University of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X44320130923Investigation of subsurface drainage system operation without envelope on water table control in compare with conventional mineral envelope in Shadegan regionInvestigation of subsurface drainage system operation without envelope on water table control in compare with conventional mineral envelope in Shadegan region2212335021210.22059/ijswr.2013.50212FAAli RezaHassanoghliAssistant Professor, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Iran0000-0003-2596-1628AdelEsmaili AminlooeiGraduated M.Sc. of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Ferdosi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranHosseinSakhaei RadM.Sc. of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Saman Abrah Consulting Engineers, IranJournal Article20130630Today, in drainage projects under construction in Iran and especially in Khuzestan province, the huge part of costs allocated to preparing mineral envelope (gravelly) for subsurface drain pipes. In other hands, by soil characteristics of some areas and in base of technical recommendations, drainage performance without using envelope may also be an option. So, in this research and as one of the first experiments in real scales in Iran, through an experimental field with 20ha area and by wheat planting, subsurface drainage without using envelope (in considering the local soil characteristics), excess than conventional drainage by mineral envelopes, was performed in Shadegan region of Khuzestan province. Each experimental unit contains 5 laterals (subsurface drain pipes) by distance of 50m and drain depth and length of 1.7m and 220m, respectively. For study of water table condition, some piezometers with a depth of 2m were installed perpendicularly to laterals of each unit, around the middle one at distances of 0.5, 2.5, 5, 10 and 25m from drain pipe and manholes prepared for these laterals. Also, in a distance of 30m from the beginning and the end of the middle drain, 2 more piezometers with distance of 0.5 and 2.5m from it were installed. Drainage with mineral envelope performed in 2 units, but drainage without envelope only done in one unit, via to prevention of farmers (but data were collected from 3 middle drains in this unit). Investigation of water table depths indicated that the operation of drains without envelope were acceptable and for mineral ones were proper during an agricultural season. Calculation of Relative Ground Water Depth index (RGWD) showed that subsurface drains without envelope had acceptable operation during this research in Shadegan drainage plan area and with low sedimentation in manhole. Therefore, if proper operation happens in middle time and long time periods, it could be propounded as a practical option in areas same as Shadegan region. <br /> Today, in drainage projects under construction in Iran and especially in Khuzestan province, the huge part of costs allocated to preparing mineral envelope (gravelly) for subsurface drain pipes. In other hands, by soil characteristics of some areas and in base of technical recommendations, drainage performance without using envelope may also be an option. So, in this research and as one of the first experiments in real scales in Iran, through an experimental field with 20ha area and by wheat planting, subsurface drainage without using envelope (in considering the local soil characteristics), excess than conventional drainage by mineral envelopes, was performed in Shadegan region of Khuzestan province. Each experimental unit contains 5 laterals (subsurface drain pipes) by distance of 50m and drain depth and length of 1.7m and 220m, respectively. For study of water table condition, some piezometers with a depth of 2m were installed perpendicularly to laterals of each unit, around the middle one at distances of 0.5, 2.5, 5, 10 and 25m from drain pipe and manholes prepared for these laterals. Also, in a distance of 30m from the beginning and the end of the middle drain, 2 more piezometers with distance of 0.5 and 2.5m from it were installed. Drainage with mineral envelope performed in 2 units, but drainage without envelope only done in one unit, via to prevention of farmers (but data were collected from 3 middle drains in this unit). Investigation of water table depths indicated that the operation of drains without envelope were acceptable and for mineral ones were proper during an agricultural season. Calculation of Relative Ground Water Depth index (RGWD) showed that subsurface drains without envelope had acceptable operation during this research in Shadegan drainage plan area and with low sedimentation in manhole. Therefore, if proper operation happens in middle time and long time periods, it could be propounded as a practical option in areas same as Shadegan region. <br /> University of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X44320130923Classification of Iran’s precipitation climate using factor-cluster analysis methodClassification of Iran’s precipitation climate using factor-cluster analysis method2352425021310.22059/ijswr.2013.50213FAMahdiNadiPhD student of agrometeorology, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Department of Irrigation and reclamation, Agrometeorology Division, Karaj, Iran0000-0003-0854-8380AliKhaliliProfessor, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources university of Tehran, Department of Irrigation and reclamation, Agrometeorology Division, Karaj, Iran0000-0003-2779-9644Journal Article20130204In this study to segregate Iran's climate precipitation, 130 climate variables were used from 81 synoptic meteorological stations and then 98 combined variables were calculated. Eventually 39 important combined variables were selected for analysis, using backward algorithm. After that by using factor analysis, the selected variables were summarized in six main factors: summer precipitation, spring precipitation and cold month’s rainfall intensity, number of snowy days, longitude, variability index and number of stormy days. These factors explained 82% of total variation in the data. Finally in order to determination of different patterns of precipitation in Iran, Factor scores were grouped by Ward hierarchical clustering algorithm. Using this algorithm six different precipitation climate regions were introduced which are grouped in four small area and two broad ones. Also to increase the homogeneity of broad area, each of the broad regions were divided into two smaller areas, regarding to dendrogram of selected meteorological stations.In this study to segregate Iran's climate precipitation, 130 climate variables were used from 81 synoptic meteorological stations and then 98 combined variables were calculated. Eventually 39 important combined variables were selected for analysis, using backward algorithm. After that by using factor analysis, the selected variables were summarized in six main factors: summer precipitation, spring precipitation and cold month’s rainfall intensity, number of snowy days, longitude, variability index and number of stormy days. These factors explained 82% of total variation in the data. Finally in order to determination of different patterns of precipitation in Iran, Factor scores were grouped by Ward hierarchical clustering algorithm. Using this algorithm six different precipitation climate regions were introduced which are grouped in four small area and two broad ones. Also to increase the homogeneity of broad area, each of the broad regions were divided into two smaller areas, regarding to dendrogram of selected meteorological stations.University of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X44320130923Runoff variations in the soil textures samples in the plot scale under the same rainfall eventsRunoff variations in the soil textures samples in the plot scale under the same rainfall events2432535021410.22059/ijswr.2013.50214FAAli RezaVaeziAssistant Professor, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agiculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IranHeydarHasanzadehFormer M.Sc. Student, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agiculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IranMohammad HoseinMohammadiAssistant Professor, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agiculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran0000-0003-0596-7539Journal Article20120714Runoff production along with rainfall characteristics and soil properties is affected by the soil type. This study was carried out to investigate runoff variations as affected by the same rainfall events in different soil textures in Zanjan province. After initial tests, ten soil textures were recognized in the area and accordingly soil samples were taken from 0-30 depth. The experiment was done in the randomized complete block design with ten treatments at three replications. The soils were filled within the plots with a dimension of 60 × 80cm and 20 cm-depth on a sloped land (8%). Experimental plots were exposed to 10 simulated rainfalls with 55-mm h<sup>-1</sup> intensity and 30-min duration. Soil moisture content was measured at the plots before each event using the weighted method. The initiation time and volume of the generated runoff were measured at the plots in each rainfall event. The results showed that there was significant differences among the soils in the initial soil moisture (<em>P</em><0.001), runoff initiation time (<em>P</em><0.001) and runoff depth (<em>P</em><0.001). Rainfall events also significantly affected the moisture content (R<sup>2</sup>=0.98, <em>P</em><0.001), initiation time (R<sup>2</sup>=0.95, <em>P</em><0.001) and runoff depth (R<sup>2</sup>=0.96, <em>P</em><0.001) in the soils. From the first rainfall event to the forth event, the soil moisture content and runoff depth significantly increased and the runoff initiation time considerably declined. After the fifth event, the runoff parameters did not significantly vary probably due to the stop of the aggregates breakdown. Based on the results, both the runoff production and the runoff initiation time were remarkably related to the soil moisture content (R<sup>2</sup>=0.96, <em>P</em>2=0.94, <em>P</em><0.001, respectively).Runoff production along with rainfall characteristics and soil properties is affected by the soil type. This study was carried out to investigate runoff variations as affected by the same rainfall events in different soil textures in Zanjan province. After initial tests, ten soil textures were recognized in the area and accordingly soil samples were taken from 0-30 depth. The experiment was done in the randomized complete block design with ten treatments at three replications. The soils were filled within the plots with a dimension of 60 × 80cm and 20 cm-depth on a sloped land (8%). Experimental plots were exposed to 10 simulated rainfalls with 55-mm h<sup>-1</sup> intensity and 30-min duration. Soil moisture content was measured at the plots before each event using the weighted method. The initiation time and volume of the generated runoff were measured at the plots in each rainfall event. The results showed that there was significant differences among the soils in the initial soil moisture (<em>P</em><0.001), runoff initiation time (<em>P</em><0.001) and runoff depth (<em>P</em><0.001). Rainfall events also significantly affected the moisture content (R<sup>2</sup>=0.98, <em>P</em><0.001), initiation time (R<sup>2</sup>=0.95, <em>P</em><0.001) and runoff depth (R<sup>2</sup>=0.96, <em>P</em><0.001) in the soils. From the first rainfall event to the forth event, the soil moisture content and runoff depth significantly increased and the runoff initiation time considerably declined. After the fifth event, the runoff parameters did not significantly vary probably due to the stop of the aggregates breakdown. Based on the results, both the runoff production and the runoff initiation time were remarkably related to the soil moisture content (R<sup>2</sup>=0.96, <em>P</em>2=0.94, <em>P</em><0.001, respectively).University of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X44320130923Study of spatial variability and mapping of soil salinity in agricultural lands using kriging and GIS in south of TehranStudy of spatial variability and mapping of soil salinity in agricultural lands using kriging and GIS in south of Tehran2552625021510.22059/ijswr.2013.50215FAFatemehYazdani NejhadM.Sc. Student, Shahed University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil Science, IranHosseinTorabiAssistance Prof., Shahed University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil Science, IranJournal Article20130102Using low quality water on agricultural lands in South of Tehran has increased the risk of soil salinity and created problems for some agricultural crops. This study was carried out to determine of soil salinity distribution and to produce salinity map. The mapping of salinity can also identify the saline and non-saline regions that are very effective for land management and choosing kind of crops that are suitable. The study area is located in 20000 ha of lands in South of Tehran between expressways of Azadegan, Tehran- Qom and Tehran- Saveh. In order the soil salinity mapping, 196 surface soil samples (0-30cm) were taken from a regular grid of 1000×1000m. The electrical conductivity of saturated soil extract (ECe) was measured. Data analysis and soil salinity mapping has been done by GIS and kriging interpolation method. The results showed that ECe varies between 0.2-14dS/m. Based on the soil salinity map, ECe of 0-2, 2-4, 4-8 and 8-16dS/m have covered 30.41, 42.44, 22.63, and 4.52 percent of the total area, respectively. The best model was fitted the exponential which has been achieved with a range of 1130 meter. Considering the threshold of salinity for many vegetable crops is less than 4 dS/m, thus increasing salinity to more than 4dS/m is worrying. The results showed that the soils of study area, due to differences in the depth of groundwater, relief, using low quality water in shallow wells, river, sewage water for irrigation, were affected on soil salinity.Using low quality water on agricultural lands in South of Tehran has increased the risk of soil salinity and created problems for some agricultural crops. This study was carried out to determine of soil salinity distribution and to produce salinity map. The mapping of salinity can also identify the saline and non-saline regions that are very effective for land management and choosing kind of crops that are suitable. The study area is located in 20000 ha of lands in South of Tehran between expressways of Azadegan, Tehran- Qom and Tehran- Saveh. In order the soil salinity mapping, 196 surface soil samples (0-30cm) were taken from a regular grid of 1000×1000m. The electrical conductivity of saturated soil extract (ECe) was measured. Data analysis and soil salinity mapping has been done by GIS and kriging interpolation method. The results showed that ECe varies between 0.2-14dS/m. Based on the soil salinity map, ECe of 0-2, 2-4, 4-8 and 8-16dS/m have covered 30.41, 42.44, 22.63, and 4.52 percent of the total area, respectively. The best model was fitted the exponential which has been achieved with a range of 1130 meter. Considering the threshold of salinity for many vegetable crops is less than 4 dS/m, thus increasing salinity to more than 4dS/m is worrying. The results showed that the soils of study area, due to differences in the depth of groundwater, relief, using low quality water in shallow wells, river, sewage water for irrigation, were affected on soil salinity.University of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X44320130923Improvement of soil against piping phenomena by using artificial fiberImprovement of soil against piping phenomena by using artificial fiber2632695021610.22059/ijswr.2013.50216FAKhaledSoltannejadGraduate Student of Hydraulic Structures, Department of Irrigation and Reclamation, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranAliRaeesi EstabraghAssistant Professor of Irrigation and Reclamation Department, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-4545-2310JamalAbdolahi BikInstructor of Irrigation and Reclamation Department, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranMohammad HoseinOmidProfessor of Irrigation and Reclamation Department, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-4684-3970Journal Article20130121Piping sometimes is occurred due to seepage of water in hydraulic structures. The continuty of this phenomenon decreases the safety or caused the failure of a structure. In this work, experimental tests were carried out on statically compacted natural and randomly reinforced silt sandy soil samples. The randomly reinforced samples were prepared with different lengths and percentages of an artificial fiber. The tests were done in special designed and made apparatus. During the tests, seepage velocity, hydraulic gradient, permeability and seepage force were measured and calculated in different samples and compared with natural soil. The results showed that in the case of randomly reinforced soil, the resistance of soil against piping was increased.in addition, the increasing of the length and percentage of fiber also have important role in improvement of soil.Piping sometimes is occurred due to seepage of water in hydraulic structures. The continuty of this phenomenon decreases the safety or caused the failure of a structure. In this work, experimental tests were carried out on statically compacted natural and randomly reinforced silt sandy soil samples. The randomly reinforced samples were prepared with different lengths and percentages of an artificial fiber. The tests were done in special designed and made apparatus. During the tests, seepage velocity, hydraulic gradient, permeability and seepage force were measured and calculated in different samples and compared with natural soil. The results showed that in the case of randomly reinforced soil, the resistance of soil against piping was increased.in addition, the increasing of the length and percentage of fiber also have important role in improvement of soil.University of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X44320130923Phosphorus Fractions of Selected Calcareous Soils of Eastern Azerbaijan Province and Their Relationships with Some Soil CharacteristicsPhosphorus Fractions of Selected Calcareous Soils of Eastern Azerbaijan Province and Their Relationships with Some Soil Characteristics2712795021710.22059/ijswr.2013.50217FANasimHeidariFormer Graduated Student, Faculty of Agriculture, University of TabrizAdelReyhani TabarAssistant Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz0000-0003-1066-9130NosratollahNajafiAssociated Professors, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz0000-0002-5560-1132ShahinOustanAssociated Professors, Faculty of Agriculture, University of TabrizJournal Article20130217Information about forms of phosphorus (P) is important for the evaluation of P status in soil and also understanding of the soil fertility and plant nutrition. To obtain such information and to determine the relationship between the P forms from soil characteristics, amount of different organic and inorganic P forms of 20 soil composite samples of Eastern Azerbaijan Province, Iran were determined by sequential fractionation method. According to the results, the amount of total P in soils ranged from 534 to 1061 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> with an average of 771.3 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>. Inorganic P concentrations was as follows: Apatite (Ca<sub>10</sub>-P) > octacalcium phosphate (Ca<sub>8</sub>-P) > aluminum phosphate (Al-P) > iron phosphate (Fe-P) > dicalcium phosphate (Ca<sub>2</sub>-P). Organic phosphorus concentrations was as follows: Moderately labile organic P (MLOP) > labile organic P (LOP) > Non labile organic P (NLOP). Results showed that calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) with octacalcium phosphate and iron phosphate, pH with octacalcium P, iron phosphate, available phosphorus and organic carbon with moderately labile and non- labile organic P had significant correlations. Total calcium and total organic P had significant relationships with organic carbon. Total calcium phosphate and total inorganic P also showed significant correlations with the calcium carbonate equivalent. Ca<sub>2</sub>-P, Ca<sub>8</sub>-P, Fe-P, Al-P, LOP and MLOP had positive and significant relationship with the available-p, and between different forms of phosphorus Ca<sub>2</sub>-p had highly significant correlation with available phosphorus. Also, significant correlations were obtained between various types of phosphorus, which is presumably a reflection dynamic relationship between them in the soil. Regression analysis showed that calcium carbonate equivalent presumably is an important effective soil characteristic on distribution of P forms in studied soils.Information about forms of phosphorus (P) is important for the evaluation of P status in soil and also understanding of the soil fertility and plant nutrition. To obtain such information and to determine the relationship between the P forms from soil characteristics, amount of different organic and inorganic P forms of 20 soil composite samples of Eastern Azerbaijan Province, Iran were determined by sequential fractionation method. According to the results, the amount of total P in soils ranged from 534 to 1061 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> with an average of 771.3 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>. Inorganic P concentrations was as follows: Apatite (Ca<sub>10</sub>-P) > octacalcium phosphate (Ca<sub>8</sub>-P) > aluminum phosphate (Al-P) > iron phosphate (Fe-P) > dicalcium phosphate (Ca<sub>2</sub>-P). Organic phosphorus concentrations was as follows: Moderately labile organic P (MLOP) > labile organic P (LOP) > Non labile organic P (NLOP). Results showed that calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) with octacalcium phosphate and iron phosphate, pH with octacalcium P, iron phosphate, available phosphorus and organic carbon with moderately labile and non- labile organic P had significant correlations. Total calcium and total organic P had significant relationships with organic carbon. Total calcium phosphate and total inorganic P also showed significant correlations with the calcium carbonate equivalent. Ca<sub>2</sub>-P, Ca<sub>8</sub>-P, Fe-P, Al-P, LOP and MLOP had positive and significant relationship with the available-p, and between different forms of phosphorus Ca<sub>2</sub>-p had highly significant correlation with available phosphorus. Also, significant correlations were obtained between various types of phosphorus, which is presumably a reflection dynamic relationship between them in the soil. Regression analysis showed that calcium carbonate equivalent presumably is an important effective soil characteristic on distribution of P forms in studied soils.University of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X44320130923Effect of salicylic acid on phosphorus sorption characteristics in a calcareous soilEffect of salicylic acid on phosphorus sorption characteristics in a calcareous soil2812885021810.22059/ijswr.2013.50218FAEbrahimSepehrAssistance Prof., Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran0000-0001-5843-0669RoghiyehMousaviMSc. Student, Department of soil science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia, Urmia, IranJournal Article20130107Salicylic acid is an important organic acid in plants rhizosphere soil exuded in the phosphorus (P) deficiency condition. To study the sorption behavior of P in the presence of salicylic acid, a batch experiment was conducted with different concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 2, 5 and 10mM) and P (0- 45 mg P/L) in a calcareous soil. The results showed that application salicylic acid decreased the sorption of phosphate due to competition with organic acid for the sorption sites. The maximum phosphorus sorption (q<sub>max</sub>) decreased by increasing salicylic acid concentration from 326 to 246 mg/kg. The application salicylic acid decreased all sorption parameters such as Langmuir binding strength (K<sub>L</sub>) (from 0.20 to 0.14 ml/g), sorption capacity of Freundlich (K<sub>f</sub>) (from 59 to 46 mg/kg), the slope of Temkin equation (K<sub>T</sub>) (from 62 to 46) and the intercept of Temkin equation (A) (from 59 to 52 mg/kg). The standard phosphorus requirement (SPR) in equilibrium concentration 0.3 mg P/L calculated by Langmuir (SPR<sub>L</sub>), Freundlich (SPR<sub>F</sub>) and Temkin (SPR<sub>T</sub>) equations significantly decreased, for example SPR<sub>F</sub> decreased from 31.5 to 24.7 mg P/kg. Eventually it can be said, application salicylic acid and /or plants genetic improvement for more exudation this acid cause to increase P availability and reduce fertilizer requirement.Salicylic acid is an important organic acid in plants rhizosphere soil exuded in the phosphorus (P) deficiency condition. To study the sorption behavior of P in the presence of salicylic acid, a batch experiment was conducted with different concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 2, 5 and 10mM) and P (0- 45 mg P/L) in a calcareous soil. The results showed that application salicylic acid decreased the sorption of phosphate due to competition with organic acid for the sorption sites. The maximum phosphorus sorption (q<sub>max</sub>) decreased by increasing salicylic acid concentration from 326 to 246 mg/kg. The application salicylic acid decreased all sorption parameters such as Langmuir binding strength (K<sub>L</sub>) (from 0.20 to 0.14 ml/g), sorption capacity of Freundlich (K<sub>f</sub>) (from 59 to 46 mg/kg), the slope of Temkin equation (K<sub>T</sub>) (from 62 to 46) and the intercept of Temkin equation (A) (from 59 to 52 mg/kg). The standard phosphorus requirement (SPR) in equilibrium concentration 0.3 mg P/L calculated by Langmuir (SPR<sub>L</sub>), Freundlich (SPR<sub>F</sub>) and Temkin (SPR<sub>T</sub>) equations significantly decreased, for example SPR<sub>F</sub> decreased from 31.5 to 24.7 mg P/kg. Eventually it can be said, application salicylic acid and /or plants genetic improvement for more exudation this acid cause to increase P availability and reduce fertilizer requirement.University of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X44320130923Investigation the ability of pedogenic iron and manganese concentrations in accumulation of cobalt, copper and leadInvestigation the ability of pedogenic iron and manganese concentrations in accumulation of cobalt, copper and lead2892975021910.22059/ijswr.2013.50219FAMohammad JavadMohebbi SadeghPh. D. Student, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resource, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranAhmadHaydariAssociate Professor, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resource, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-8110-1003FereydonSarmadianProfessors, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resource, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-9894-2765GholamrezaSavaghebiProfessors, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resource, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20120507Soil reduces the hazardous effects of compounds on the components of ecosystem because of self –purification property and the ability for their fixation. Playing such a role in soils under redox conditions is performed by pedogenic Fe-Mn concentrations. In order to investigate cobalt, copper and lead accumulation in iron and manganese concentrations, at first the concentrations were precisely separated from the adjacent soil and nitric acid extractable iron (Fe<sub>t</sub>), manganese (Mn<sub>t</sub>), Copper (Cu<sub>t</sub>) and lead (Pb<sub>t</sub>); free iron oxides (Fe<sub>d</sub>) and amorphous iron (Fe<sub>o</sub>) were measured. Mineralogy of Fe-Mn concentrations were determined by x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, and microscopic investigation and elemental analysis were performed using scanning electron microscopy. Mean of the enrichment coefficients for Fe<sub>t</sub>, Mn<sub>t</sub>, Co<sub>t</sub>, Pb<sub>t</sub>, Cu<sub>t</sub>, Fe<sub>o</sub> and Fe<sub>d </sub>were obtained 1.2, 12.41, 7, 4.47, 2.13, 2.16, 1.33 respectively. Existence of lepidocrosite and goethite were taken as evidence for a combination of alternative oxidation and reduction conditions in concentrations. Mn enrichment coefficient was rather high compared to Fe due to its higher mobility in soil. Distinct difference between Fe<sub>o</sub> amount of soil and concentrations shows the specific conditions dominated in concentrations. High adsorption surface of Fe and Mn oxides with , more amorphous structures, alternative redox condition causing heavy metals trapping, chemical properties of heavy metal such as different valence for cobalt and low pk1 for Pb and Cu were the effective factors in accumulation of these heavy metals in concentrations.Soil reduces the hazardous effects of compounds on the components of ecosystem because of self –purification property and the ability for their fixation. Playing such a role in soils under redox conditions is performed by pedogenic Fe-Mn concentrations. In order to investigate cobalt, copper and lead accumulation in iron and manganese concentrations, at first the concentrations were precisely separated from the adjacent soil and nitric acid extractable iron (Fe<sub>t</sub>), manganese (Mn<sub>t</sub>), Copper (Cu<sub>t</sub>) and lead (Pb<sub>t</sub>); free iron oxides (Fe<sub>d</sub>) and amorphous iron (Fe<sub>o</sub>) were measured. Mineralogy of Fe-Mn concentrations were determined by x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, and microscopic investigation and elemental analysis were performed using scanning electron microscopy. Mean of the enrichment coefficients for Fe<sub>t</sub>, Mn<sub>t</sub>, Co<sub>t</sub>, Pb<sub>t</sub>, Cu<sub>t</sub>, Fe<sub>o</sub> and Fe<sub>d </sub>were obtained 1.2, 12.41, 7, 4.47, 2.13, 2.16, 1.33 respectively. Existence of lepidocrosite and goethite were taken as evidence for a combination of alternative oxidation and reduction conditions in concentrations. Mn enrichment coefficient was rather high compared to Fe due to its higher mobility in soil. Distinct difference between Fe<sub>o</sub> amount of soil and concentrations shows the specific conditions dominated in concentrations. High adsorption surface of Fe and Mn oxides with , more amorphous structures, alternative redox condition causing heavy metals trapping, chemical properties of heavy metal such as different valence for cobalt and low pk1 for Pb and Cu were the effective factors in accumulation of these heavy metals in concentrations.University of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X44320130923Effects of waterlogging stress on catalase activity and chlorophyll reading change trend in Satsuma mandarin with different rootstocks in soils of East MazandaranEffects of waterlogging stress on catalase activity and chlorophyll reading change trend in Satsuma mandarin with different rootstocks in soils of East Mazandaran2993095022010.22059/ijswr.2013.50220FAAliAsadi Kangarshahi1Former Graduate Student, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Institute of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, IranGholam RezaSavaghebi. Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranSeyed MahmoudSamarAssistant Professor, Water and Soil Research InstituteNeginAkhlaghi AmiriAssistant Professor, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Institute of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, IranJournal Article20121104In this research, catalase activity and leaf Chlorophyll stability of Satsuma mandarin on some citrus rootstocks under waterlogging condition were studied. Experiment was conducted as factorial with randomized complete blocks and 6 replications. The first factor, include 7 soils from East Mazandaran and the second factor included 7 different citrus rootstocks: 1. Sour orange, 2. Swingle citromelo, 3. Carizo citrange, 4. Troyer citrange, 5. C35, 6. Smooth flat seville and 7. Gou tou. Seedlings were kept under continuous waterlogging stress condition in the second year of growth. The results showed that catalase activity and stability index of chlorophyll were significantly affected by waterlogging stress. Catalase activity increased under waterlogging stress and its amount in C35 was more than other rootstocks. Interaction of soil and rootstock also had significant effect on catalase activity. Also, rootstocks and different soils had significant differences in changes trend of the stability index of chlorophyll. Average of chlorophyll stability index in total waterlogging period showed that Gou tou, C35 and Swingle citromello had the highest chlorophyll stability; Sour orange had the least amount. Chlorophyll stability index of scion on different rootstocks in different soils indicated the different tolerance of rootstocks in various soils to waterlogging stress.In this research, catalase activity and leaf Chlorophyll stability of Satsuma mandarin on some citrus rootstocks under waterlogging condition were studied. Experiment was conducted as factorial with randomized complete blocks and 6 replications. The first factor, include 7 soils from East Mazandaran and the second factor included 7 different citrus rootstocks: 1. Sour orange, 2. Swingle citromelo, 3. Carizo citrange, 4. Troyer citrange, 5. C35, 6. Smooth flat seville and 7. Gou tou. Seedlings were kept under continuous waterlogging stress condition in the second year of growth. The results showed that catalase activity and stability index of chlorophyll were significantly affected by waterlogging stress. Catalase activity increased under waterlogging stress and its amount in C35 was more than other rootstocks. Interaction of soil and rootstock also had significant effect on catalase activity. Also, rootstocks and different soils had significant differences in changes trend of the stability index of chlorophyll. Average of chlorophyll stability index in total waterlogging period showed that Gou tou, C35 and Swingle citromello had the highest chlorophyll stability; Sour orange had the least amount. Chlorophyll stability index of scion on different rootstocks in different soils indicated the different tolerance of rootstocks in various soils to waterlogging stress.University of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X44320130923catalase, chlorophyll stability index, citrus, genotype, waterlogging stress.catalase, chlorophyll stability index, citrus, genotype, waterlogging stress.3113205022110.22059/ijswr.2013.50221FASamanehHabibiM. Sc. Student, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, IranMasoumehFarzanehAssistant Professor in weed physiology, college of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, IranMosaMeskarbasheeAssociate Professor in Agronomy, college of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran0000-0002-7080-1837Journal Article20130122In this research, catalase activity and leaf Chlorophyll stability of Satsuma mandarin on some citrus rootstocks under waterlogging condition were studied. Experiment was conducted as factorial with randomized complete blocks and 6 replications. The first factor, include 7 soils from East Mazandaran and the second factor included 7 different citrus rootstocks: 1. Sour orange, 2. Swingle citromelo, 3. Carizo citrange, 4. Troyer citrange, 5. C35, 6. Smooth flat seville and 7. Gou tou. Seedlings were kept under continuous waterlogging stress condition in the second year of growth. The results showed that catalase activity and stability index of chlorophyll were significantly affected by waterlogging stress. Catalase activity increased under waterlogging stress and its amount in C35 was more than other rootstocks. Interaction of soil and rootstock also had significant effect on catalase activity. Also, rootstocks and different soils had significant differences in changes trend of the stability index of chlorophyll. Average of chlorophyll stability index in total waterlogging period showed that Gou tou, C35 and Swingle citromello had the highest chlorophyll stability; Sour orange had the least amount. Chlorophyll stability index of scion on different rootstocks in different soils indicated the different tolerance of rootstocks in various soils to waterlogging stress.In this research, catalase activity and leaf Chlorophyll stability of Satsuma mandarin on some citrus rootstocks under waterlogging condition were studied. Experiment was conducted as factorial with randomized complete blocks and 6 replications. The first factor, include 7 soils from East Mazandaran and the second factor included 7 different citrus rootstocks: 1. Sour orange, 2. Swingle citromelo, 3. Carizo citrange, 4. Troyer citrange, 5. C35, 6. Smooth flat seville and 7. Gou tou. Seedlings were kept under continuous waterlogging stress condition in the second year of growth. The results showed that catalase activity and stability index of chlorophyll were significantly affected by waterlogging stress. Catalase activity increased under waterlogging stress and its amount in C35 was more than other rootstocks. Interaction of soil and rootstock also had significant effect on catalase activity. Also, rootstocks and different soils had significant differences in changes trend of the stability index of chlorophyll. Average of chlorophyll stability index in total waterlogging period showed that Gou tou, C35 and Swingle citromello had the highest chlorophyll stability; Sour orange had the least amount. Chlorophyll stability index of scion on different rootstocks in different soils indicated the different tolerance of rootstocks in various soils to waterlogging stress.University of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X44320130923Calibration of the rating curve method to estimate Ghezelozan basin sediment by using observed data of Sefid-rood damCalibration of the rating curve method to estimate Ghezelozan basin sediment by using observed data of Sefid-rood dam3213275022210.22059/ijswr.2013.50222FAEsmaeelBayatWater resources expert, YEKOM consulting engineers, 133 Muzaffar Str. (North Saba), Vali Asr Square, Tehran 14167- 93197, IranDaliBondarTechnical director, Bureau of engineering affairs and technical standards of water and waste water, Ministry of Energy, Tehran, IranSaeedLotfiWater resources expert, Policy making on water allocation group, Ministry of Energy, Tehran, IranJournal Article20130319Sedimentation in reservoirs reduces dams storage and makes many problems in their operation. Therefore accurate computation of sediment volume is essential for appropriate design and optimum reservoir management during its operation. In this research long term field data of Sefid-rood dam were used to check the sediment volume computed for Ghezelozan basin. The Computed volume of sediment by rating curve and modified FAO method was compared with real volume as the result of hydrographic surveying to evaluate and calibrate computed methods. The results showed that the rating curve method was underestimated (approximately half of real volume), while modified FAO method estimated sediment volume 10 times more than real volume. The investigations show that the modified coefficient equal to 2 presents logical results. Therefore, it is recommended to use the modified coefficient for field usage in Ghezelozan basin. In other words, the computed sediment volume by rating curve method should be doubled to obtain real volume.Sedimentation in reservoirs reduces dams storage and makes many problems in their operation. Therefore accurate computation of sediment volume is essential for appropriate design and optimum reservoir management during its operation. In this research long term field data of Sefid-rood dam were used to check the sediment volume computed for Ghezelozan basin. The Computed volume of sediment by rating curve and modified FAO method was compared with real volume as the result of hydrographic surveying to evaluate and calibrate computed methods. The results showed that the rating curve method was underestimated (approximately half of real volume), while modified FAO method estimated sediment volume 10 times more than real volume. The investigations show that the modified coefficient equal to 2 presents logical results. Therefore, it is recommended to use the modified coefficient for field usage in Ghezelozan basin. In other words, the computed sediment volume by rating curve method should be doubled to obtain real volume.