انتقال و تجزیه علف‌کش‌ها در خاک در سیستم‌های مختلف سم‌ـ آبیاری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه خاک‌شناسی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

2 استاد گروه خاک‌شناسی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

3 استاد گروه عمران دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز

4 دانشیار مؤسسة تحقیقات مهندسی کشاورزی

چکیده

هدف این پژوهش، مطالعة انتقال و تجزیة علف‌کش‌ها در خاک تحت سیستم‌های مختلف سم‌ـ آبیاری و سم‌پاشی معمولی بود. بدین منظور، برمید پتاسیم و متری‌بیوزین به چهار روش سم‌پاشی معمولی و بی‌درنگ آبیاری (CS1)، سم‌پاشی معمولی و آبیاری 24 ساعت پس از کاربرد علف‌کش (CS2)، سم‌ـ آبیاری با آبیاری اول (HRB1)، و سم‌ـ آبیاری با آبیاری دوم (HRB2) در خاک استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین مقدار انتقال علف‌کش و برمید و کمترین تجزیة علف‌کش در خاک در روش سم‌ـ آبیاری با آبیاری اول به‌دست می‌آید. در تیمار HRB1 سم‌ـ آبیاری در خاک خشک باعث انتقال سریع برمید و علف‌کش در منافذ باز خاک می‌شود و از تجزیة نوری، شیمیایی، و میکروبی علف‌کش جلوگیری می‌کند. در تیمار CS2 به‌تأخیرانداختن نخستین آبیاری پس از کاربرد علف‌کش باعث پخشیدگی مولکول‌های سم به درون منافذ بین خاک‌دانه‌ای و نیز جذب سطحی آن‌ها بر ذرات آلی و معدنی خاک می‌شود. بنابراین، بخش عمدة علف‌کش آب‌شویی نمی‌شود و به مدت طولانی در سطح خاک باقی می‌ماند. این وضعیت سبب افزایش تجزیة آن، به‌دلیل بیشتربودن مقدار مادة آلی و جمعیت میکروبی و شدت تابش نور خورشید و رطوبت در لایة سطحی، می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Transport and Degradation of Herbicides in Soil under Different Herbigation Systems

نویسندگان [English]

  • ELHAM NOWSHADI1 1
  • MEHDI HOMAEE 2
  • Mohammad Mahmoudian Shooshtari 3
  • FARIBORZ ABBASI 4
1 PhD candidate, Soil Science Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2 Professor, Soil Science Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
4 Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering Institute
چکیده [English]

The objective followed in this study was to investigate the transport and degradation of herbicides under different herbigation vs. conventional spraying systems in soil. Metribuzin and Potassium Bromide (KBr) were applied in soil plots by four application methods, including conventional spraying without delay in initial irrigation (CS1), conventional spraying with an initial 24-h delay in irrigation (CS2), herbigation via the first irrigation (HRB1) vs. herbigation via the second irrigation (HRB2). The results indicated that the highest leaching of herbicide and KBr along with the lowest degradation of herbicide was obtained for the treatment of herbigation via first irrigation. In HRB1 treatment, herbigation, when in dry soil, caused rapid movement of KBr and herbicide within the open pores preserving the herbicide from photochemical and microbial degradation which mostly occurs at the surface soil layer. Among conventional spraying methods, the first irrigation delay after chemical application, in CS2 treatment, led to herbicide diffusion to inter aggregate macrospores and as well adsorption on the organic and inorganic particles. Thus, the applied herbicide did not leach out and remained at the soil surface for a longer time. Remaining of a large portion of herbicide at the soil surface has led to an increase in herbicide degradation, due to the availability of a greater organic matter content, microbial population, sunlight radiation as well as moisture content.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Conventional spraying
  • Herbigation
  • Herbicide transport and degradation
Aminopolycarboxylic Acids. Journal of Water and Soil, 24(6), 1142- 1150. In Farsi.
Atafar, Z. A. R., Mesdaghinia, J., Nouri, M., Homaee, M., Yunesian, M., Ahmadimoghadam, M., and Mahvi, A. H. (2010). Effect of fertilizer application on soil heavy metal concentration. Environmental Monitoring assessment. 160,83-89.
Babaeian, E. and Homaee, M. (2011). Enhancing Lead Phytoextraction of Land Cress (Barbara verna) Using.
Babaeian, E., Homaee, M., and Rahnemaie, R. (2012). Enhancing phytoextraction of lead contaminated soils by carrot (Daucus carrota) using synthetic and natural chelates. Journal of Water and Soil, 26(3), 607- 618. In Farsi.
Bedmar, F., Costa, J. L., Suero, E., and Gimenez, D. (2004). Transport of atrazine and metribuzin in three soils of the humid pampas of Argentina. Weed Technology, 18, 1– 8.
Bouchard, D. C., Lavy, T. L., and Marx, D. B. (1982). Fate of metribuzin, metolachlor, and fluometuron in soil. Weed Science, 30, 629– 632.
Bowman, B. T. (1991). Mobility and dissipation studies of metribuzin, atrazine and their metabolities in plainfield sand using field lysimeters. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry, 10, 573– 579.
Davari, M. and Homaee, M. (2012). A New Yield Multiplicative Model for Simultaneous Phytoextraction of Ni and Cd from Contaminated Soils. Journal of Water and Soil, 25(6), 1332- 1343. In Farsi.
Denial, P. E., Bedmar, F., Costa, L. J., and Aparicio, V. C. (2002). Atrazine and metribuzin sorption in soils of the Argentinean humid pampas. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry, 21, 2567– 2572.
Eberlean, C. H. V., King, B. A., and Guttieri, M. J. (2000). Evaluating an automated irrigation controlsystem for site-specific herbigation. Weed Technology, 14(1), 182- 187.
ElSayed, E. M. and Prasher, S. O. (2013). Effect of the presence of nonionic surfactant Brij35 on the mobility of metribuzin in soil. Applied Science, 3, 469- 489.
Esua, R. and Rumeny, V. (1995). Herbigation, In 1985 annual report. Canada: Alberta Horticultural Research Center.
Fenoll, J., Hellin, P., Martinez, C. M., and Flores, P. (2009). Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in soil by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Environmental Science and Health, 92 (5), 1566- 1575.
Goodman, N. (2004). Private pesticide applicator training manual.: (18th ed). (pp. 197). University of Minnesota Extension Service.
Henriksen, T., Svensmark, B., and Juhler, R. K. (2004). Degradation and sorption of metribuzin and primary metabolites in a sandy soil. Journal of Environmental Quality, 33, 619– 627.
Jafarnejadi, A. R., Homaee, M., Sayyad, Gh. A., and Bybordi, M. (2012). Evaluation of main soil properties affecting Cd concentrations in soil and wheat grains on some calcareous soils of Khuzestan Province. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 19(2), 149- 164. In Farsi.
Jafarnejadi, A. R., Homaee, M., and Sayyad, G. (2011). Large scale spatial variability of accumulated cadmium in the wheat farm grains. Soil and Sediment Contamination Journal, 20(1):93- 99
Jafarnejadi, A. R., Sayyad, G., Homaee, M., and Davamei, A. H. (2013). Spatial variability of soil total and DTPA-extractable cadmium caused by long-term application of phosphate fertilizers, crop rotation and soil characteristics. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 185, 4087- 4096. In Farsi.
Kazemi, H. V., Anderson, S. H., Goyne, K. W., and Gantzer, C. J. (2009). Aldicarb and carbofuran transport in a Hapludalf influenced by differential antecedent soil water content and irrigation delay. Chemosphere, 74, 265– 273.
Khodaverdiloo, H. and Homaee, M. (2008). Modeling Cadmium and Lead phytoextraction from contaminated soils. Polish Journal of Soil Science, 2(2),149- 162.
Khoury, R., Coste, C. M., and Kawar, N. S. (2006). Degradation of metribuzin in two soil types of Lebanon, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 41(6), 795- 806.
Kjaer, J., Olsen, P., Henriksen, T., and Ullum, M. (2005). Leaching of metribuzin metabolites and the associated contamination of a sandy Danish aquifer. Environmental Science Technology, 39, 8374– 8381.
Koumanov, K. S., Rankova, Z., and Kolev, K. (2009). Herbigation in a Cherry Orchard – Translocation and Persistence of Pendimethalin in the Soil. Environmental Science Technology, 29, 6271– 6281.
Lagat, S. C., Lalah, J. O., Kowenje, C. O., and Getenga, Z. M. (2011). Metribuzin mobility in soil column as effected by environmental and physic- chemical parameters in Mumias sugarcane. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 6(3), 27- 33.
Lopez-Pineiro, A., Pena D., Albarran, A., Becerra, D., and Sanchez-Llerena, J. (2013). Sorption, leaching and persistence of metribuzin in Mediterranean soils amended with olive mill waste of different degrees of organic matter maturity. Journal of Environmental Management, 122, 76- 84.
Nouri, M., Homaee, M., and Bybordi, M. (2012). Parametric assessment of soil hydraulic functions at presence of Kerosene contaminant,Journal of Water and Soil Resource Conservation, 2 (1), 37- 48. In Farsi.
Nouri, M., Homaee, M., and Bybordi, M. (2013). Parametric assessment of soil retention at presence of petroleum in three phase system. Journal of Water and Soil Resource Conservation, 2 (2), 15- 25. In Farsi.
Nouri, M., Homaee, M., and Bybordi, M. (2014). Comparing Petroleum and Water Hydraulic Properties in Soil. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Water and Soil Science, 15 (66), 123- 134. In Farsi.
Ogg, A. G. (1986). Applying herbicides in irrigation water-a review. Crop Protection, 5(1), 53- 65.
Peter, J. C. and Weber, J. B. (1985). Adsorption, mobility and efficacy of meribuzin as influenced by soil properties. Weed Science, 33, 869- 873.
Pot, V., Benoit, P., LeMenn, M., Eklo, O. M., Sveistrup, T., and Kvarnerc, J. (2011). Metribuzin transport in undisturbed soil cores under controlled water potential conditions: experiments and modeling to evaluate the risk of leaching in a sandy loam soil profile. Pest Management Science, 67, 397– 407.
Selim, H. M. (2003). Retention and runoff losses of atrazine and metribuzin in soil. Journal of Environmental Quality, 32, 1058– 1071.
Southwick, L. M., Wills, G. H., Johnson, D. C., and Selim, H. M. (1995). Leaching of nitrate atrazine and meribuzin from sugarcane in Southern Louisana, Journal of Environmental Quality, 24, 684-690.
Viera, R. F., Silva, A. A., and Ramos, M. M. (2003). Applying postemergence herbicide through sprinkler irrigation –Review. PlantaDaninha Journal, 21(3), 495- 506.
Villaverde, J., Kah, M., and Brown, C. D. (2008). Adsorption and degradation of four acidic pesticides in soils from southern Spain. Pest Management Science, 64, 703– 710.
Zindahl, R. L. and Clark, S. K. (1982). Degradation of three acetanilide herbicides in soil. Weed Science, 30, 545– 552.