پیشرفت‌های اخیر و روندهای تحقیقاتی در کودهای پایدار زیستی بر پایه لیگنین: فناوری‌های تولید، سازو کارهای فرآیند و ارزیابی عملکرد

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری مهندسی مکانیک بیوسیستم، گروه مهندسی فنی کشاورزی، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 استاد، گروه فنی کشاورزی، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

3 استادیار، گروه فنی کشاورزی، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

توسعه پایدار پالایشگاه‌های زیستی از دیدگاه اقتصاد زیستی چرخه‌ای، نیاز به استفاده کامل از زیست‌توده‌های لیگنوسلولزی جهت تولید محصولات با ارزش افزوده بالا دارد. بازار تجاری محصولات لیگنین در سال 2018 به ارزش 750 میلیون دلار بود و پیش‌بینی می‌شود که تا سال 2025 این مقدار به 1460 میلیون دلار برسد. در فرآیندهای صنعتی، سالانه حدود 150-180 میلیون تن لیگنین‌های صنعتی در جهان به‌عنوان محصول فرعی فرآیندهای لیگنین تجاری یا لیگنین پالایشگاه زیستی تولید می‌شود. اکثر لیگنین‌های صنعتی به‌طور مستقیم برای تولید گرما و حرارت سوزانده می‌شوند که نه‌تنها اتلاف مواد آلی است بلکه منجر به آلودگی‌های زیست محیطی می‌شود. امروزه، تولید کودهای بر پایه لیگنین به‌عنوان یک موضوع مهم تحقیقاتی در کشاورزی پایدار و در جهت رفع نگرانی‌های زیست محیطی کودهای شیمیایی تبدیل شده است. از لیگنین‌ها به‌دلیل ویژگی‌های کند-رهش و ترکیبات شیمیایی و ویژگی‌های منحصر به فرد، انحلال آهسته، قابلیت جذب بالا، زیست‌سازگاری، زیست‌تجزیه‌پذیری، غیر فرار بودن، پایداری بلندمدت، آبشویی و آلودگی کمتر، بازده کودی بیشتر، قیمت پایین و فعالیت بیولوژیکی بیشتر می‌توان به‌عنوان حامل‌های کند-رهش، مواد پوششی کودها، اصلاح کننده خاک و میکرو کی‌لیت‌ها استفاده کرد. لیگنین می‌تواند انحلال مواد مغذی موجود در کود را به تاخیر بیاندازد و از این طریق عملکرد کند-رهش را بهبود بخشد و همچنین با مهار فعالیت اوره‌آز خاک، هیدرولیز اوره را به تأخیر بیندازد. همچنین با جلوگیری از فرآیند تبدیل نیتروژن آمونیومی به نیتروژن نیتراتی می‌تواند باعث افزایش بازده نیتروژن آمونیومی قابل جذب برای گیاه شود. کودهای کند-رهش بر پایه لیگنین از طریق روش‌های شیمیایی، روش‌های پوشش‌دهی و روش‌های کی‌لیت تولید می‌شوند. این مقاله، روش‌های استخراج لیگنین، دیدگاه‌های فرآیندی، مشخصه‌یابی و کاربردهای کودهای مبتنی بر لیگنین را به‌طور دقیق بررسی و پیشرفت‌های تحقیقاتی اخیر در زمینه کودهای بر پایه لیگنین را گزارش می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Recent Advances and Research Trends in the Eco-friendly Lignin-based Fertilizers: Production Technologies, Process Mechanisms and Performance Appraisal

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ehsan Sarlaki 1
  • mohammad hossein kianmehr 2
  • Ali Mashaallah Kermani 3
1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Agrotechnology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Full Professor, Department of Agrotechnology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor , Department of Agrotechnology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

In circular bioeconomy viewpoint, sustainable development of biorefineries requires to use the lignocellulosic biomass completely to produce high value-added bioproducts. The lignin products market was 750 million US$ in 2018 and is predicted to reach 1460 million US$ by the end of 2025. In industrial processes, the large amounts of industrial lignins as technical lignins or biorefinery lignins are formed as by‐products. Annually, about 150-180 million tons of industrial lignins is generated in worldwide. Most of industrial lignins are directly combusted to obtain heat, which not only is a loss of organic matter but also leads to environmental pollution issues. Therefore, developing the lignin-based fertilizers has become an important research topic for eco-friendly agricultural practices. Interestingly, lignin can be used as slow‐release carriers, coating materials, soil conditioners and chelated micro-fertilizers due to its excellent slow-release properties, chelating and other functionalities. Lignin-based fertilizers have several specific properties including the slow dissolution, adsorptivity, biocompatibility, controlled-release, biodegradability, nonvolatility, long-term stability, anti-leaching, low pollution, high fertilizer efficiency, low price and higher biological activity. Lignin can delay the dissolution of the nutrients (nitrogen, phosphate, etc.) in the modified fertilizer to improve the slow-release performance and also delay hydrolysis of urea by inhibiting the soil urease activity and inhibit the conversion of NH4+-N to NO3--N, thereby increasing the utilization of NH4+-N. Lignin‐based fertilizers prepared by sustainable chemical, coating and micro-chelation modifications. This review, exhaustively scrutinizes and reports the recent research advances in the lignin extraction methods, underlying mechanisms, characterization and applications of the above methods for preparing lignin‐based fertilizers.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Lignocellulosic biomass
  • Industrial lignins
  • Biorefinery lignins
  • Ammoxidation
  • Slow release nitrogen fertilizer
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