Alebrahim M.T., Rashed Mohassel M.H., Wilkakson S., Baghestani M.A. and Ghorbani R. (2012). Evaluatin of 6 unregistered herbicides efficacy in iran potato fields and herbicide relation to cytochromes P450 mono- oxygenase enzyme. Ph.D. Thesis. Ferdowsi. University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English summary).
Allen H.E. )1997(. Standards for metal should not be based on total concentrations. SETAC-Europe news, 8: 7-9.
Blouin M., Zuily-Fodil Y., Pam- Thi A.T., Laffray D., Reversat G., Pando A., Tondoh J. and Lavelle P. (2005). Below ground organism activities affect plant above ground phenotype, inducting plant tolerance to parasities. Ecology Leters, 8, 202-208.
Burrows L.A. and Edwards C.A. (2002). The use of integrated soil microcosms to predict effects of pesticides on soil ecosystems. European Journal of Soil Biology, 38 (3-4), 245–249.
Chand M., Singh S., Bir D., Singh N. and Kumar V. (2014). Halosulfuron Methyl: A New post emergence herbicide in India for effective control of Cyperus rotundus in sugarcane and its residual effects on the succeeding crops. Sugar Tech, 16, 67-74
Chen J., Saleem M., Wang C., Liang W. and Zhang Q. (2018). Individual and combined effects of herbicide tribenuron-methyl and fungicide tebuconazole on soil earthworm Eisenia fetida. Scientific Reports, 8, 2967.
EPA. 1996. Ecological Effects Test Guide lines. Earthworm subchronic toxicity test. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Grey T.L., Culpepper A.S. and Webster T.M. (2007). Residual herbicide dissipation from soil covered with low-density polyethylene mulch or left bare. Weed Science, 55, 638–643.
Jonker M.J., Svendsen C., Bedaux J.J.M., Bongers M. and Kammenga J.E. (2005). Significance testing of synergistic/antagonistic, dose level-dependent, or dose ratio-dependent effects in mixture dose-response analysis. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 24, 2701–2713
Kumar K. and Kumawat P. (2018). A review of the effect of herbicides on the earthworms. International Journal of Zoology Studies, 3(2), 120-125.
OECD (1984). OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals, Earthworm Acute Toxicity. OECD, Paris, France. No. 207. http://www.oecd. org/chemicalsafety/risk-assessment/1948293.pdf.
Owojori O.J. and Reinecke A.J. (2010). Effects of natural (flooding and drought) and anthropogenic (copper and salinity) stressors on the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa under field conditions. Applied Soil Ecology, 44,156-163.
Ritz C., Baty F., Streibig J.C. and Gerhard D. (2015). Dose-Response Analysis Using R. Plos One, 10(12), 0146021.
Shan J., Wang Y., Wang L., Yan X. and Ji R. (2014). Effects of the geophagous earthworm Metaphire guillelmi on sorption, mineralization, and bound-residue formation of 4-nonylphenol in an agricultural soil. Environmental Pollution, 189, 202–207.
Shipitalo M.J. and Le Bayon R.C. (2004). Quantifying the effects of earthworms on soil aggregation and porosity. In: Edwards CA (Ed) Earthworm Ecology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 441 pp.
Sizmur T., and Hodson M.E. (2009). Do earthworms impact metal mobility and availability in soil?A review. Environmental Pollution, 157( 7), 1981-89.
Sorensen H., Cedergreen N. and Skovgaard M. (2007). An isobole-based statistical model and test for synergism/ antagonism in binary mixture toxicity experiments.
Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 14, 383– 397.
Stenrød M., Perceval J., Benoit P., Almvik M., Bolli R.I., Eklo O.M., Sveistrup T.E. and Kværner J. (2008). Cold climatic conditions: Effects on bioavailability and leaching of the mobile pesticide metribuzin in a silt loam soil in Norway.
Cold Regions Science and Technology,
53 (1), 4–15.
Streibig J.C., Kudsk P. and Jensen J.E. (1998). A general joint action model for herbicide mixture. Pesticide Science, 53, 21- 28.
Travlos I.S., Gkotsi T., Roussis I., Kontopoulou C.K., Kakabouki I. and Bilalis D.J. (2017). Effects of the herbicides benfluralin, metribuzin and propyzamide on the survival and weight of earthworms (Octodrilus complanatus). Plant Soil and Environment, 63(3), 117–124.
Vasilakoglou I., Dhima K., Paschalidis K., Gatsis T., Zacharis K. and Galanis M. (2013). Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) control in potato by pre- or post-emergence applied flumioxazin and sulfosulfuron. Chilean Journal of Agriculture Research, 73(1), 24-30.
Vencill W.K. (2002). Herbicide Handbook. 8th ed. Lawrence, KS: Weed Science Society of America. Pp. 477.
Wang Y., An X., Shen W., Chen L., Jiang J., Wang Q. and Cai L. (2016). Individual and combined toxic effects of herbicide atrazine and three insecticides on the earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicology, 2016.
Xiao H., Zhou Q.X. and Liang J.D. (2004). Single and joint effects of acetochlor and urea on earthworm Eisenia foetide populations in phaiozem. Environment Geochemistery Health, 26, 277–283.
Yahyaabadi M. and Asadi A. (2010). Earthworm population response to tillage and residue management in central Iran. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Brisbane, Australia.
Zhang Q., Saleem M. and Wang C. (2017). Probiotic strain Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila BJ1 degrades and reduces chlorothalonil toxicity to soil enzymes, microbial communities and plant roots. AMB Express, 7, 227.
Zhao W., Sachsenmeier K., Zhang L., Sult E., Hollingsworth R.E. and Yang H. (2014). A new bliss independence model to analyze drug combination data. Journal of Biomolecular Screening, 19,817-821.
)