Manjunatha, M. V., Oosterbaan, R. J., Gupta, S. K., Rajkumar, H. and Jansen, H. (2004). Performance of subsurface drains for reclaiming waterlogged saline lands under rolling topography in Tungabhadra irrigation project in India. Journal of Agricultural Water Management, 69(1), 69-82.
Mansoori Sarinjaneh, F. (2005). Investigating the design parameters of drainage systems in the irrigation and drainage project of the sugar cane development center. Master’s thesis for irrigation and drainage. Irrigation and rehabilitation group. University of Tehran water and soil Engineering, 111 pages. (In Farsi)
Mathew, E. K., Panda, R. K. and Nair, M. (2001). Influence of subsurface drainage on crop production and soil quality in a low-lying acid sulphate soil. Journal of Agriculture Water Management, 47(3), 191-209.
Moazeni, S. M. R., Navabian, M., and Esmaeili Varaki, M. (2016). Evaluate of subsurface drainage performance at second crop of paddy field (Case study: Triticale in physical model scale). Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 47(2), 397-405. (In Farsi)
Momen Nejad, Z. (2017). Comparing the performance of DRAINMOD and SWAP models to simulate controlled subsurface drainge in a physical model scale in paddy field. Master Science Thesis in Irrigation and Drainage, University of Guilan. (In Farsi)
Nangia, V., Gowda, P. H., Mulla, D. J. and Sands, G. R. (2010). Modeling impacts of tile drain spacing and depth on nitrate-nitrogen losses, Vadose Zone Journal, 1, 61-72.
Naseri, A. and Arvahi, A. (2009). Underground drainage systems in the design of new foundations and their impact on local procedures. Proceeding Technical Workshop Drainage and Environmental, 67-82.
Nazari, B., Liaghat, A., Parsinezhad, M. and Naseri, A. (2008). Optimization the installation of subsurface drainage depth with economic and environmental considerations. Technical Workshop and Drainage and Environment, 107-123.
Ranjkesh ziabari, D. Navabian, M. Bigloyi, M. H. and Esmaili varaki, M. (2015). Investigating the Effect of Controlled Drainage Management on Rice Cod Shear Coverage on Nitrate and Nitrate Wastewater in Conditions Similar to paddy lands. Iranian Jurnal of Soil and Water Research, 46(2), 273-282. (In Farsi)
Razi, F., Sotoodehnia, A., Daneshkar Arasteh, P. and Akram, M. (2012). A Laboratoru Test on the Effect of Drain Installation Depth on Drain  Water Salinity (from a Clay-Loam soil profile). Journal of Water Research, 43(3), 281-288.
Romero-Arenas O., Damian Huato M.A., Rivera Tapia J.A., Baez Simon A., Huerta Lara M. and Cabrera Huerta E. (2013). The Nutritional value of Beans (Phaseoluse vulgaris L.,) and its importance for feeding of rural communities in Puebla-Mexico. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences. 2(8), 59-65.
Sotodehnia, A., Noroziasil, E. and Daneshkar Arasteh P. (2015). A Laboratory Test on the Effect of Subsurface Drain Installation Depth on Nitrate Leaching from a Loamy Sand Soil. Water Research in Agriculture, 28(3), 625-634.
Smedma, L. K. (2007). Revising currently applied drain depth for water logging and salinity control of irrigated land in Semi arid zone. Journl of Irrigation and Drainage. 56(4), 379-387.
Snackin V. V., Prisyazhanaya A. A., and Kovasc-Lang E. (2001). Soil liquid phase composition. Elsevier Science B. V., Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 88 pages.
Standard Methods for the Examinition of Water and Wastwater. (2017). American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, 23rd Edition, 1504 pages.
Unger, I. M., Motavalli, P. P.,and Muzika, R. M. (2009). Changes in soil chemical properties with flooding: A field laboratory approach. Journal of Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 131(1-2), 105-110.