بررسی رهاسازی عناصر نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم از بیوچارهای مختلف و ارتباط آن‌ها با شیمی سطح بیوچار

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران.

2 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ملایر ملایر، ایران

3 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ملایر ملایر، ایران.

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی رهاسازی عناصر نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم از انواع بیوچار، آزمایشی به‌صورت طرح کاملاً تصادفی در سه تکرار انجام شد. از بیوچارها در 2 درصد وزنی استفاده گردید. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل خاک شاهد (CS)، خاک+بیوچار ضایعات انگور (GSB)، خاک+ بیوچار پوسته قهوه‌ای گردو (NSB) و خاک+ بیوچار کاه و کلش گندم (WSB) بود. نمونه‌ها حدود چهار ماه انکوباسیون و نمونه-برداری از زمان‌های 0، 7، 14، 28، 42، 56، 88 و 120 روز صورت گرفت. نتایج نشان داد افزودن بیوچار موجب افزایش معنی‌دار غلظت نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم در تمام تیمارها در مقایسه با خاک شاهد شد. غلظنت نیتروژن از 7/766 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم در خاک شاهد (میانگین کل زمان‌ها) به 2/1272 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم در تیمار GSB، 7/1366 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم در تیمار WSB و 9/1488 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم در تیمار NSB رسید. غلظنت فسفر از 5/44 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم در خاک شاهد (میانگین کل زمان‌ها) به 1/79 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم در تیمار GSB، 1/67 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم در تیمار WSB و 8/70 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم در تیمار NSB افزایش یافت و غلظت پتاسم در خاک شاهد از  0/103 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم به 5/656، 8/293 و 6/125 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم به ترتیب در تیمار GSB، WSB و NSB رسید. تیمار WSB و NSB به ترتیب به طور میانگین 0/52 و 5/50 درصد از نیتروژن خود را طی 120 روز آزاد کردند در حالی‌که تیمار GSB به‌طور میانگین فقط 6/28 درصد از کل نیتروژن خود را آزاد کرد. ترتیب رهاسازی نیتروژن از تیمار بیوچار به این صورت بود: WSB≥ NSB> GSB. با توجه به انتشار فسفر، کارآمدترین تیمار NSB و ناکارآمدترین تیمار GSB بود. ترتیب رهاسازی فسفر از تیمار بیوچار به این صورت بود: NSB> WSB> GSB. مقدار پتاسیم قابل دسترس در تیمار GSB (به‌طور میانگین 7/6-3/2 برابر) بیشتر از سایر تیمارها بود. بالاترین میزان انتشار در تیمار GSB مشاهده شد. ترتیب رهاسازی پتاسیم از تیمار بیوچار به این صورت بود: GSB> WSB> NSB. نتایج طیف مادون قرمز نشان داد که انحلال آمیدهای حاوی نیتروژن، مکانیسم اصلی انتشار N می‌باشد. کاهش pH ناشی از نیتریفیکاسیون موجب انحلال Ca-P از بیوچار شده و موجب افزایش رهاسازی فسفر گردیده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the release of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from biochars of grape waste, straw and wheat stubble and walnut shell

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali-Reza Kazemi 1
  • Zahra varasteh khanlari 2
  • Mahboubeh Zarabi 3
1 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer. Iran
2 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer. Iran
3 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer. Iran
چکیده [English]

To investigate the release of nitrogen. Phosphorus and potassium elements from biochar, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in three replications. Biochars were used by 2% in weight (W/W). The experimental treatments included control soil (CS), Soil+ Grape waste biochar (GSB), Soil + wheat straw and stubble (WSB) + brown walnut shell biochar (NSB) and Soil. The samples were incubated for about four months and sampling was done at days of 0, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 88 and 120. The results showed that the biochar addition significantly increased the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in all biochar-amended soils compared to the control soil. Nitrogen concentration ranged from 766.6 mg kg-1 in control (average of sampling times) to 1272.2, 1366.7, and 1488.9 mg kg-1 in GSB, WSB and NSB treatments, respectively. Phosphorus concentration enhanced from 44.5 mg kg-1 in control (time-average of sampling) to 79.1, 67.1, and 70.8 mg kg-1 in GSB, WSB and NSB, respectively, and the concentration of potassium in the control increased from 103 mg kg-1 to 656.5, 293.8, and 125.6 mg kg-1 in the GSB, WSB, and NSB treatments, respectively. The WSB and NSB treatments released an average of 52% and 50.5% of their nitrogen content, respectively during 120 days, increased while GSB released only 28.6% of its total nitrogen on average. The order of nitrogen release rates in biochar were as follows: WSB≥ NSB> GSB. Regarding the release of phosphorus, NSB was considered to be the most efficient biochar, which was able to release 5% of its phosphorus during 4 months, while, GSB was the lowest effective biochar releasing only 0.5% of its phosphorus during the corresponding time. The order of phosphorus release from biochar treatments was as follows: NSB > WSB > GSB. The amount of available potassium in GSB was 2.3 to 6.7 times higher than the other treatments. The order of potassium release from biochar treatments was as follows: GSB > WSB > NSB. The results of infrared spectroscopy showed that the dissolution of amides containing nitrogen is the main mechanism of N release. The decrease in pH caused by nitrification, probably facilitated Ca-P dissolution from biochar and led to a higher phosphorus release.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Availability of essential elements
  • Release
  • Infrared spectroscopy

Evaluation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium release from biochars of grape waste, straw and wheat stubble and walnut shell

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

Background and purpose:

A large amount of agricultural wastes is annually produced all around the world, which can make a significant contribution to soil organic matter storage. One of the effective ways to provide soil organic matter is to convert these wastes into compounds e which can provide energy and simultaneously reduce the volume and weight of waste materials. These compounds also improve water use efficiency without causing environmental pollution. One of these compounds is biochar. Biochar decomposition rate is much lower than other organic materials and thus it can remain in the soil for hundreds to thousands of years. Biochar has a high capacity in reducing greenhouse gases and can store carbon in the soil for a long time. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the rates nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) release from biochars of walnut, grape, straw, and wheat stubble residues.

Materials and methods:

This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in three replicates. Biochars were used at 2% (W/W). The experimental treatments included control soil (CS), soil + grape waste biochar (GSB), soil + walnut waste (NSB), and soil + wheat straw and stubble biochar (WSB). The samples were incubated at 25 ± 3 °C for about four months (from wheat planting to harvest). During the incubation period, soil moisture contents in treatments were kept constant (70% FC) by adding distilled water to the samples. Sampling was done on days 0, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 88, and 120. And after air-drying, the samples were stored to determine the release rate of N, P, and K.

Findings:

Biochar addition significantly increased the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in all biochar-amended soils compared to the control soil. Nitrogen concentration ranged from 766.6 mg kg-1 in control (average of sampling times) to 1272.2, 1366.7, and 1488.9 mg kg-1 in GSB, WSB and NSB, respectively. Phosphorus concentration enhanced from 44.5 mg kg-1 in control (average of sampling times) to 79.1, 67.1, and 70.8 mg kg-1 in GSB, WSB and NSB, respectively, and the concentration of potassium in the control increased from 103 mg kg-1 to 656.5, 293.8, and 125.6 mg kg-1 in the GSB, WSB, and NSB treatments, respectively. The WSB and NSB treatments released an average of 52% and 50.5% of their nitrogen content, respectively during 120 days, while GSB released only 28.6% of its total nitrogen on average. The nitrogen release rates in biochar treatments increased as follows: WSB≥ NSB> GSB. The highest available phosphorus in the GSB treatment was observed at the beginning of incubation. Regarding the release of phosphorus, NSB was considered to be the most efficient biochar, which was able to release 5% of its phosphorus in 4 months, while, GSB was the least effective biochar releasing only 0.5% of its phosphorus during the corresponding time. Phosphorus release from biochar treatments changed as follows: NSB > WSB > GSB. The amount of available potassium in GSB was 2.3 to 6.7 times higher than other treatments. The order of potassium release from biochar treatments was as follows: GSB > WSB > NSB. The results of infrared spectroscopy showed that the dissolution of amides containing nitrogen is the main mechanism of N release. The decrease in pH caused by nitrification probably facilitated Ca-P dissolution from biochar and led to a higher phosphorus release.

Conclusion:

The results indicated that NSB seemed to play a role as a complete or complementary source of nitrogen and phosphorus for wheat. Additionally, GSB could contribute to potassium supply for plants. However, inherent soil properties may greatly affect this process as well.

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تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 54، شماره 9
آذر 1402
صفحه 1283-1297

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