واکاوی ارتباط وضعیت بهره‌برداری از سامانه‌های آبیاری با میزان آگاهی و مهارت کشاورزان (مطالعه موردی: استان قزوین)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی (ره)، قزوین، ایران

چکیده

در حال حاضر کمبود آب یکی از مشکلات تولید مواد غذایی است و در این بین کشاورزی وابسته به آبیاری تأثیر زیادی بر امنیت غذایی دارد. ارتقای سطح دانش و مهارت منابع انسانی از عوامل مهم برای بهبود مصرف بهینه آب در بخش کشاورزی است. این پژوهش به منظور بررسی ارتباط بین وضعیت بهره‌برداری از سامانه‌های آبیاری با میزان آگاهی و مهارت کشاورزان در استان قزوین انجام شد. 18 شاخص کیفی و 88 گویه آموزشی شناسایی شدند. ابزار پیمایش روش دلفی بوده و تحلیل همبستگی به روش آزمون همبستگی پیرسون انجام شد. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان داد وضعیت بهره‌برداری از سامانه‌های آبیاری سطحی از نظر "کشاورزان"، "صاحب‌نظران" و "آموزشگران" به ترتیب دارای امتیاز 15/1±38/3، 03/1±82/2 و 82/0±05/2 (از امتیاز کل 5) برای زارعان و 06/1±63/3، 94/0±17/2 و 93/0±19/2 برای باغداران بود. وضعیت بهره‌برداری از سامانه‌های آبیاری تحت‌فشار از نظر سه دیدگاه بیان‌شده به ترتیب دارای امتیاز 16/1±74/3، 72/0±55/2 و 76/0±62/2 (از امتیاز کل 5) برای زارعان و 06/1±07/4، 64/0±54/2 و 69/0±61/2 برای باغداران است که نشان می‌دهد وضعیت بهره‌برداری از سامانه‌های آبیاری به‌ویژه از نظر صاحب‌نظران و آموزشگران در وضعیت متوسط به پایین قرار دارند. اختلاف‌نظر معنادار بین کشاورزان با صاحب‌نظران و آموزشگران نشان از اطلاع ناکافی آنان از اصول بهره‌برداری صحیح از سامانه‌های آبیاری داشته است. همچنین، میزان آگاهی و مهارت کشاورزان دارای امتیاز 77/0±39/3 شد و وضعیت بهره‌برداری از سامانه‌های آبیاری (سطحی و تحت‎فشار) دارای امتیاز 86/0±53/3 بوده است. میزان همبستگی (پیرسون) دو متغیر "میزان آگاهی و مهارت کشاورزان" و "وضعیت بهره‌برداری از سامانه‌های آبیاری" 561/0 (در سطح اطمینان 99%) بوده است. این همبستگی، اهمیت و ضرورت بالای آموزش کشاورزان در زمینه‌های شناخت، طراحی و بهره‌برداری از سامانهَ‌های آبیاری را نشان می‌دهد. همچنین، در راستای توانمندسازی کشاورزان برای سازگاری با کم‌آبی‌، سرمایه‌گذاری در بخش آموزش کشاورزان بسیار تعیین‌کننده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Analysis of the Relationship between Irrigation System Operation Status and Knowledge and Skills of Farmers (Case Study: Qazvin Province)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Navid Farahza
  • Bijan Nazari
Department of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Currently, Water scarcity is one of the problems of food production, and irrigated agriculture has a significant impact on food security. Improving the level of knowledge and skills of human resources is one of the crucial factors for improving the optimal use of water in agriculture. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between irrigation system status and knowledge and skills of farmers in Qazvin province. 18 qualitative indices and 88 educational items were identified. The survey tool was Delphi method and Pearson correlation test was used for correlation analysis. The results of this study showed that the status of operation of surface irrigation systems in terms of "farmers", "experts" and "trainers" were 3/38±1/15, 2/82±1/03 and 2/05±0/82 (out of 5 points), respectively for farmers, and 3/63±1/06, 2/17±0/94 and 2/19±0/93 for horticulturists. Status of operation of pressurized irrigation systems in terms of three proposed views were 3/74±1/16, 2/55±0/72 and 2/62±0/76 (out of 5 points), respectively for farmers and 4/07±1/06, 2/54±0/64 and 2/61±0/69 (out of 5 points), respectively for horticulturists. This indicates that the operation situation of the irrigation systems is medium to low in terms of experts and trainers. The Significant disagreement between farmers, experts and trainers indicates that the farmers have insufficient knowledge of the principles of proper operation of irrigation systems. Also, farmers showed that the educational items with their weight of importance were 3/39±0/77 and their status of the operation (surface and pressurized) was 3/53±0/86. The Pearson correlation coefficients of the two variables "Farmers Knowledge and Skills" and "Irrigation System Operation Status" were 0.561 (99% confidence level). This correlation shows the importance and necessity of training in various fields of recognition, design and operation of irrigation systems. Also, for farmers’ empowering in adoption to water deficit, investment in education is very determinant.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Empowerment
  • Irrigation system
  • Pearson Correlation
  • Delphi
Abbasi, A. Abbasi, N. and Sohrab, F. (2017) Evaluation of Irrigation Efficiencies in Iran. Irrigation and Drainage Structures Recearch Engineering, 17(67), 113-120. (In Farsi).
Abbasi, F. Sohrab, F. and Abbasi, N. (2016) Irrigation efficiency: its temporal and spatial variations in Iran. Report. Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering. (In Farsi).
Agricultural Statistics, (2018a) Agricultural Statistics Crop year 2017, Volume Three: Horticultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, Deputy of Planning and Economics, ICT Center. (In Farsi).
Agricultural Statistics. (2018b) Agricultural Agricultural Statistics Crop year 2016-2017, Volume one: Crops Products, Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, Deputy of Planning and Economics, ICT Center. (In Farsi).
Ahmadaali, Kh. Hamdi Ahmadabad, Y. Hosseini pazhouh, N and Ali Pourmohseni A. (2018) Assessment of sprinkler irrigation systems with emphasis on performance criteria and operation problems. Iranian journal of soil and water research, 48(5), 1043-1052. (In Farsi).
Arshad, I. (2020) Importance of Drip Irrigation System Installation and Management - A Review. Psm biological research, 5(1), 22-29.
Ashraf, M. Qasim, M. and Gul, F. (2019) Impact of Education on Farmers Earning: A House Hold Survey Data Analysis. International Research Journal of Applied Sciences, 1(1), 41-48.
Azami, A. Zarafshani, K. Dehghanisanij, H. and Gorji, A. (2012) An Analysis of Educational Needs of Farmers Equipped with Sprinkler Irrigation Systems in Kermanshah Province (Case Study in Songhor Township). Journal of water and soil, 25(5), 11-19. (In Farsi).
Cronbach, L.J. (1951) Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297–334.
Dossah, B.O. Bashir, D. Ndahi, A.K. and Ahmed, S.D. (2003) Training needs for successful development of irrigation scheme. 29th WEDC International Conference Abuja, Nigeria, 2003 towards the millennium development goals, abuja, nigeria.
Dubey, A.K and Srivastava, J.P. (2007) Effect of Training Programme on Knowledge and Adoption Behaviour of Farmers on Wheat Production Technologies. Indian Res, 7(2&3), 41-43.
Farahani, H. Oweis, T. Bruggeman, A. (2006) Management of Modern Irrigation Systems for High Water Productivity. Conference: In Proceedings Symposium on Irrigation Modernization Constraints and Solutions, March 28-31, 2003, Damascus, Syria.
Fathi Vajargah, K. (2005) Educational Needs Assessment (Patterns and Techniques) (6th ed). Tehran: Aeeizh
Fielke,S. and Bardsley, D. (2014) The importance of farmer education in South Australia. Land Use Policy. Land Use Policy, 39, 301-312.
Ghaderi, E. Memarzadeh, G. Alipour, H. and Mirsepassi, N. (2019) Identification and Prioritization of the Indicators of Justice-oriented Training and Improvement System. Journal management system, 10(39), 167-192. (In Farsi).
Godarzi, S. Shabanali Fami, H. Movahed Mohammadi, H. and Jalalzadeh, M. (2009) Investigating personal and professional factors influencing farmers' perception towards problems of agricultural water management in Karaj County. Journal of Economics and Agricultural Development, 23(2), 55-62. (In Farsi).
Godfray, H.C.J. Beddington, J. R. Crute, I. R. Haddad, L. Lawrence, D. Muir, J.F. Pretty, J. Robinson, S. Thomas, S.M. and Toulmin, C. (2010) Food security: the challenge of feeding billion people. Science, 327, 812-818.
Gonçalves, J.M. Ferreira, S. Nunes, M. Eugénio, R. Amador, P. Filipe, O. Duarte, I.M. Teixeira, M. Vasconcelos, T. Oliveira, F. Gonçalves, M. Damásio, H. (2020) Developing Irrigation Management at District Scale Based on Water Monitoring: Study on Lis Valley, Portugal. AgriEngineering2, 78-95.
Jalini, M. Abbasi, F. Tayefeh Razaie, H. Karimi, M. and Haghighi, SA. (2018) Modification of Traditional Surface Irrigation Systems, Karaj, Nashr Amoozesh keshavarzi. (In Farsi).
Kountios, G. Ragkos, A. Bournaris, T. Georgios, P and Michailidis, A. (2018) Educational needs and perceptions of the sustainability of precision agriculture: survey evidence from Greece. Precision Agric, 19, 537–554.
Mahboubi, M.R. Nakhaei, H.A. Rezvanfar, A. and Mohammadi, H.M. (2013) Identification of educational needs of Operators of classical pressurized irrigation systems in Golestan province. Journal of water research in agriculture, 27(2), 171-180. (In Farsi).
Marofpor, E. Mohammadi Nasab, A and Monabari, N (2016) The Impact of Improve operation on the Evaluation Indicators of classic sprinkler systems. 2nd National Congress of irrigation and drainage Iran, 23 Agu, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. (In Farsi).
Mazarei, R. Soltani Mohammadi, A. Naseri, A.A. Ebrahimian, H. and Izadpanah, Z. (2019) Optimization of furrow irrigation performance of sugarcane fields based on inflow and geometric parameters using WinSRFR in Southwest of Iran. Agricultural Water Management, 228.
Mcnabb, D.E. (2019) Global Pathways to Water Sustainability. Tacoma, Pacific Lutheran University Tacoma, WA, USA.
Mehrbani, V. (2018) Formal Education and Agricultural Productivity of Labor: Evidence from Iran, MENA and World. Development Strategy, 52, 195-218. (In Farsi).
Niknami M.,  Assar M. and Sabouri M.S. (2014) Affective educational factors in enhancing knowledge of gardeners in utilizing under pressure irrigation systems in the semnan province. Journal of agricultural extension and education research, V 6, 4 (24). 31-46. (In Farsi).
Oduro-ofori, E. Prince, A. Naa, A. and Elfreda, A. (2014) Effects of education on the agricultural productivity of farmers in the offinso municipality. International Journal of development research, 4(9), 1951-1960.
Rahman, M. Khatun, M. Rahman, M.L. and Haque, S.R. (2018) Assessment of training needs on crop production for farmers in some selected areas of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 43(4), 669-690.
Ramezani humbari, F and Nazari, B. (2017) A Study of the Effect of Design and Operation Mismatch on Classic Sprinkler Systems’ Efficiency. Iranian journal of soil and water research, 47(4), 649-656. (In Farsi).
Regner Jochen H. Salman A.Z. Wolff H.P. and Al-Karablieh E. (2006) Approaches and impacts of Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) in complex, centralized irrigation systems-experiences and results from the Jordan Valley. Conference on International Agricultural Research for Development, October 11-13. University of Bonn
Rezanezhad, A. Shams, A. and Razmi, A. (2016) Analysis of educational needs of Maragheh gardeners regarding sustainable water resources management. 2nd National Congress of irrigation and drainage Iran, 23 Agu, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. (In Farsi).
Shahabadi, A. Amiri, M. (2014) The effect of domestic R&D stock and R&D stock spillovers on total factor productivity growth of agriculture sector in Iran. Journal of applied economics studies, 3(9), 93-114. (In Farsi).
Shahidi A and Shahmohammadi Heidari, Z. (2009) Water crisis and the challenges in operation of pressure irrigation systems. 01st International Conference on Water Crisis, 10 March, Zabol University, Zabol. Iran. (In Farsi).
UN (United Nations). (2018) World Water Development Report. Accessed July 23, 2018 from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002614/261424e.pdf.
UNESCO. (2009).Water in a changing world. The United Nations World Water Development Report 3, From https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000181993.
Venkattakumar, R. Senthil Kumaran, G. and Atheequlla, G.A. (2015) Training Needs of KVK Personnel and Farmers of NEH Region in Horticulture. Journal of Extension Education, (27)4. 5546-5550.
Xu, Z. Chen, X. Wu, S.R. Gong, M. Du, Y. Wang, J. Li, Y. and Liu, J. (2019) Spatial-temporal assessment of water footprint, water scarcity and crop water productivity at the county level in China’s major crop production region. Journal of Cleaner Production, 224, 375-383.
Yost, M.A. Sudduth, K.A. Walthall, C.L. and Kitchen, N.R. (2019) Public–private collaboration toward research, education and innovation opportunities in precision agriculture. Precision Agric, 20(1), 4-18.