بررسی کارایی نانو کامپوزیت هیدروچار در حذف کادمیم از محلول آبی با استفاده از سطح پاسخ

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم خاک دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان ایران

2 گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران

3 دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان

چکیده

هدف از این مطالعه سنتز و بررسی تأثیر هیدروچار اصلاح شده با نانوذره روی صفر ظرفیتی و تثبیت با سیترات سدیم (HC@nZVZ@SC) در حذف کادمیم از محلول آبی تحت‌تأثیر فاکتورهای مؤثر بر حذف است. بدین منظور عوامل مؤثر بر حذف شامل مقدار جاذب، زمان تماس، غلظت اولیه و pH  با استفاده از روش سطح پاسخ (RSM)  بر اساس طرح مکعب مرکزی CCD)) برای بهینه‌سازی حذف یون کادمیم (Cd)  توسط هیدروچار اصلاح شده با نانوذره روی صفر ظرفیتی و تثبیت با سیترات سدیم از محلول‏های آبی طراحی شد. همچنین برای بررسی بارگذاری موفق نانوذره روی صفر ظرفیتی بر روی هیدروچار از روش‏های طیف‌سنجی پراش انرژی پرتو ایکس(SEM) ، میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی (EDX)، طیف‌سنج مادون قرمز (FTIR)  و طیف سنجی پرتو ایکس (XRD)  استفاده شد. نتایج EDX، SEM، FTIR و XRD نشان داد که نانوذره روی صفر ظرفیتی با موفقیت بر روی هیدروچار بارگذاری شد. مقدار P-value کمتر از 0001/0 و R2 بالا (98/0) نشان داد. پیش‏بینی حذف کادمیم از محلول آبی توسط جاذب به خوبی و  با دقت بالا توسط مدل طرح مکعب مرکزی انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که حذف بهینه کادمیم در 7pH= ، غلظت اولیه 75 میلی‏گرم در لیتر، زمان تماس 60 دقیقه و مقدار  جاذب 5/1 گرم در لیتر به‏دست آمد که 35/91 درصد بود. به‏طورکلی نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که هیدروچار اصلاح شده با نانوذره روی صفر ظرفیتی و تثبیت با سیترات سدیم می‏تواند به‏عنوان یک جاذب ارزان قیمت و  با کارایی بالا در حذف فلزات سنگین از پساب به ‏کار برده شود. همچنین طرح مکعب مرکزی به‏عنوان یک روش کارآمد و کم‌هزینه در مدل‏سازی و بهینه‏سازی حذف آلاینده‏ها از محلول آبی استفاده شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the efficiency of hydrochar nanocomposite in removing cadmium from aqueous solution using response surface

نویسندگان [English]

  • ABOLFAZL KHADEMI JOLGENEJAD 1
  • majid fekri 2
  • Majid Hejazi-Mehrizi 3
1 ph.D. Student, Department of Soil Science, Agriculture Faculty, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Iran.
2 Department of soil science,agriculture faculty. shahid bahonar university of kerman
3 Soil science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar Univ. of Kerman
چکیده [English]

This study aims to synthesize and investigate the effect of hydrochar modified with zero-valence zinc nanoparticles and stabilized with sodium citrate (HC@nZVZ@SC) on removing cadmium from an aqueous solution under the influence of factors affecting the removal. For this purpose, the effective factors on removal include adsorbent dose, contact time, initial concentration, and pH using the response surface method (RSM) based on the central cube design (CCD) to optimize the removal of cadmium (Cd) ions by HC@nZVZ@SC from aqueous solutions. Also, SEM-EDX, FTIR, and XRD methods were used to check the successful loading of zero-valent zinc nanoparticles on hydrochar. SEM-EDX, FTIR, and XRD results showed that zero valence zinc nanoparticles were successfully loaded on hydrochar. The low P value (<0.0001) and high R2 (0.98) showed that the prediction of cadmium removal from aqueous solution by the adsorbent was done well and with high accuracy by the CCD model. The results showed that the optimal removal of cadmium was achieved at pH = 7, the initial concentration was 75 mg/L, the contact time was 60 minutes, and the adsorbent dose was 1.5 g/L, which was 91.35%. In general, the results of this study showed that hydrochar modified with zero-valent zinc nanoparticles and stabilized with sodium citrate can be used as an inexpensive and high-efficiency adsorbent in removing heavy metals from wastewater. Also, the central cube design should be used as an efficient and low-cost method in modeling and optimizing the removal of pollutants from aqueous solution.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • aqueous solution
  • nanoparticle
  • response surface
  • sodium citrate

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

Introduction

Heavy metal pollution, including cadmium (Cd) pollution, is a global environmental problem due to its non-biodegradability and high accumulation ability. Adsorption is considered one of the most important and effective wastewater and control technologies because it provides an economical and efficient way to remove pollutants from wastewater. Among the common adsorbents, hydrochar (HC) has been considered a promising adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from terrestrial ecosystems and water resources due to its advantages, such as cost-effectiveness and environmental compatibility. However, due to surface characteristics, heterogeneous nature, and low porous structures, the application of pristine hydrochar is limited. Deposition of metal nanoparticles on porous substrates such as hydrochar by increasing the number of adsorption sites and specific surface area, reaction mechanism, and thermal stability improves their properties and, at the same time, increases their resistance against oxidation. However, due to nanometals' surface energy and high activity, they tend to oxidize and accumulate quickly during loading, causing them to be unevenly dispersed on the surfaces of the substrates and thus lose their reactivity. Therefore, it is necessary to use a stabilizer to disperse and stabilize nanometals before modifying porous surfaces with metal nanoparticles. Therefore, this study aims to load nanoparticles of zero-valent zinc (nZVZ) on hydrochar obtained from pistachio pulp and stabilize the nanoparticles with sodium citrate (SC) to be used as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of cadmium from an aqueous solution.

Methods and Materials

Pistachio pomace as biomass for biochar production was obtained from a pistachio processing terminal in Anar City, Kerman province. To prepare HC@nZVZ@SC nanocomposite, 1.1468 g of ZnCl2 was added to 940 ml of deionized water. Then 110 ml of sodium citrate solution (1 g per 100 ml) was added to it (the sodium citrate concentration in the system is 0.1 percent). After stirring for 30 min, 550 mg of hydrochar was added to the suspension. Then, dropwise, 50 ml of NaBH4 was added to deposit the nZVZ particles stabilized by sodium citrate on the hydrochar. After 23 hours of aging, it was smooth and dry. Several methods, including XRD, SEM, EDX, and FTIR, were used to check the characteristics of the prepared adsorbent. The cadmium adsorption experiments were carried out by hydrochar adsorbent modified with nZVZ and sodium citrate prepared in batch mode. The effect of effective parameters on the absorption process included the initial concentration of cadmium (concentrations of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 mg L-1), contact time (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 min), pH (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11), and adsorbent amount (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 g L-1). The response surface method (RSM) based on the central cube design (CCD) was designed to optimize the removal of cadmium (Cd) ions by HC@nZVZ@SC from aqueous solutions.

Results and Discussion

SEM-EDX, FTIR, and XRD results showed that zero valence zinc nanoparticles were successfully loaded on hydrochar. According to the results obtained after adding HC@nZVZ@SC, the percentage of cadmium removal from the aqueous solution was 73–92%. The variance (ANOVA) results were analyzed to evaluate the significance of the main parameters and their interaction effects through P and F values. P values smaller than 0.05 and high F values indicate the significance of the proposed model. To achieve the maximum removal of cadmium from the aqueous solution by HC@nZVZ@SC, the parameters effective in the removal were optimized. The obtained results showed that the maximum removal of cadmium was obtained at a pH of 7, a contact time of 60 minutes, an adsorbent dose of 1.5, and an initial concentration of 75 mg L-1.

Conclusion

In this study, pistachio hydrochar was modified with zero-valent zinc nanoparticles and stabilized with sodium citrate. The adsorbent obtained was used to remove cadmium from an aqueous solution under the influence of pH, concentration, contact time, and adsorbent dose. The cadmium removal process was optimized using the response surface method and Design Expert software. The results showed that zinc nanoparticles (nZVZ) were successfully loaded on hydrochar. According to the values of P, F, and R2, it can be concluded that the quadratic model was suitable for analyzing the data on cadmium removal by modified hydrochar. Also, according to the obtained results, the optimal conditions for cadmium removal by HC@nZVZ@SC were pH 7, adsorbent dose 1.5 g L-1, contact time 60 minutes, and concentration 75 g L-1.

Authors Contributions

Abolfazl Khademi-Jolgenejad: Carried out the experiment and analyzed the data. Wrote the manuscript. Discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript. Majid Fekri: Conceived of the presented idea. Supervised the project (supervisor). Edited and reviewed the manuscript. Contributed to the final version of the manuscript. And discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript. Majid Hejazi-Mehrizi: Helped advise and review the project. (advisor). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. All authors contributed equally to the conceptualization of the article and writing of the original and subsequent drafts.

Data Availability Statement

Data available on request from the authors.

Ethical considerations

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and misconduct.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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دوره 56، شماره 2
اردیبهشت 1404
صفحه 483-501

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