تحلیل ماتریس همبست تعاملات آب‌های فرامرزی در حوضه آبریز هیرمند

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی منابع آب، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج، البرز، ایران

2 استادیار، گروه مهندسی و مدیریت منابع آب دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

3 دانشیار، گروه سازه‌های آبی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج، البرز، ایران

چکیده

این مقاله با اتخاذ روش تاریخی-توصیفی-تحلیلی، استناد به منابع کتابخانه‌ای و استفاده از «ماتریس همبست تعاملات آب‌های فرامرزی» به تصویرسازیِ روند تعاملات آبی ایران و افغانستان بر سر رودخانه هیرمند پرداخته است و نشان داده است که تسهیم آب در حوضه هیرمند علاوه بر شرایط اقلیمی و ویژگی‌های حوضه آبریز به شدت از مراودات سیاسی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی دو کشور نیز اثرپذیر است. نتایج این پژوهش نشان می‌دهند مسأله‌ تسهیم آب هیرمند در اکثر بازه‌های مراوداتی دو کشور، در سطح مناسبات سیاسی قرار داشته است. اما طی بازه 1390 تا 1399 این مناسبات فرصت‌سازی شده است. در حقیقت وجود معاهده هیرمند که در آن نیاز زیست‌محیطی هامون‌ها مسکوت مانده است در کنار کمک‌های بین‌المللی در این بازه سدسازی‌های افغانستان را تشدید نموده است و جلب سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی را برای این کشور به همراه داشته است. از این‌رو، چانه‌زنی بر سر مسائل صرفاً فنی نمی‌تواند وضعیت تسهیم آب در این حوضه را در شرایط مطلوبی قرار دهد؛ بلکه نیاز است دو کشور با تمسک به فرصت‌های همکاری در زمینه‌های اقتصادی، فرهنگی و امنیتی، به برجسته‌سازی وابستگی‌های متقابلِ اقتصادی و اجتماعی به یکدیگر بپردازند تا تعاملی بر حسب منافعِ پایدار برای طرفین ایجاد شود؛ که در نهایت ارزش و باوری مشترک برای ایجاد هنجارِ مشترک میان ایران و افغانستان در بهره‌برداری از منابع آب هیرمند شکل‌گیرد. این مهم اهمیتِ سیاسی‌زدایی از مسأله آب را نمایان می‌سازد تا از اصطکاک‌های سیاسی در مواجهه با مسائل آبی جلوگیری شود. همچنین نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد در تمام ادوار با حکمیت کشورهای ثالث، وضعیت تسهیم آب هیرمند بدتر شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The TWINS Framework for Illustrating Co-Existing Conflict and Cooperation in the Hirmand River Basin

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyedeh zahra Ghoreishi 1
  • Hojjat Mianabadi 2
  • Atefeh Parvaresh Rizi 3
1 M.Sc. Student, Department of Irrigation & Reclamation Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Alborz, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Water Engineering and Management, Tarbiat Modares University
3 Associate Professor, Department of Irrigation & Reclamation Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
چکیده [English]

This study applied the "Transboundary Waters Interaction Nexus (TWINs)" framework to the Hirmand/Helmand River hydropolitical interactions to figure out what can be learned by policy and decision makers by studying the past experiences about transforming conflicts and current ambitions. Analyzing coexisting conflict and cooperation in the Hirmand River by TWINs framework shows that from 1870 until 2020, in most periods, the Hirmand water conflicts have been politicized. But due to the westernization tendency and anti-Iranian sentiment procedure in Afghanistan during 2010-2020, water conflict has been increased and is opportunitized. As a matter of fact, the existence of a bad treaty over shared water, in addition to the international funds and supports from constructing dams in Afghanistan has been given the upper hand to Afghanistan in current negotiations over the Hirmand River Basin. The result of the TWINs framework and past experiences shows that bargaining purely over technical issues in the Hirmand River Basin cannot put water allocation in this basin in a peaceful situation. Therefore, the riparian states should rely on the interdependencies in social-economic, cultural, and security fields in order to create a sustainable and equitable relationship, which ultimately can create common values and norms in riparians’ water interactions. In other words, Iran and Afghanistan's water conflict needs outside the water box's solutions. This also highlights the importance of the depoliticization of Hirmand water interactions for preventing political frictions in hydropolitical relationships.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Water History
  • Depoliticization
  • Hydropolitics
  • Hydrulic Mission
  • Helmand Valley Project
Abbasi, E., & Ranjbardar, M. (2010). Iranian Financial Assistance to Afghanistan and Its Economic Consequences. Foreign Relations Quarterly, 3(3), 195-229 (In Frasi).
Afghan Voice Agency. (2016). Mohammad Musa Shafiq was both a Man of Pen and a Man of Action/ Shafiq was neither Eastern nor Western. Retrieved from https://www.avapress.com/fa/news/136411/محمد-موسی-شفیق-هم-مرد-قلم-عمل-نه-شرقی-غربی
AfghanPaper. (2017). Iran Has Blocked Water in four River Basins. Retrieved from http://www.afghanpaper.com/nbody.php?id=136039
Ahlers, R., Brandimarte, L., Kleemans, I., & Sadat, S. H. (2014). Ambitious Development on Fragile Foundations: Criticalities of Current Large Dam Construction in Afghanistan. Geoforum, 54(1), 49–58.
Ahmadi, A. (2010). Soft Power of Islamic Republic of Iran in Afghanistan after 2001. Master Thesis, Tarbiyat Modares Uinversity, Iran (In Farsi).
Asgharzade, M. (2017). A Pathology of Iranian media Diplomacy in Afghanistan. Master Thesis, I.R.I.B University (In Farsi).
Azam, G. F. (1999). The Effects of Local, Regional and Global Politics on the Development of the Helmand-Arghandab Valley of Afghanistan. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies.
Baechler, G. (1999). Violence through environmental discrimination (1st ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9175-1
Bahmani Qajar, M. (2007). Iran and Afghanistan from Alliance to Political Borders. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Publications (In Farsi).
BBC Persian. (2011). New Remarks by Iranian and Afghan Officials about Helmand Water. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan/2011/04/110415_l09_iran_afghan_water_problem
BBC Persian. (2016). Ashraf Ghani: Our Water Will be more Expensive than the Oil of the Neighbors. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-47342918
BBC Persian. (2017). Afghanistan: Iran has Drained Common Waters. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-40629533
Bulloch, J. (1995). Water Wars: Coming Conflicts in the Middle East. Gollancz.
Buzan, B., Waever, O., & Wilde, J. de. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Cooley, J. K. (1984). The War over Water. Foreign Policy, 1(54), 3–26.
Cooper, H. H. A. T. (2003). What Is Conflict? How Are Conflicts Resolved? Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations, 3(1), 85–100. https://doi.org/10.1300/J173v03n01_06
Coskun, B. (2009). Analyzing Desecuritisation: The Case of Israeli and Palestinian Peace Education and Water Management. Institutional Repository. PHD Thesis,Loughborough University.
CSO. (2018). Afghanistan Living Conditions Survey 2016-17. Kabul.
Cullather, N. (2002). Damming Afghanistan: Modernization in a Buffer State. The Journal of American History, 89(2), 512–537.
Cuttitta, P. (2018). Repoliticization Through Search and Rescue? Humanitarian NGOs and Migration Management in the Central Mediterranean. Geopolitics, 23(1), 115–132.
Diekmann, A., & Lindenberg, S. (2001). Sociological aspects of cooperation. In P. Baltes (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (pp. 2751–2756). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/01847-7
Donyae Eghtesat. (2019). Iran and Afghanistan have Signed a Memorandum of Energy Cooperation. Retrieved from https://donya-e-eqtesad.com/بخش-سایت-خوان-62/3561569-ایران-افغانستان-تفاهم-نامه-همکاری-برقی-امضا-کردند
Ebrahimzadeh, I. (2009). Analysis of the Recent Droughts and Lack of Water in Hamoon Lake on Sistan Economic Functions. Iran Water Resources Research, 5(2), 71-76 (In Farsi).
EghtesadGardan. (2019). Tehran and Kabul Agreement about Iran’s Water Right. Retrieved from http://eghtesadgardan.ir/fa/news/145242/توافق-تهران-و-کابل-درباره-تحویل-حقابه-ایران
Ehsani Barani, M. (2018). Borde Problem In Iran and Afghanistan: Case Study Taybad Border Crossing (1979- 2015). Master Thesis, Tarbiyat Modares Uinversity, Iran (In Farsi).
Elhance, A. (1999). Hydropolitics in the Third World: Conflict and Cooperation in International River Basins. Washington, D.C: United States Institute of Peace Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/20049664
Etaat, J., & Varzesh, I. (2012). Hydropolitic of Hirmand: Reasons, Results and Outcomes. Human Geography Research, 80(2), 193-212 (In Farsi). https://doi.org/10.22059/jhgr.2012.24608
EtilaatRoz. (2017). Homayoun Homayoun: The Charge of Selling Afghan Waters to Iran is a Conspiracy of the Citadel. Retrieved from https://www.etilaatroz.com/58695/همایون-همایون-اتهام-فروش-آب‌های-افغا/
Fakhari, Q. (1992). Iran and Afghanistan Dispute over Hirmand River. Institute for Political and International Studies [In Farsi].
Falkenmark, M., & Widstrand, C. (1992). Population and Water Resources: A Delicate Balance. Population Bulletin, 47(3), 1–36.
FAO. (1996). World Food Summit Plan of Action.
FAO. (2018). 15 Years in Afghanistan a Special Report: 2003-2018. Rome, Italy.
Farajzade, M., Mianabadi, H., & Bagheri, A. (2021). Rethinking of Concepts and Approaches to Deal with Water Conflicts. Iran-Water Resources Research, 16(4), 205-224, (In Farsi).
Farsi Khamenei. (2016). Afghan President Meets the Leader of Islamic Republic of Iran. Retrieved from https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=33159
Favre, R., & Monowar Kamal, G. (2004). Watershed Atlas of Afghanistan.
Fayos, C. B. (2002). Competition Over Water Resources: Analysis and Mapping of Water-Related Conflicts in the Catchment of Lake Naivasha (Kenya). Master Thesis, Enschede, the Netherlands. Retrieved from https://webapps.itc.utwente.nl/librarywww/papers/msc_2002/wrem/boix_fayos.pdf
Feng, Y., Wang, W., Suman, D., Yu, S., & He, D. (2019). Water Cooperation Priorities in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin Based on Cooperative Events Since the Mekong River Commission Establishment. Chinese Geographical Science, 29(1), 58–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769–019–1016–4
Firoozabadi Dehghani, S. J., & Damanpak Jami, M. (2017). Economic Diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran; Assessing 25 - year economic relations between Iran and Central Asian Republics. Central Asia and The Caucasus Journal, 22(96), 25-66 (In Farsi).
Ghoreishi, S. Z., Mianabadi, H., & Hajiani, E. (2020). The Dimensions of Hydraulic Mission in Turkey’s Hydropolitics. Water Resources Management, 16(1), (In Farsi).
Gleditsch, N. P. (1998). Armed Conflict and the Environment: A Critique of the Literature. Journal of Peace Research, 35(3), 381–400.
Gleick, P. (1993). Water in Crisis. Pacific Institute for Studies in Dev., Environment & Security. Stockholm Env. Institute, Oxford Univ. Press.
Grünwald, R., Wang, W., & Feng, Y. (2020). Modified Transboundary Water Interaction Nexus (TWINS): Xayaburi Dam Case Study. Water, 12(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030710
Hafeznia, M. R., Mojtahedzadeh, P., & Alizadeh, J. (2006). Hirmand Hydropolitic and its Effect on the Political Relations of Iran and Afghanistan. The Journal of Spatial Planning, 10(2), 83-103 (In Farsi).
Hajihosseini, M. (2014). Assessment of Land Use Changes in Helmand Basin & Variations of Hamoun Wetland Area Using Remote Sensed Data. Master Thesis, Tarbiyat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (In Farsi).
Hajihosseini, M., Hajihosseini, H., Shayeghan, M., Morid, S., Vatanfada, J., & Najafi, A. (2014). Land Use Change Assessment of Helmand Plane of Afghanistan Using Maximum Likelihood, Decision Trees and Support Vector Machines Classification Algorithms. Iranian Remote Sensing & GIS, 5(4), 69-88 (In Farsi).
Heywood, A. (2011). Global Politics. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Homer-Dixon, T. (1994). Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases. International Security, 19(1), 5–40. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539147
Homer-Dixon, T. (2010). Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. Princeton University Press.
Hoseini, M. (2018). Afghanistan Policy on Transboundary Waters during the era of Ghani and its Impact on Relation with Iran. Master’s thesis, Beheshti University, Iran (In Farsi).
IRIB News. (2019). The 19th Joint Committee of Helmand Water Commissioners has Ended its Work. Retrieved from https://www.iribnews.ir/fa/news/2323242/نوزدهمین-کمیته-مشترک-کمیساران-آب-هیرمند-به-کار-خود-پایان-داد
IRNA. (2010). Mapping of the Helmand River Began about Half a Century Later. Retrieved from https://www.irna.ir/news/83661941/نقشه-برداری-از-رودخانه-هیرمند-پس-از-حدود-نیم-قرن-آغاز-شد
IRNA. (2019). Tehran calls on Kabul to join UNESCO Water Management Cente. Retrieved from https://www.irna.ir/news/83161036/تهران-کابل-را-به-عضویت-در-مرکز-مدیریت-آب-یونسکو-فراخواند
Islam, S., & Susskind, L. E. (2012). Water Diplomacy: A Negotiated Approach to Managing Complex Water Networks. New York: RFF Press.
ISNA. (2016). Increasing Cooperation Between Iran and Afghanistan in Transboundary Waters. Retrieved from https://www.isna.ir/news/95071609733/افزایش-همکاری-ایران-و-افغانستان-در-آب-های-مرزی
ISNA. (2017). Iran and Afghanistan Achieved the Principles of Strategic Cooperation. Retrieved from https://www.isna.ir/news/96021710789/ایران-و-افغانستان-به-اصول-همکاری-های-راهبردی-دست-یافتند
Jägerskog, A. (2003). Why States Co-operate over Shared Water: The Water Negotiations in the Jordan River Basin. PhD Thesis, Linköping University, Sweden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69509-7_19
Jägerskog, A., & Phillips, D. (2006). Human Development Report 2006: Managing Trans-boundary Waters for Human Development. Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper. UNDP.
Julien, F. (2012). Hydropolotics is What Societies Make of it (or Why we Need a Constructivist Approach to the Geopolitics of Water). Sustainable Society, 4(1), 45–71.
Kalili, M., & Hashemi, S. (2017). Helmand Water Right and its History. Foreign Relations Quarterly, 9(4), 31-61 (In Farsi).
Keskin, G. F., Alibabalu, S. S., & Fatah, M. (2020). Russia’ s and Iran’ s Strategic Policies Towards The Afghanistan Crisis. Trames, 24(2), 215–229.
Khosravi, M. (2010). Temporal and Spatial Analysis of the Stability of the Hamoon Lakes. Water Resources Management, 6(3), 68–79.
Mack, R. W., & Snyder, R. C. (1957). The Analysis of Social Conflict—Toward an Overview and Synthesis. Conflict Resolution, 1(2), 212–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200275700100208
Martin, A., Cascão, A. E., & Gray, M. (2011). Understanding the Co-Existence of Conflict and Cooperation: Transboundary Ecosystem Management in the Virunga Massif. Journal of Peace Research, 48(5), 621–635. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311412410
Matthews, N. (2015). Hydropower Development in the Mekong Region: Political, Socio–Economic and Environmental Perspectives. Routledge: New York, NY, USA.
Menga, F. (2014, May 19). Power and Dams in Central Asia. PhD Thesis, The University of Cagliari, Italy.
Mianabadi, H. (2016). Hydropolitics and Conflict Management in Transboundary River Basins. PhD Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:4f913696-e6f0-4053-afdb-e8409b64a01e
Mianabadi, H., & Ghoreishi, S. Z. (2020). The Explanation of Realism and Liberalism Paradigms in Hydropolitical Interactions. Geopolitics Quarterly, Admitted(In Farsi).
Mirumachi, N. (2010). Study of Conflict and Cooperation in International Transboundary River Basins: The TWINS Framework. PhD Thesis, King’s College London, University of London, United Kingdom.
Mirumachi, N. (2015). Transboundary Water Politics in the Developing World. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203068380
Mirumachi, N., & Allan, J. A. (2007). Revisiting Transboundary Water Governance : Power , Conflict , Cooperation and the Political Economy. In Proceedings from CAIWA International Conference on Adaptive and Integrated Water Management: Coping with Scarcity. Basel, Switzerland, 1215.
Mojdeh, V. (2010). Iran and Afghanistan Political Relations in Twenty Century. Miwand Publishing House, Kabul (In Farsi).
Mojtahedzadeh, P. (1995). The Amirs of Borderlands and Eastern Iranian Borders. Urosevic Foundation.
Monsef, M. (1976). Shaukat AI Mulk A lam (Qaenat Prince). Amirkabir (In Farsi).
Nagheeby M and Warner J (2018) The Geopolitical Overlay of the Hydropolitics of the Harirud. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics. Springer Netherlands 18(6):839–860.
Neumann, I. (1998). Identity and the Outbreak of War: or Why the Copenhagen School of Security Studies Should Include the Idea of ‘Violisation’ in its Frame-work of Analysis. International Journal of Peace Studies, 1(3), 1–10.
Nirabadi, M., & Salimi, K. (2011). Iran-Afghanistan Strategies for Solving Water Distribution Problem in Hirmand River at First Pahlavi Era. In First International Conference on Traditional Knowledge for Water Resources Management (pp. 1-10 (In Farsi)). Yazd.
Oosterloo, K. (2016). Conceptualizing the Politicisation of Transboundary Water Governance. Nairobi, Kenya.
Percival, V., & Homer-Dixon, T. (1998). Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict: The Case of South Africa. Journal of Peace Research, 35(3), 279–298.
Pondy, L. R. (1967). Organizational Conflict: Concepts and Models. Administrative Science Quarterly, 12(2), 296–320. https://doi.org/10.2307/2391553
Qasemi, A. K. (2014). Iran and Afghanistan Strategies for Expanision of Economiv Ties. Master Thesis, Tarbiyat Modares University, Iran (In Farsi).
Rafiee Sghalaksari, K. (2016). The Role of Trans-border Rivers in Regional Cooperation and Integration: A Case Study Helmand. Master Thesis, Guilan of University, Iran (In Farsi).
Rasooly, N. (2020). Water Governance in Afghanistan. Master Thesis, Oregon State University, United States.
Rouh Zandah, J. (2005). Transition to the History of Political Relations between Iran and Afghanistan: From early Qajar to the emergence of the Taliban and other incidents and crises caused. Sobhdam, (In Farsi).
Sadegi, M. (2017). The Role of History in Political Science. Scientific Journal of History Risearch, 12(48), 143-158 (In Farsi).
Salvar, A. (2002). Hirmand River and Water Right Dispute. Iranian Contemporary Historical, 6(21), 575-576 [In Farsi].
Sargazi, Z. S. (2015). The Status of Hirmand in the Political and Economic Geography of Sistan in Pahlavi Era. Social and Economic History Studies, 3(2), 31-50 (In Farsi).
Shroder, J. F., & Ahmadzai, S. J. (2016). Transboundary Water Resources in Afghanistan : Climate Change and Land-Use Implications. Elsevier.
Starr, J. R. (1991). Water Wars. Foreign Policy, 1(82), 17–36.
Swain, A. (2004). Managing Water Conflict: Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. London: Routledge.
Tasnim News Agency. (2016). Iranian Schools Enroll Afghan Students Free of Charge. Retrieved from https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2016/06/26/1115361/iranian-schools-enroll-afghan-students-free-of-charge
Tavakoli, A. (1948). The History of Iran ans World Relation: Afghanistan. Mehr Publisher (In Farsi).
Thomas, V., & Mahmoudzadeh Varzi, M. (2015). A legal licence for an Ecological Disaster: The Inadequacies of the 1973 Helmand/Hirmand Water Treaty for Sustainable Transboundary Water Resources Development. Water Resources Development, 31(4), 499–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2014.1003346
Thompson-Abell, H. (2017). Constructive Conflict as a Means to Promote Individual Growth and Organizational Learning. PHD Thesis, University of Kentucky, United States. https://doi.org/10.13023/ETD.2017.231
Tolouei, H., & Shafieefar, M. (2019). Iran’s Smart Power Analysis in Afghanistan after the US-led Invasion in 2001. Central Eurasia Studies, 12(1), 137-155 (In Farsi). https://doi.org/10.22059/jcep.2019.132667.449605
Warner, J. (2000). Plugging the GAP – Working with Buzan: the Ilisu Dam as a Security Issue. In Paper presented at McGill University, Montreal, Canada, April.
Water House. (2019). Helmand; A River as Vast as the Life of Two Countries. Retrieved from http://waterhouse.ir/news/2163
Wendt, A. (1999). Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge University Press.
Westing, A. H. (1986). Global Resources and International Conflict: Environmental Factors in Strategic Policy and Action. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wolf, A. (2007). Shared Waters: Conflict and Cooperation. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 32(1), 241–269. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.32.041006.101434
Wolf, A., & Hamner, J. (2000). Trends in Transboundary Water Disputes and Dispute Resolution. In Miriam R. Lowi & B. R. Shaw. (Eds.), Environment and security: discourses and practices (p. 225). New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Yahyaie, S., & Kia, S. M. (2009). A Study of Cultural Identity and National Identity Image of Iranian and Afghans; Regarding to Afghan Immigrants Attitude Toward Iranians. National Studies, 10(37), 135-156 (In Farsi).
Yoffe, S., Wolf, A., & Giordano, M. (2003). Conflict and cooperation over international freshwater resources: indicators of basins at risk. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 39(5), 1109–1126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03696.x
Yousefzehi, N., Farzanehpour, H., & Bakhshi, A. (2018). The Pathology of Iran-Afghanistan Elations From Political Economy Perspective (2001-2018). Research Letter of Political Science, 13(2), 187-224 (In Farsi).
Zarezadeh-Mehrizi, M. (2016). Assessing Capacity of Iran-Afghanistan’s Commercial Cooperation to Promote Water Collaborations in the Helmand River Basin. PHD Thesis, Tarbiyat Modares University, Iran (In Farsi).
Zawahri, N. (2008). Capturing the Nature of Cooperation, Unstable Cooperation, and Conflict Over International Rivers: The Story of the Indus, Yarmouk, Euphrates, and Tigris Rivers. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues, 8(3), 286–310.
Zeitoun, M. (2007). Palestinian-Israeli Water: Secure or Violated Securitization, Opportunitisation and Viola Tion Along the Jordan River. In H. Shuval & H. Dweik (Eds.), Water Resources in the Middle East (pp. 213–225). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Zeitoun, M. (2008). Power and Water in the Middle East: The Hidden Politics of the Palestinian–Israeli Water Conflict. London, UK: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd.
Zeitoun, M., & Mirumachi, N. (2008). Transboundary Water Interaction I: Reconsidering Conflict and Cooperation. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 8(4), 297–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-008-9083-5
Zeitoun, M., Mirumachi, N., & Warner, J. F. (2011). Transboundary Water Interaction II: The Influence of ‘Soft’ Power. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 11(2), 159–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-010-9134-6
Zhong, Y., Tian, F., Hu, H., Grey, D., & Gilmont, M. (2016). Rivers and Reciprocity: Perceptions and Policy on International Watercourses. Water Policy, 18(4), 803–825.