Utilizing periphyton as an innovative biotechnology in pollutants removal

Document Type : Review

Authors

1 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran

2 Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran

Abstract

Periphyton is a complex biological community comprising microorganisms and organisms from different physiological groups that collectively attach to various submerged surfaces in wetland ecosystems. Periphytic biofilms play a critical role in the wetland ecosystem’s dynamicity and possess a considerable capacity for decontamination. The following article examines the various aspects of periphytic biofilms’ capacity for removing some of the most critical environmental pollutants, including organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, microplastics, and excess nutrients. The paper provides comprehensive discussions on the critical pollutant removal mechanisms employed by the periphytic communities. Additionally, the paper endeavors to contribute to the available knowledge regarding utilizing and developing periphyton-derived bioremediation technologies by presenting the most recent research findings, discussing common challenges in periphyton’s biotechnological application, and delineating crucial research gaps to postulate future research questions. Applying periphyton in pollutant removal aligns with the most recent paradigm of bioremediation technologies advocating the use of microbial consortia instead of single microbial species. In this regard, research results convey that the simultaneous presence of multiple microbial groups together in a biological community (such as periphyton) increases the microorganisms’ resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions and enhances the biological community’s capacity for decontamination. Based on the studies presented in this article, periphytic biological communities can employ different mechanisms to transform and biodegrade a wide array of pollutants.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Utilizing Periphyton as an Innovative Biotechnology in Pollutants Removal

 

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

 

Background and aim

Efficient removal of environmental pollutants in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner demands innovative approaches relying on sound science. Various physico-chemcial approaches have been put forward to alleviate the pollution problem but many of these have practical limitations due to high implementation costs, toxic by-product formation, and redistribution of pollutants in the environment. Biological and microbiological approaches, on the other hand, offer more economically-viable and environmentally sustainable alternatives to manage pollutants. Microorganisms have immense potential to remove pollutants or transform recalcitrant xenobiotics into less toxic chemical species. Recent paradigms in the science of biodegradation and recent developments in bioremediation technologies urge the utilization of microbial consortia to effectively remove a wide array of environmental pollutants instead of employing single microbial species. Periphyton—a complex, inter-connected, and biofilm-forming biological community of micro and macroorganisms inhabiting wetland ecosystems—has been shown to interact with various critical pollutants and contribute to their biodegradation. The paper aims to highlight the biological processes employed by the periphytic community to remove organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, microplastics, and excess nutrients. The study also discusses periphytic biofilm formation and their response mechanisms to pollution. 

Methodology

The present paper reviews the related literature to compile comprehensively the most essential and recent understanding of the interaction between periphyton and environmental pollutants. The article also describes the mechanisms employed by the periphytic biofilm in pollutant removal, addresses common challenges in periphyton-based bioremediation, and outlines research gaps for future studies. These findings prove helpful in developing periphyton-derived bioremediation technologies.

Findings

The periphytic community is an integral and dynamic component of the wetland ecosystem, responding quickly to external stimuli. The community’s structural composition and biochemical processes change according to the prevailing surrounding conditions and the presence of pollutants. Periphyton uses various mechanisms to adapt to pollution and enable biodegradation. The unique characteristics and processes in the periphyton biological community that make it a powerful biodegradation agent include functional redundancy, ectopic or co-metabolism, extracellular polymeric substances synthesis, and pollutant-induced community tolerance. Moreover, the three-dimensional shape, porous nature, and voids in biofilms’ structure enhance pollutants’ bioadsorption and accumulation within the biofilm, removing them from the external environment. As such, studies have confirmed the considerable capacity of periphytic biofilms to remove organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, microplastics, and excess nutrients from the environment. 

Conclusion

Periphyton-based bioremediation represents an innovative approach to managing environmental pollution. Although periphytic biofilms interact dynamically with living and non-living agents in their exterior and can alleviate environmental pollution via biosorption, assimilation, and biodegradation processes, effective and sustainable utilization of periphyton in bioremediation technologies demands the scientific community’s awareness of current bottlenecks and research gaps. Most importantly, attention needs to be given to controlling the growth of periphytic biofilms in a given ecosystem, increasing biofilms colonization potential and successful establishment in a new ecosystem, creating functionally-enriched periphyton with enhanced capacity in removing target pollutants, and safe and eco-friendly post-bioremediation disposal or reuse of periphyton. 

 

 

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Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
Volume 54, Issue 12
March 2024
Pages 1821-1842

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