Study of the effect of irrigation, mycorrhiza, and azospirillum on the quantitative and qualitative yield of barley varieties

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Miyaneh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh, Iran

2 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Miyaneh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh, Iran

3 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Miyaneh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh, Iran.

Abstract

 
This field study was conducted with the objective of reducing or alleviating the drought stress effect on yield and yield components of barley varieties by applying biological fertilizers in two consecutive years within the framework of a split plot randomized complete block design with three replications. In the first year of the experiment, the main plot was irrigation at two levels (normal irrigation or full irrigation during the plant growth period, and irrigation until 50% of spike stage) and sub-plot was barley variety (Kavir, Valfajr, Nusrat, and Yusef). In the second year of the experiment, the first factor was irrigation at four levels (full irrigation during the plant growth as the control, irrigation until 50% of spike stage, irrigation until 50% of booting stage, and rainfed cultivation). The second factor was biological fertilizer application at four levels (Azospirillum lipoferum growth-stimulating bacterium, Mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices, combination of Mycorrhizal and Azospirillium lipoform, and control). The third factor was barley variety at three levels (the superior and the susceptible varieties selected from the first year experiment and Abidar rainfed variety). In the normal irrigation conditions (non-stress), the maximum grain yield was 7775 kg/ha for the Kavir variety, and the minimum grain yield was 5650 kg/ha for the Valfajr variety. In irrigation stress conditions (irrigation up to 50% of spike stage), the maximum grain yield was 6209.4 kg/ha for the Nosrat variety, and the minimum grain yield was 4167.7 kg/ha for the Kavir variety. In this research, the Nosrat variety had the maximum tolerance against stress among the studied varieties. However, the Valfajr variety showed minimum drought stress tolerance. According to the results of the first year experiment, two Nosrat and Valfajr varieties were selected. The results of the second year experiment showed that applying Azospirillum lipoferum growth-stimulating bacterium, Mycorrhizal fungus, and the combination of Mycorrhizal and Azospirillium lipoform increased the grain yield up to 2.02, 2.38, and 3.31% compared to the control treatment, respectively. Full irrigation during the plant growth period compared to irrigation treatments up to 50% of the booting stage and rainfed cultivation increased the grain yield by 4.43% and 10.04%, respectively. In general, the Valfajr variety was selected due to the lower percentage of grain yield reduction compared to other varieties and the superiority of this variety in terms of stress sensitivity index, and this variety has the potential to become a suitable commercial variety.

Keywords

Main Subjects

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

Introduction

The combined use of Mycorrhizal and Azospirillium lipoform in order to provide a part of the nitrogen requirement of the atmosphere and reduce the osmotic effects caused by spreading nitrogenous fertilizers as a road, as well as reducing the effect of drought stress at the end of the growing season and helping to absorb moisture through mycorrhiza and evaluating the effect These bacteria and fungi are one of the innovative aspects of this research through the evaluation of traits. Therefore, in order to prevent excessive consumption of chemical fertilizers, replacing part of these fertilizers with biological fertilizers is considered as the most desirable solution to increase yield. Since experiments on the effect of biofertilizers (growth-promoting bacteria and mycorrhizae) on the quantitative and qualitative performance of barley cultivars in water-limited conditions have not been conducted in the region; In this regard, this research by reducing the damage caused by the effect of drought on barley cultivars by using Mycorrhizal and Azospirillium lipoform and the possibility of increasing the cultivated area in semi-arid lands, selecting sensitive and tolerant cultivars to drought based on tolerance indicators and determining the effect of mycorrhizal fungi. and azospirillum bacteria on the quantitative and qualitative performance of the selected cultivars of the first year. 

 

Methods and Materials

This field study was conducted with the objective of reducing or alleviating the drought stress effect on yield and yield components of barley varieties by applying biological fertilizers in two consecutive years within the framework of a split plot randomized complete block design with three replications. In the first year of the experiment, the main plot was irrigation at two levels (normal irrigation or full irrigation during the plant growth period, and irrigation until 50% of spike stage) and sub-plot was barley variety (Kavir, Valfajr, Nusrat, and Yusef). In the second year of the experiment, the first factor was irrigation at four levels (full irrigation during the plant growth as the control, irrigation until 50% of spike stage, irrigation until 50% of booting stage, and rainfed cultivation). The second factor was biological fertilizer application at four levels (Azospirillum lipoferum growth-stimulating bacterium, Mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices, combination of Mycorrhizal and Azospirillium lipoform, and control). The third factor was barley variety at three levels (the superior and the susceptible varieties selected from the first year experiment and Abidar rainfed variety).

 

Results and Discussion

In the normal irrigation conditions (non-stress), the maximum grain yield was 7775 kg/ha for the Kavir variety, and the minimum grain yield was 5650 kg/ha for the Valfajr variety. In irrigation stress conditions (irrigation up to 50% of spike stage), the maximum grain yield was 6209.4 kg/ha for the Nosrat variety, and the minimum grain yield was 4167.7 kg/ha for the Kavir variety. In this research, the Nosrat variety had the maximum tolerance against stress among the studied varieties. However, the Valfajr variety showed minimum drought stress tolerance. According to the results of the first year experiment, two Nosrat and Valfajr varieties were selected. The results of the second year experiment showed that applying Azospirillum lipoferum growth-stimulating bacterium, Mycorrhizal fungus, and the combination of Mycorrhizal and Azospirillium lipoform increased the grain yield up to 2.02, 2.38, and 3.31% compared to the control treatment, respectively. Full irrigation during the plant growth period compared to irrigation treatments up to 50% of the booting stage and rainfed cultivation increased the grain yield by 4.43% and 10.04%, respectively.

 

Conclusions

In general, the Valfajr variety was selected due to the lower percentage of grain yield reduction compared to other varieties and the superiority of this variety in terms of stress sensitivity index, and this variety has the potential to become a suitable commercial variety.

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Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
Volume 54, Issue 2
May 2023
Pages 407-427

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