Investigating the Water Footprint Components of Wheat and Barley in East Azerbaijan Province

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

2 Department of Agricultural Management and Development. Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development. University of Tehran. Karaj. Iran

3 Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

East Azerbaijan province is one of the important provinces in crop production, with the production of 7.28% of the country's wheat and 4.76% of barley, which has an important role in providing these two products. But in recent years, because of multiple droughts, rainfall reduction and irregular distribution of that, the unpleasant condition of runoff water in the basin of Urmia lake, groundwater level drawdown and increasing their salinity, and etc., the agricultural production, especially the production of these two products, is facing with the challenge of water shortage, which has made the water consumption management to be of particular importance, especially in agricultural sector. Accordingly, in this study, using one of the water management tools, namely water footprint, the components of the water footprint of wheat and barley have been investigated in 21 counties between 2007-2017. Based on the results, the average water footprint for the irrigated wheat and barley in the second half of the study period were 2928 and 2888 m3/ton, and for the rainfed wheat and barley were 2998 and 2829 m3/ton, respectively. The average water productivity for both wheat and barley crops was 0.34 kg/m3, indicating that the cultivation of both crops has the same pressure on the province's water resources. In the most county of the province, the share of blue water footprint was more than green water footprint and in general, the share of blue, green, gray, and white water footprints for irrigated wheat was 33.5, 20.6, 12.6, and 33.3% and for the irrigated barley was 34, 20.7, 15.5 and 29.8%, respectively. Also, for both rainfed wheat and barley, the share of green and gray water footprints was 88.3 and 11.7%. Finally, Northeast of the province could be suitable for irrigated wheat and barley cultivation in terms of water footprint index and just on the basis of water consumption management. Bostan Abad county could be suitable for irrigated wheat and rainfed products and the center, west and south of the province could be suitable for wheat and barely products, in terms of saving water resources.

Keywords

References

Asadi, A., Eini, M., Jarahan, S, and Ali, T. (2015). Analysis of drought characteristics of East Azerbaijan province in the statistical period 1368-1391. Third International Symposium on Environmental and Water Resources Engineering 2-3 June, Tehran , Iran. (In Farsi)
Allen R.G., Pereira L.S., Raes D., and Smith M. )1998(. Crop evapotranspiration: guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Drainage and Irrigation Paper 56, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.ذ
Aligholinya, T., Sheibany, H., Mohamadi, O. and Hesam, M. (2019). 'Comparison and evaluation of blue, green and gray water footprint of wheat in different climates of Iran', Iran Water Resources Research, 15(3), 234-245. (In Farsi)
Ababaei, B. and Ramezani Etedali, H. (2016). Estimation of Water Footprint Compartments in National Wheat Production. Journal of Water and Soil, 29(6), 1458-1468. (In Farsi)
Ababaei, B. and Ramezani, Etedali H. (2016). Water Footprint Components of Cereal Production in Iran. AgriculturalWater Management. DOI:10.1016/j.agwat.2016.07.016. (In Farsi)
Abbasi, F. Sohrab, F. and Abbasi, N. (2017). Evaluation of Irrigation Efficiencies in Iran, Irrigation and Drainage Structures Engineering Research, 17(67), 113-128. (In Farsi)
Beirami, N. Ghahremanzade, M. Hayati, B. (2015). Effects of climate changes on selected crop yields of weast Azarbaijan province. International Conference on Modern Research in Agricultural Scince And Enviroment, December 15. Malaya-Kualalumpur. (in Farsi)
Chowdhury, A. (2010), Performance Evaluation of Agricultural Banks in Bangladesh,   International Journal of Business and Management, 6(4), 75-89.
Ehsani, M., Khaledi, H. and Barghi, e. (2008). Introduction to virtual  water. National Committee for Irrigation and Drainage of Iran: Tehran.
FAO, (2010). CROPWAT 8.0 model, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy, from www.fao.org/nr/water/infores_databases_cropwat.html.
Goftari, Z. (2014). Virtual water strategies and its role in water crisis and management of water scarcity. National Conference on Solutions to the Water Crisis in Iran and the Middle East,Shiraz, Iran. (In Farsi)
Hoekstra, A. Y. (ed) (2003) ‘Virtual water trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade, Value of Water Research Report Series No 12, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, Netherlands, from www.waterfootprint.org/ Reports/Report12.pdf.
Hoekstra A.Y., Chapagain A.K., Aldaya M.M., and Mekonnen M.M. (2011). The water footprint assessment manual: setting the global standard, Water Footprint Network, Enschede, the Netherlands.
International Food Policy Research Institute (2010). from https://www.ifpri.org.
Karimi, V., Karami, E., and Keshavarz. M. (2018). Climate change and agriculture: Impacts and adaptive responses in Iran. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(1), 1-15. (In Farsi)
Kuiper, J., Zarate, E, and Aldaya, M. (2010).Water footprint assessment , policy and practical measures in a specific geographical setting, A study in collaboration with the UNEP Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, Water Footprint Network, Enschede, the Netherlands.
Lillywhite, R. (2010). in Environmental Assessment and Management in the Food Industry,. Footprinting methods for assessment of the environmental impacts of food production and processing.
Mekonnen, M.M., and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2010). A global and high-resolution assessment of the green, blue and grey water footprint of wheat. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 14, 1259-1276.
Mohlotsane, P.M., Owusu-Sekyere, E., Jordaan, H., Barnard, J.H. and Van Rensburg, L.D. (2018). Water footprint accounting along the wheat-bread value chain: Implications for sustainable and productive water use benchmarks. 10, 1167.
Marzban, H., Sadraei Javaheri, A., Zibaei, M., Nazemosadat, S. and Karimi, L. (2019). Study of the Status of Resources and Water Consumption in Iran and Improving the Situation. Journal of Water and Wastewater; Ab va Fazilab, 30(4), 16-32. doi: 10.22093/wwj.2018.126649.2663. (In Farsi).
Meteorology of East Azerbaijan. (2014). from https://www.eamo.ir
Ministry of Jahad agriculture statistical yearbook of (2019), statistic and information technology office, from https://www.maj.ir/.
Ministry of Jahad agriculture statistical yearbook of (2020), statistic and information technology office, from https://www.maj.ir/.
Norse, D. 2005. Non-point pollution from crop production: Global, regional and national issues. Pedosphere, 15(4): 499–508.
piri, H. and sarani, R. (2020). Investigation of Economic Productivity of Crop Products in Sistan and Baluchestan Province by Water Footprint Approach. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 51(5), 1093-1104. doi: 10.22059/ijswr.2020.289567.668325. (In Farsi)
Ramezani Etedali, H., ShokoohiA., and MojtabaviS. A. (2017). Using the Concept of Virtual Water Footprint in Main Crops Production for Crossing the water crisis in Qazvin. Journal of Water and Soil, 31(2), 422-433. (In Farsi)
Ramazani Eteddali, H., and Ababaei, B. (2016). Estimation of Water Footprint Components in Barley Production at National and Provincial Scales. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture, 30.3(3), 431-443. doi: 10.22092/jwra.2016.107161 (In Farsi)
Razmi, R. and Sotoudeh, F. (2017). Analyzing dry and wet years in the northwest of iran. Geographic Thought, 8(16), 68-95.
Salimifard, K. and Mostafaee Dowlatabad, K. (2013). Applying Stochastic Goal Programming to Water Resource Management. Journal of Water and Soil, 27(2), 282-291. (In Farsi)
Salahi, B. and faridpour, M. (2016). Spatial analysis of climatic drought in North West of Iran using spatial autocorrelation statistics. Jsaeh. 3 (3), 1-20. (In Farsi)
Salajegheh, A. and Madani Larijani, K. (2018). Calculate and Evaluate Water Footprint. Iran: Tehran. (In Farsi)
Sun, S.K., Wu, P.T., Wang, Y.B. and Zhao, X.N., (2012). Impacts of climate change on water footprint of spring wheat production: the case of an irrigation district in China. Span. J. Agric. Res. 10 (4), 1176.
Statistical Center of Iran, (2011), from https://www.amar.org.ir
Statistical yearbook of East Azerbaijan. (2014), Management and Planning Organization, from https:// https://www.ostan-as.ir
United Nation Developments of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). (2012). Word Water Development Report 4, World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP).
Uniamikogbo, S. O. (2007) Management Imperatives of Economic Reforms, Management in Nigeria,  43 (1), 20-27.
Vejdani, H. (2015). Geography of virtual water trade,Water Management Journal, 4(3), 37-46.
Xia, J., Zhai, J.L. and Zhan, C.S. (2011). Some reflections on the research and development of water resources in China. Adv. Earth Sci, 26, 905–915.
Yousefi, H. (2018). Protecting Water Resources of Tehran Province in the view of Agricultural Water Footprint Index. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 24(6), 67-85. (In Farsi)
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
Volume 52, Issue 4
June 2021
Pages 981-995

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics