The effect of biochar and hematite on cadmium availability in a paddy soil under flooded and drained conditions

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran, Iran

2 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

Abstract

Flooding and drainage cycles affect the biological and chemical characteristics of the soil in paddy fields and play an important role in cadmium (Cd) availability. In this study, the effect of biochar (B), hematite (H), and their simultaneous application (HB) on pH, Eh, and calcium chloride extractable Cd was investigated in a Cd-contaminated soil during a flooding and drainage period. Also, the Cd fractionation at the end of the incubation period was studied. The pH value increased during the flooding period and decreased with the beginning of the drainage period. The Eh value decreased from the beginning of the flooding and showed an increasing trend during the drainage period. Calcium chloride extractable Cd decreased during the flooding period, while at the beginning of the drainage increased with a slight slope and followed a decreasing trend up to the end of the drainage period. Cd concentration reduced at the end of the flooding period in the B, H and HB treatments compared to the control by 16.8%, 20.5%, and 25.7%, respectively. Also, the reduction in Cd concentration compared to the control treatment at the end of the drainage period was 18.2, 23.1 and 28.2% respectively. HB treatment reduced the Cd availability by reducing the soluble and exchangeable fractions and increasing organic, iron, and manganese oxides fractions. The results indicated that the application of amendments can reduce Cd availability in paddy fields and its uptake by the rice plant.

Keywords

Main Subjects

The effect of biochar and hematite on cadmium availability in a paddy soil under flooded and drained conditions

 

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

Introduction

Cadmium (Cd) pollution in soil due to the use of phosphorus chemical fertilizers has become an important environmental challenge. Cadmium in the soil is related to different geochemical phases and its distribution among different chemical fractions is affected Cd solubility, dynamics, and availability. Flooding and drainage cycles affect the biological and chemical characteristics of the soil in paddy fields and play an important role in Cd availability. The Cd uptake by the rice plant occurred in the grain-filling stage during the drainage period. If the application of the amendments leads to a decrease in Cd availability at this stage, it can be affected the reduction of Cd accumulation in the rice grain. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of two different amendments on Cd availability during the flooding and drainage periods, as well as soil Cd fractions.

Material and Methods

In this study, the effect of biochar (B), hematite (H), and their simultaneous application (HB) on pH, Eh, and calcium chloride extractable Cd was investigated in a Cd-contaminated soil during a 60-day incubation period including flooding (40 days) and drainage (20 days). The experiment was established in a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement. Experiment factors were including amendments in 4 levels (control, soil + 10g kg-1 biochar, soil +10g kg-1 hematite, and soil +5g kg-1 biochar +5g kg-1 hematite) and sampling time in 9 levels (0, 1, 5,10, 30, 20, 40, 41, 47, 50, 55 and 60 days). Also, Cd fractionation was studied to investigate the effect of amendments on the Cd distribution in different soil fractions at the end of the incubation period.

Results

In all treatments, the pH value increased from the beginning of the incubation up to the end of the flooding period and decreased with the beginning of the drainage period. The Eh value of the soil decreased from the beginning of the flooding and showed an increasing trend during the drainage period. Calcium chloride extractable Cd decreased during the flooding period, while at the beginning of the drainage increased with a slight slope and followed a decreasing trend up to the end of the drainage period. Cadmium concentration reduced at the end of the flooding period in the B, H and HB treatments compared to the control by 16.8%, 20.5%, and 25.7%, respectively. Also, the reduction in cadmium concentration compared to the control treatment at the end of the drainage period was 18.2, 23.1 and 28.2% respectively. Compared to the separate application of H and B, the simultaneous application of these treatments reduced the Cd availability by reducing the soluble and exchangeable fractions and increasing organic, iron, and manganese oxides fractions.

Conclusion

The Cd concentration in contaminated soil is affected by the changes in the soil moisture conditions and the application of amendments. The results indicated that the application of amendments can reduce cadmium availability in paddy fields during the drainage stage. Therefore, considering the use of phosphorus fertilizers in paddy fields caused the potential of soil Cd contamination in the long term, the use of these amendments can be effective to reduce the cadmium availability in the soil and reducing its accumulation by the rice plant in the drainage stage.

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Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
Volume 54, Issue 11
January 2024
Pages 1667-1680

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