شبیه‌سازی ذخایر کربن و نیتروژن آلی خاک در مدیریت‌های مختلف منطقه سارال غرب ایران با استفاده از مدل CENTURY

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

2 گروه مرتع‌داری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

3 گروه مهندسی علوم خاک دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج ایران

چکیده

امروزه تغییر کاربری مراتع و چمنزارها و تبدیل آن‌ها به زمین‌های زراعی موجب تضعیف خصوصیات خاک و هدررفت کربن و نیتروژن خاک می‌شود. هدف این پژوهش واسنجی و اعتبارسنجی مدل سنچری به‌منظور تجزیه‌وتحلیل منابع کربن و نیتروژن آلی خاک از سال 1900 (پوشش گیاهی بومی قبل از تغییر کاربری و مدیریت) تا سال 2020 (وضعیت کنونی) و تعریف سناریوهای مدیریتی تا سال 2100 برای چمنزارها، مراتع و مزارع منطقه سارال استان کردستان است. نتایج نشان داد ورودی کربن آلی به خاک طی سال‌های 1963 تا 2009 پس از تغییر کاربری‌های مرتع به مزارع نخود و چمنزار به مزارع گندم به ترتیب 96/0 و 05/1 مگاگرم در هکتار در سال کاهش‌یافته است. بیشترین مقادیر ذخایر کربن و نیتروژن آلی در اثر اعمال سناریو 3 (چرای حداقل دام با کوددهی بعلاوه مدیریت تناوب زراعی، بی‌خاکورزی و کوددهی) از سال 2020 لغایت 2100 در کاربری چمنزار به ترتیب با 16/71 و 01/4 مگاگرم در هکتار و کمترین مقادیر ذخایر کربن و نیتروژن آلی از سال 1978 لغایت 2009 به ترتیب در کاربری گندم با 75/27 و کاربری نخود با 29/2 مگاگرم در هکتار برآورد شد. نتایج مؤید آن است مدیریت چرای حداقل همراه با مصرف کود اوره در مراتع و چمنزارها و رعایت تناوب زراعی گندم – نخود – گندم - گل‌رنگ و بی‌خاکورزی و کشت مستقیم همراه با کوددهی با کود اوره، سوپر فسفات و کود حیوانی بهترین راهکارها و سناریوهای تعریف‌شده در جبران ذخایر کربن و نیتروژن آلی خاک و دستیابی به تولید پایدار در زراعت گندم و نخود در منطقه سارال کردستان است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Simulating soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in various managements through CENTURY model at Saral area in West Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Pourya Shahsavari 1
  • Mohammad Amir Delavar 1
  • Parviz Karami 2
  • Kamal Nabiollahi 3
1 Department of soil science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
2 Department of Rangeland Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.
3 Department of soil science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kurdistan University,, Sanandaj, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Nowadays grasslands and pastures transmission to agricultural lands reduces soil qualities and wastes carbon and nitrogen of soil. The aim of this study is to calibrate and validate the Century model to assess soil organic carbon and nitrogen sources from 1900 (native vegetation conditions before land use and management change) to 2020 (current situation) and predict management scenarios until 2100 for grasslands, pastures, and cropland of Saral region of Kurdistan province. The results have showed that organic carbon input has been decreased after the land use change from the pasture to pease and grassland to wheat from 1963 to 2009, it has been decreased 0.96 and 1.05 mg/ha/y, respectively. The maximum amount of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in Scenario 3 (minimum grazing with fertilization in addition to management of crop rotation, no-tillage and fertilization) from 2020 to 2100 in grassland were 71.16 and 4.01 mg/ha, and the lowest soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks between the 1978 and 2009 were have been estimated in wheat 27.75 mg/ha and pease 2.29 mg/ha, respectively. The results confirm that minimal grazing management along with the use of urea fertilizer in pastures and grasslands and observance of wheat-pease and wheat-safflower crop rotation and no-tillage and direct cultivation with urea fertilizer, superphosphate and animal manure are the best solutions and scenarios for compensating soil organic carbon and nitrogen sources and achieving sustainable production in wheat and peas cultivation in Saral region of Kurdistan.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Carbon Sequestration
  • Management Scenarios
  • Modeling
  • Mollisols
  • Soil Organic Carbon

Background:

Simulation models are critical instruments for the long-term estimation of carbon and nitrogen dynamics. These models present proper methods for reducing carbon and greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere and soil conservation and vegetation. The Century model is one of the most successful models used to simulate the consequence of environmental changes and management actions on natural ecosystems under management scenarios on local, regional, and global scales. Pastures and grasslands, as part of the natural ecosystem, play a vital role in regulating the global carbon cycle, carbon sequestration, and climate change. Recently transforming pastures to agriculture is one of the biggest challenges that cause to reduction of soil qualities and the amount of carbon. Moreover, it might lead to a long-term decrease in land productivity and ecological destruction. On the other side, the performance of appropriate agricultural management affects soil organic carbon and nitrogen and can improve soil quality, increase biodiversity and protect the environment.

Objective:

This study aimed to calibrate and validate the Century model to assess soil organic carbon and nitrogen sources from 1900 (native vegetation conditions before land use change and management change) to 2020 (current situation) and predict management scenarios until 2100 for grasslands, pastures, and cropland of Saral region of Kurdistan province.

Material and Methods:

The model was parameterized using measured data through soil and plant samples and local climate data. The model was calibrated by matching the simulated data with a set of observed soil organic carbon data.

Results:

The statistical analysis of the measured and simulated data in the validation steps showed that the Century model could predict changes in soil carbon and total nitrogen stocks in different land-uses and managements, including pasture, crop rotation, other tillage methods, and fertilization. The calculated root means square of error (RMSE) for the soil organic carbon and nitrogen data was 7.39% and 1.49%, respectively, with 95% confidence. The model performance results for different time series and scenarios in each land use showed that land-use change caused irreversible damage to soil organic carbon storages. Organic carbon input decreased after the land-use change (0.96 and 1.05 mg/ha/y, respectively, for the pasture to pease and grassland to wheat from the year 1963 to the year 2009). Based on the model results, the maximum amount of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in Scenario 3 from 2020 to 2100 was71.16 mg/ha and 4.01 mg/ha, respectively. Between the 1978 and 2009 (course II), the lowest soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks were estimated in wheat and pease land-use (27.75 mg/ha and 2.29 mg/ha, respectively). The best scenario for the increase of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks and sustainable production of wheat and pease was identified using the century model in the sacral region of Kurdistan. This scenario includes least grazing management with urea fertilizer application in pasture and grassland, observance of wheat- pease and wheat-safflower crop rotation, no-tillage, direct cultivation with urea fertilizer, superphosphate, and manure.

Conclusion:

The century model could be applied to enhance the understanding of the conditions of the soil and ecosystem of this region and other similar areas. This model also shows a crucial role in predicting soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks by concentrating on agricultural potential and systematic management of grasslands and pastures to reduce the harmful effects of global climate change and in particular, greenhouse gas emissions.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Pouria Shahsavari and Mohammad Amir Delavar; Methodology, Pouria Shahsavari and Kamal Nabiollahi; Software, Pouria Shahsavari and Parviz Karami; writing—original draft preparation, Pouria Shahsavari; writing—review and editing, Pouria Shahsavari and Mohammad Amir Delavar.

Data Availability Statement

Data is available on request from the authors.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran for the financial support of this research and would like to thank all reviwers.

Ethical considerations

The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and misconduct.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 56، شماره 4
تیر 1404
صفحه 1059-1083

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