Water Use Assessment of Date in Sistan and Balouchestan Province Based on the Concept of Virtual Water

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Phd candidate,Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Economics, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor,Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Economics, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.

3 Associate Professor,Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Economics, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.

Abstract

Date is one of the most important horticultural products in Iran, which plays an important role in added value of the agriculture, economy and food security. Water resources restriction is one of the main challenges of date product in different areas. Thus, consumption management and optimal use of water resources for production is essential. A practical approach to water resources management is estimation of crop water requirements and determination of water volume consumed in the process of crop production. Virtual water is a measure to estimate actual water use by different crops. Therefore in this research, date water requirement was firstly estimated by CROPWAT in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. Afterward, the volume of virtual water, water footprint, blue and Green water were calculated for growing seasons of 2011-2017. The results showed that the average date water requirement is 21976.52 m3 ha-1 in this province. However, the amount of applied water was measured to be 46659.58 m3 ha-1. This indicates a low water productivity for date production in this province, as the water productivity of date was calculated to be 0.29 kg/m3. The average application of water for date production was estimated to be 399.67 million Cubic meters. Iranshahr, Saravan, Sarbaz and Nikshahr had the highest exploitation of water resources. The average virtual water for date production was found to be 3.82 m3 kg-1. The results of estimated footprint showed that this province has a low potential for using rainwater to irrigate date palm.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Ababaei, B., and Etedali, H. R. (2014). Estimation of water footprint components of Iran’s wheat production: Comparison of global and national scale estimates. Environmental processes, 1(3), 193-205.
Ababaei, B., and Etedali, H. R. (2015). Estimation of Water Footprint Compartments in National Wheat Production. Journal of Water and Soil, 29(6), 1458-1468. (In Farsi)
Abdpour, A., Asad Abadi, A., and Fomi, H. (2017). Analysis Factors Affecting Date Production Efficiency in Bam County: With DEA Approach. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 48(3). 507-518. (In Farsi)
Ahmad Pari, H., Ebrahimi, M. E., Safavi Gerdini, M., and Rezaei Maharloui, F. (2016). Estimation of CROPWAT Model Irrigation Needs in Bushehr. the first International Conference on Iranian Natural Hazards and Environmental Crises, Solutions and Challenges, 13 September., Shahrekord University Water Resources Research Center, Ardabil, Iran. (In Farsi)
Al Qunaibet, M.H., Ghanem, A.M., and Almodarra, S. F. (2014). Estimation of Virtual Water for Current and Target Saudi Exports for Dates. Life Science Journal, 11(12).
Alazba, A. A. (2001). Theoretical Estimate of Palm Water requirements using Penman-Monteith Model. In 2001 ASAE Annual Meeting (p. 1). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
Allan, J. A. (1998). Virtual water: a strategic resource. Ground water, 36(4), 545-547.
Allen, R. G., Smith, M., Perrier, A., and Pereira, L. S. (1994). An update for the definition of reference evapotranspiration. ICID bulletin, 43(2), 1-34.
Arabi Yazdi, A., Nik nia, N., Majidi, N., and Emami, H. (2014). Water Security Assessment in Arid Climates Based on Water Footprint Concept (case study; south khorasan province). Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 8(4). 735-746. (In Farsi)
Bhat, N. R., Lekha, V. S., Suleiman, M. K., Thomas, B., Ali, S. I., George, P., and Al Mulla, L. (2012). Estimation of water requirements for young date palms under arid climatic conditions of Kuwait. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 8(5). 448-452.
Dehghani Sanij, H., and Salamati, N. (2018.) Palm response to the implementation of surface and subsurface drip irrigation system. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 991-1001. (In Farsi)
FAO, (2007). Workshop on Irrigation of Date Palm and Associated Crops. In collaboration with Faculty of Agriculture, 27-30 May, Damascus University Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic, Damascus.
Fu, Y., Zhao, J., Wang, C., Peng, W., Wang, Q., and Zhang, C. (2018). The virtual Water flow of crops between intraregional and interregional in mainland China. Agricultural water management, 208, 204-213.
Ghezel, F., and Abdul Hussein, M. (2017). Investigation of water requirement and date palm cultivation in Qeshm Island, the National Conference on Sustainable Energy Environment and Natural Resources, 7 December., Mehr Arvand Institute of Higher Education and Center for Sustainable Development Solutions, Tehran, Iran. (In Farsi)
Hekmatnia, M., Hosseini, S. M., and Safdari, M. (2018). 'Application of Fuzzy Logic in Calculation of Urban Water Tariff in Iran. Journal of Hydrosciences and Environment, 2(4). 33-43. (In Farsi)
Hoekstra, A. Y. (2017). Water footprint assessment: evolvement of a new research field. Water Resources Management, 31(10), 3061-3081.
Hoekstra, A. Y., Chapagain, A. K., Mekonnen, M. M., and Aldaya, M. M. (2011). The water footprint assessment manual: Setting the global standard. Routledge.
Hoekstra, A.Y., and Chapagain, A.K. (2011). Globalization of water: Sharing the planet's freshwater resources. John Wiley and Sons.
Hoekstra, A.Y., and Hung, P.Q. (2002). Virtual water trade: A quantification of virtual water flows between nations in relation to international crop trade. Value of water research report series, 11, p.166.
Houri, A M. (2017). Lysimertic determination of Water Requirement and Crop Coefficient of Date Palm in Vegetative Growth Phase. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture, 31.3(3). 329-340. (In Farsi)
Karandish, F., Salari, S., Darzi Naftchali, A. (2018). Assessing the sustainability of horticultural production using the concepts of virtual water and the economic value of water. Iranian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage, 11(3), 335-345. (In Farsi)
Kassem, M. A. (2007). Water requirements and crop coefficient of date palm trees Sukariah CV. Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 24, 339-359.
Marwat Nash, A., Shahidi, A., and Khashie Siouki, A. S. (2013). Optimization of Cultivation Pattern with Virtual Water Approach to Sustainability of Water Resources, Firtht Iranian Water Resources Management Conference,18-19 February., Shahid Beheshti University, Iran Water Resources Science and Engineering Association. Tehran, Iran. (In Farsi)
Ministry of Jahad-Agriculture (2001). Date palm guideline; planting, husbandry and harvesting.
Ministry of Jahad agriculture statistical yearbook of (2018), statistic and information technology office, from https://www.maj.ir/
Mohammadi Kanigolzar, F., Ameri, J. D., and Motee, N. (2014). Virtual water trade as a strategy to water resource management in Iran. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 6(02), 141.
Pour Jafari Nejad, A. G., Alizadeh, A., and Neshat, A. (2013). Study on Ecological Water Footprint and indicators of virtual water in Agricultural Section of Kerman Province. Irrigation and Water Engineering, 4(1). 80-89. (In Farsi)
Rafiee, M., Moazed, H., Ghaemi, A., and Broomand nasab, S. (2016). FAO-56 Method for Estimating Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficients of Eggplant in Greenhouse and Outdoor Conditions. Irrigation Sciences and Engineering, 39(2), 59-77. (In Farsi)
Rodriguez, C. I., Galarreta, V. R., and Kruse, E. E. (2015). Analysis of water footprint of potato production in the pampean region of Argentina. Journal of Cleaner Production, 90, 91-96.
Salari, S., Karandish, F., and Darzi Naftchali, A. (2015). Spatial and temporal analyses of the wheat virtual water variations in Sistan and Blouchestan Province. Irrigation and Water Engineering, 5(2). 81-94. (In Farsi)
Seyedan, S., and Ghadami Firouzabadi, A. (2018). Estimation of virtual water in major crop products (Case Study Hamedan province). Irrigation and Water Engineering, 9(1). 102-111. (In Farsi)
Soltani, A., Mirlatifi, Q., and Dehghan, s. (2013). Estimation of reference evapotranspiration using limited meteorological data in different climates. Journal of Water and Soil, 26(1). (In Farsi)
Tian, X., Sarkis, J., Geng, Y., Qian, Y., Gao, C., Bleischwitz, R., and Xu, Y. (2018). Evolution of China's water footprint and virtual water trade: A global trade assessment. Environment international, 121, 178-188.
Zhang, C., and Anadon, L. D. (2014). A multi-regional input–output analysis of domestic virtual water trade and provincial water footprint in China. Ecological Economics, 100, 159-172.
Zhuo, L., Mekonnen, M. M., and Hoekstra, A. Y. (2016). Consumptive water footprint and virtual water trade scenarios for China—With a focus on crop production, consumption and trade. Environment international, 94, 211-223.