Investigation of the Relationship between Geopedology and Soil Taxonomy in the Soil-Landscape Models using Conditional Probabilities

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran

2 Soil and Water Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Soil maps are basic in any investigation and environmental programing activities. Immense methods try to differentiate more homogenous soil units. The geopedologic soil mapping method assumes that with a categorical disintegration of geoforms, it is enabling to gain harmonized related taxonomic level. The quantitative relationship between geopedologic and taxonomic categorization is not considered in literature, though, this paper uses statistical and conditional probability methods to quantitatively analysis the conformity between the geopedologic approach and Soil Taxonomy levels. Therefore, the geoforms of study area were differentiated and 191 soil samples were excavated and genetically described. The conditional probability of each soil categorical taxa was measured in each geopedologic category. The quantitative results showed that the soils in the studied area were affected less by parent material, or the other soil forming factors had a greater effect than the role of parent materials. Also concordant with pedodiversity analysis, the observability of taxonomic categories versus geopedologic categories is properly related and in each geopedologic category the diversity of taxonomic categories from order to family level increases or homogeneity decreases. But categorical harmonization between them is not fulfilled. In this case, the geopedologic category is not able to differentiate the related taxonomic category properly. Therefore, it is proposed that the family level is differentiated in a lower geopedologic level like phase of geomorphic surfaces. In this level the characteristics like aspect, slope curvature and type of green cover can be considered.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Abbaszadeh Afshar F., Ayoubi Sh., Jafari A and Khademi H. (2015) Considering soil diversity index and soil-landscape evolution relationship in the arid region of Bam, southeast Iran. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable, 5(2), 71-91.
Ayoubi Sh., M. Karimian Eghbal, A. Jalalian (2006) Study of Micromorphological Evidences of Climate Change During Quaternary Recorded in Paleosols From Isfahan. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 10 (1) :137-151. (In Persian)
Bani Neameh, J. (2003) Land evaluation for land use planning with especial attention to sustainable fodder production in the Rouzeh Chai catchment of Orumiyeh area, Iran. MSc. Thesis, International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, The Netherlands.
Baveye, P. (2002) Comment on "Modeling soil variation: past, present and future" by G.B.M. Heuvelink and R. Webster. Geoderma 109, 289–293.
Bayat, O., Karimzadeh. A and Khademi, H. (2011) Clay minerals in two paleosols on geomorphic surfaces in Eastern Isfahan. Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy, 19 (1), 45-58. (In Persian)
Bregt, A.K., Gesink, H.J. and Alkasuma. (1992) Mapping the conditional probability of soil variables. Geoderma, 53,15-29.
de Boer, D.H. (1992) Hierarchies and spatial scale in process geomorphology: a review. Geomorphology 4, 303–318.
Dobermann, A., Goovaerts, P., and Neue, H.U. (1997) Scale-dependent correlations among soil properties in two tropical lowland rice fields. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 61, 1483–1496.
Esfandiarpoor Borujeni I. (2009) Generalization of Geopedological approach in Soil Mapping. Shahrekord University. (In Persian)
Esfandiarpoor Borujeni I., Toomanian N., Salehi M. H. and Mohammadi. (2009) Assessing Geopedological Soil Mapping Using Diversity and Similarity Indices (A Case Study: Borujen Area, Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari Province). Journal of Water and Soil 23 (4), 100-114. (In Persian)
Esfandiarpour Boroujeni I., Y. Safari. (2014) Comparison of Functional Pedodiversity in Two Detailed Soil Map Units (A Case Study: Faradonbeh Plain, Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari Province). Journal of Water and Soil Science, 18 (67), 267-277. (In Persian)
Farpoor MH, Khademi H, Eghbal MK (2002) Genesis and distribution of palygorskite and associated clay minerals in Rafsanjan soils on different geomorphic surfaces. Iran Agriculture Research, 21, 39–60.
Farpoor M.H., Krouse H.R. (2008) Stable isotopic geochemistry of sulfur bearing minerals and clay mineralogy of some soils and sediments in Loot Desert, central Iran. Geoderma 146:283–290 pp.
Farpoor MK, Eghbal MK, Khademi H (2003) Genesis and micromorphology of saline and gypsiferous Aridisols in different geomorphic surfaces of Rafsanjan area, Iran. Journal of Science Technology, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 3,71–80.
Goovarets P. and Journel A.G. (1995) Integrating soil map information in modelling the spatial variation of continuous soil properties. European Journal of Soil Science, 46, 397-414.
Graham, R.C., and Boul, S.W. (1990) Soil-geomorphic relations on the Blue Ridge Front: II. Soil characteristics and pedogenesis. Soil Science Society of America journal 54, 1367–1377.
Hawinkel P., Pauw E. DE and  Deckers J. (2016) Probabilistic soil mapping by Bayesian inference to assess suitability for derocking in northwest Syria. Soil Use and Management,  32, 137–149.
Jafari, A., Ayoubi, S., Khademi, H., Finke, P.A., and Toomanian, N. (2013) Selection of a taxonomic level for soil mapping using diversity and map purity indices: A case study from an Iranian arid region. Geomorphology, 201, 86-97.
Keshtkar S., Jafari A and Farpoor M. H. (2018) The effect of environmental and pedogenic factors on soil diversity in Kerman and Lalehzar regions. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable 8(1), 89-106.
King C. J., Acton D. F., and Arnaud R. J. ST. (1983) Soil_landscape analysis in relation to soil distribution and mapping at a site within the Weyburn Association. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 63:657_670.
Lagacherie P. and Voltz M (2000) Predicting soil properties over a region using sample information from a mapped reference area and digital elevation data: a conditional probability approach. Geoderma, 97,187–208.
Nadimi M, Farpoor MH (2013) Genesis and clay mineralogy of soils on different geomorphic surfaces in Mahan-Joupar area, central Iran. Arabian Journal of Geoscience, 6,825–833.
Nazari, N., Mahmoodi, S. and Masihabadi, M.H. (2016) Employing Diversity and Similarity Indices to Evaluate Geopedological Soil Mapping in Miyaneh, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Open Journal of Geology , 6, 1221-1239.
Osher L. J., Flannagan, C. T. (2007) Soil-Landscape Relationships in a Mesotidal Maine Estuary. Soil Science Society of America Journal (online SSSAJ), 71 (4), 1323-1334.
Ovalles, F.A., and M.E. Collins. (1986) Soil-landscape relationships and soil variability in north central Florida. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 50:401-408.
Owliaie H., M. Najafi Ghiri, Sirous Shakeri, (2018) Soil-landscape relationship as indicated by pedogenesis data on selected soils from Southwestern, Iran. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 7 (2) 167 – 180.
Pahlavan Rad, M.R., Toomanian, N., Khormali, F., Brungard, C.W., Komaki, C.B., Bogaert, P. (2014) Updating soil survey maps using random forest and conditioned Latin hypercube sampling in the loess derived soils of northern Iran. Geoderma 232–234, 97–106.
Phillips, J.D. (2009) “Soils as extended composite phenotypes”. Geoderma, 149, 43–151.
Phillips, J.D. (2001) Divergent evolution and the spatial structure of soil landscape variability. Catena, 43, 101–113.
Phillips, J.D., Marion, D. (2005). Biomechanical effects, lithological variations, and local pedodiversity in some forest soils of Arkansas. Geoderma , 124, 73–89.
Rossiter, D.G. (2000) Methodology for soil resource inventories. Lecture notes, 2nd Revised Version, Soil Science Division, International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Science (ITC), Enschede, The Netherlands.
Schoeneberger P.J., Wysocki D.A., Benham E.C. and Broderson W.D. (Eds.). (2002) Field book for describing and sampling soils, Version 0/2. Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE.
Soil Science Division Staff. (2017) Soil survey manual. C. Ditzler, K. Scheffe, and H.C. Monger (eds.). USDA Handbook 18. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Soil Survey Staff. (1996) Soil survey laboratory methods manual. Report No. 42, USDA, NRCS, NCSS, USA.
Soil Survey Staff. (2014) Keys to soil taxonomy (12th ed.). NRCS, USDA, USA.
Stallins, J. A. (2006) “Geomorphology and ecology: Unifying themes for complex systems in biogeomorphology”. Geomorphology, 77, 207–216.
Taalab K., R. Corstanje, J. Zawadzka, T. Mayr , M.J.Whelan, J.A. Hannam, Creamer. R. (2015) On the application of Bayesian Networks in Digital Soil Mapping. Geoderma , (259–260), 134–148.
Toomanian N. and Esfandiarpour Boroujeni, I. (2017) Outcomes of applying a geopedologic approach to soil survey in Iran. Desert 22 (2), 239-247.
Toomanian Norair, Ahmad Jalalian, Hossein Khademi, Mostafa Karimian Eghbal, Andreas Papritz, 2006. Pedodiversity and pedogenesis in Zayandeh-rud Valley, Central Iran. Geomorphology ,81, 376–393.
Udomsri, S. (2006) Application of computer assisted geopedology to predictive soil mapping and its use in assessing soil erosion prone areas: a case study of Doi Ang Khang, Ang Khang Royal Agricultural Station, Thailand. MSc. Thesis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, The Netherlands.
Walker, P.H., 1989. Contributions to the understanding of soil and landscape relationships. Australian Journal of Soil Research , 27, 589–605.
Weidong Li, Chuanrong Zhang, James E. Burt, and A-Xing Zhu. (2005) A Markov Chain-Based Probability Vector Approach for Modeling Spatial Uncertainties of Soil Classes. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 69, 1931–1942.
Zinck, J.A. (1989) Physiography and soils. Lecture notes for soil students. Soil Science Division, Soil survey courses subject matter: K6 ITC, Enschede, The Netherlands.
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
Volume 50, Issue 5
September 2019
Pages 1152-1168

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics