انتقال و تجزیه علف‌کش‌ها در خاک در سیستم‌های مختلف سم‌ـ آبیاری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه خاک‌شناسی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

2 استاد گروه خاک‌شناسی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

3 استاد گروه عمران دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز

4 دانشیار مؤسسة تحقیقات مهندسی کشاورزی

چکیده

هدف این پژوهش، مطالعة انتقال و تجزیة علف‌کش‌ها در خاک تحت سیستم‌های مختلف سم‌ـ آبیاری و سم‌پاشی معمولی بود. بدین منظور، برمید پتاسیم و متری‌بیوزین به چهار روش سم‌پاشی معمولی و بی‌درنگ آبیاری (CS1)، سم‌پاشی معمولی و آبیاری 24 ساعت پس از کاربرد علف‌کش (CS2)، سم‌ـ آبیاری با آبیاری اول (HRB1)، و سم‌ـ آبیاری با آبیاری دوم (HRB2) در خاک استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین مقدار انتقال علف‌کش و برمید و کمترین تجزیة علف‌کش در خاک در روش سم‌ـ آبیاری با آبیاری اول به‌دست می‌آید. در تیمار HRB1 سم‌ـ آبیاری در خاک خشک باعث انتقال سریع برمید و علف‌کش در منافذ باز خاک می‌شود و از تجزیة نوری، شیمیایی، و میکروبی علف‌کش جلوگیری می‌کند. در تیمار CS2 به‌تأخیرانداختن نخستین آبیاری پس از کاربرد علف‌کش باعث پخشیدگی مولکول‌های سم به درون منافذ بین خاک‌دانه‌ای و نیز جذب سطحی آن‌ها بر ذرات آلی و معدنی خاک می‌شود. بنابراین، بخش عمدة علف‌کش آب‌شویی نمی‌شود و به مدت طولانی در سطح خاک باقی می‌ماند. این وضعیت سبب افزایش تجزیة آن، به‌دلیل بیشتربودن مقدار مادة آلی و جمعیت میکروبی و شدت تابش نور خورشید و رطوبت در لایة سطحی، می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Transport and Degradation of Herbicides in Soil under Different Herbigation Systems

نویسندگان [English]

  • ELHAM NOWSHADI1 1
  • MEHDI HOMAEE 2
  • Mohammad Mahmoudian Shooshtari 3
  • FARIBORZ ABBASI 4
1 PhD candidate, Soil Science Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2 Professor, Soil Science Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
3
4 Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering Institute
چکیده [English]

The objective followed in this study was to investigate the transport and degradation of herbicides under different herbigation vs. conventional spraying systems in soil. Metribuzin and Potassium Bromide (KBr) were applied in soil plots by four application methods, including conventional spraying without delay in initial irrigation (CS1), conventional spraying with an initial 24-h delay in irrigation (CS2), herbigation via the first irrigation (HRB1) vs. herbigation via the second irrigation (HRB2). The results indicated that the highest leaching of herbicide and KBr along with the lowest degradation of herbicide was obtained for the treatment of herbigation via first irrigation. In HRB1 treatment, herbigation, when in dry soil, caused rapid movement of KBr and herbicide within the open pores preserving the herbicide from photochemical and microbial degradation which mostly occurs at the surface soil layer. Among conventional spraying methods, the first irrigation delay after chemical application, in CS2 treatment, led to herbicide diffusion to inter aggregate macrospores and as well adsorption on the organic and inorganic particles. Thus, the applied herbicide did not leach out and remained at the soil surface for a longer time. Remaining of a large portion of herbicide at the soil surface has led to an increase in herbicide degradation, due to the availability of a greater organic matter content, microbial population, sunlight radiation as well as moisture content.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Conventional spraying
  • Herbigation
  • Herbicide transport and degradation

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