تحلیل منطقه‌ای بار رسوب و تهیه نقشه فرسایش آبی خاک، مطالعه موردی: منطقه البرز میانی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد، پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار بخش تحقیقات حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان زنجان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج

چکیده

آگاهی از میزان فرسایش و تغییرات مکانی آن راه‌گشای مدیران و برنامه‌ریزان در امر مهم حفاظت آب و خاک در حوزه‌های آبخیز است. در پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارائه نقشه فرسایش آبی خاک از داده‌های دبی آب و رسوب 40 ایستگاه آب‌سنجی در منطقه البرز میانی و در دوره آماری بین سال‌های آبی 1361-1360 تا 1400-1399 استفاده شد. در ابتدا مهم‌ترین عوامل موثر بر فرسایش و رسوب‌دهی در زیرحوضه‌های مورد مطالعه شامل 30 ویژگی هیدرولوژیکی، فیزیوگرافیکی، ژئومورفولوژیکی، زمین-شناسی و خاک، اقلیمی، کاربری اراضی و پوشش گیاهی به عنوان متغیرهای مسـتقل و دو ویژگی رسوب‌دهی کل و رسوب‌دهی ویژه به عنوان متغیرهای وابسته مشخص شد. با اسـتفاده از روش‌های تجزیـه و تحلیـل عـاملی و تحلیل مؤلفه‌های اصلی، مهمترین خصوصیات حوضه‌ها موثر در رسوب‌دهی مشخص شد. در مرحله بعد حوضه‌های منطقه مطالعاتی براساس ویژگی‌های منتخب و انجام تحلیل خوشه‌ای به شش گروه همگن تقسیم و با استفاده از رگرسـیون چندمتغیره به روش گام به گام اقدام به مدل‌سازی بین رسوب‌دهی ویژه و خصوصیات حوضه‌ها شد. با توجه به مدل‌های رگرسیونی انتخابی مشخص می‌شود که مقدار رسوب‌دهی ویژه در منطقه البرز میانی به پنج عامـل مسـاحت اراضی کشاورزی (دیم، آبی و باغات)، مساحت زیرحوضه‌ها، مجموع مسـاحت سـازندهای حساس به فرسایش و کواترنر، دبی متوسط سالیانه و ضریب فرم حوضه بستگی دارد که ایـن پنج عامل 92 درصد تغییرات تولید رسوب زیرحوضه‌های انتخابی را کنترل می‌کنند. سپس با در نظر گرفتن ضریب انتقال رسوب زیرحوضه‌ها میزان فرسایش خاک تعیین و نقشه فرسایش خاک برای منطقه البرز میانی ترسیم شد. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین رسوب‌دهی و میزان متوسط وزنی فرسایش خاک در منطقه مطالعاتی به‌ترتیب 84/3 و 56/13 تن در هکتار در سال بوده و عوامل مؤثر بر فرسایش و رسوب منطقه البرز میانی را می‌توان به سه گروه تغییر کاربری اراضی به‌واسطه فعالیت‌های انسانی، زمین‌شناسی و فیزیوگرافی تقسیم‌بندی کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Regional analysis of sediment load and preparation of soil water erosion map, case study: Middle Alborz region

نویسندگان [English]

  • Davood Nikkami 1
  • Mohammad Tahmoures 2
1 Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, AREEO, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Department, Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, AREEO, Zanjan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Awareness of erosion and its spatial changes is a guide for managers and planners in the important matter of water and soil protection in watersheds. In the present study water flow and sediment data of 40 hydrometric stations in the Middle Alborz region and in the statistical period between the wateAwareness of erosion and its spatial changes is a guide for managers and planners in the important matter of water and soil protection in watersheds. In the present study, with the aim of presenting a map of soil water erosion, water flow and sediment data of 40 hydrometric stations in the Middle Alborz region and in the statistical period between the water years of 1980-1981 to 2020-2021 were used. First, the most important factors affecting erosion and sedimentation in the studied sub-basins including 30 hydrological, physiographic, geomorphological, geological and soil characteristics, climate, land use and vegetation as independent variables and two sediment characteristics; including total yield and specific deposition as dependent variables were identified. Using factor analysis and principal component analysis methods, the most important characteristics of effective basins in sedimentation were identified. In the next stage, the study area basins are divided into six homogeneous groups based on selected characteristics and cluster analysis and multivariate regression stepwise method was used to model between specific sedimentation and basin characteristics. According to the selected regression models, it is determined that the amount of special sediment in the Middle Alborz region to five factors of agricultural land area (rainfed, irrigated and orchards), the area of sub-basins, the total area of erosion-sensitive and Quaternary structures, the average annual discharge and the form factor of the basin depend on the fact that these five factors control 92% of the sediment production changes in the selected sub-basins. Then, considering the sediment transfer coefficient of the sub-basins, the amount of soil erosion was determined and the soil erosion map was drawn for the Middle Alborz region. The results showed that the average sedimentation rate and the average weight of soil erosion in the study area were 3.84 and 13.56 tons per hectare per year, respectively. In general, the factors affecting erosion and sedimentation of the Middle Alborz region can be divided into three groups: land use change due to human activities, geology and physiography.r years 1980-1981 to 2020-2021 were used. First, the most important factors include 30 hydrological, physiographic, geomorphological, geological and soil characteristics climate land use and vegetation as independent variables and two sediment characteristics. The most important characteristics of effective basins in sedimentation were identified. In the next stage, the study area basins are divided into six homogeneous groups based on selected characteristics and cluster analysis and using multivariate regression by stepwise method to model between specific sedimentation and basin characteristics. According to the selected regression models, it is determined that the amount of special sediment in the Middle Alborz region to five factors of agricultural land area (rainfed, irrigated and orchards), the area of sub-basins, the total area of erosion-sensitive and Quaternary structures, The average annual discharge and the form factor of the basin depend on the fact that these five factors control 92% of the sediment production changes in the selected sub-basins. Then, considering the sediment transfer coefficient of the sub-basins, the amount of soil erosion was determined and the soil erosion map was drawn for the Middle Alborz region. The results showed that the average sedimentation rate and the average weight of soil erosion in the study area were 3.84 and 13.56 tons per hectare per year, respectively. In general, the factors affecting erosion and sedimentation of the Middle Alborz region can be divided into three groups: land use change due to human activities, geology and physiography.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Soil conservation
  • Sediment yield
  • Multivariate regression
  • Modeling
  • Soil erosion

مراجع

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تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران
دوره 53، شماره 7
مهر 1401
صفحه 1593-1609

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