University of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X51120200320Simulation and Optimization of Dam Operation under Changing Cultivation Pattern Scenario (Case Study: Harsin Dam)Simulation and Optimization of Dam Operation under Changing Cultivation Pattern Scenario (Case Study: Harsin Dam)1127214010.22059/ijswr.2019.282440.668221FAFatemehSalimi MastealiDepartment of Water Science and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshahi, IranMaryamHafezparastDepartment of Water Science and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshahi, Iran0000-0002-9910-4533FarhangSargordiDepartment of Water Science and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshahi, Iran0000-0002-3170-4495Journal Article20190529Due to population growth, shortage and severe constraints of water resources in the country, one of the main steps in management and planning of water resources is to optimize reservoirs and change the cultivation pattern. In this study, using 40 years discharge data of Kamish River and WEAP model, Hersin dam reservoir which is uder study, was simulated. Firstly, by considering different cultivated patterns, the reliability of domestic, industrial, agricultural, and environmental requirements were simulated by WEAP model and the proper crop pattern was selected on the basis of greater sustainability of the system. Then, optimization was performed by minimizing the shortages in downstream of the dam using LINGO model. According to the results, the annual average demands of environment, drip-irrigated gardens, sprinkler-irrigated lands and wastewater waterline, were estimated to be 98.98, 87.51, 89.79, and 95.63%, respectively, while these values obtained from the optimization model were 100, 99.99, 99.21, and 99.12%, respectively, which indicates that the percentage of shortcomings is less than 1%. The average overflow volume in simulation and optimization models were 7.31 and 4.09 million m3/year, respectively, which indicates that the optimization model has a lower water lost than the simulation model. Hence, by appropriate planning and management, it is possible to deduct the amount of deficits significantly, especially in the sector of agriculture<strong>.</strong>Due to population growth, shortage and severe constraints of water resources in the country, one of the main steps in management and planning of water resources is to optimize reservoirs and change the cultivation pattern. In this study, using 40 years discharge data of Kamish River and WEAP model, Hersin dam reservoir which is uder study, was simulated. Firstly, by considering different cultivated patterns, the reliability of domestic, industrial, agricultural, and environmental requirements were simulated by WEAP model and the proper crop pattern was selected on the basis of greater sustainability of the system. Then, optimization was performed by minimizing the shortages in downstream of the dam using LINGO model. According to the results, the annual average demands of environment, drip-irrigated gardens, sprinkler-irrigated lands and wastewater waterline, were estimated to be 98.98, 87.51, 89.79, and 95.63%, respectively, while these values obtained from the optimization model were 100, 99.99, 99.21, and 99.12%, respectively, which indicates that the percentage of shortcomings is less than 1%. The average overflow volume in simulation and optimization models were 7.31 and 4.09 million m3/year, respectively, which indicates that the optimization model has a lower water lost than the simulation model. Hence, by appropriate planning and management, it is possible to deduct the amount of deficits significantly, especially in the sector of agriculture<strong>.</strong>https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_72140_70150c53b614ac44873d1bebe51e42f2.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X51120200320Effect of Micro-dams on Infiltration and Uniformity of Water Distribution Along the FurrowEffect of Micro-dams on Infiltration and Uniformity of Water Distribution Along the Furrow13237233710.22059/ijswr.2019.281333.668203FAMohammad SadeghKeshavarzGraduate student,
Dept. of Irrigation & Reclamation Eng.
College of Agriculture and Natural Resources
University of TehranHamedEbrahimianAssociate professor in Irrigation &amp; Drainage Eng., University of Tehran
Center for International Scientific Studies & Collaboration (CISSC), Ministry of Science, Research and Technology0000-0002-7338-4872FariborzAbbasiAgricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran0000-0002-0662-7723Journal Article20190522There is a large amount of runoff water losses from the fields in the open-ended furrows. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a suitable solution for reducing runoff losses and subsequently, reducing soil erosion from the furrows. In this study, in order to control flow velocity as well as increase water infiltration along the furrows, several micro-dams with a height of 5 cm were constructed in the experimental furrows. Field studies and experiments were conducted at the research farm of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran, in summer 2018. The soil texture was clay loam, and the longitudinal farm’s slope was 0.96%. In this study, four different treatments were considered, which included: two erosive inflow discharges (0.6 and 0.9 L/s) and two barrier distances (10 and 20 m). Experimental furrows with a length of 100 m and a spacing of 0.75 m were created by the furrower machine. Eventually, the results were compared with control ones (furrow without micro-dams). Constructing micro-dams in the furrows increased distribution uniformity up to 99.3 percent. The results showed that micro-dams could improve the distribution uniformity of water and reduce water losses to about 45 percent. The results also depicted that the amount of infiltrated water in the first and second irrigation events was significantly higher than the third and fourth ones. The reason was because of lower soil moisture content and also higher surface roughness in the first and second irrigation events compared to subsequent irrigations. Among all irrigation events, the most amount of infiltration was observed in the treatment with a barrier of 10 m and an inflow discharge of 0.9 L/s.There is a large amount of runoff water losses from the fields in the open-ended furrows. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a suitable solution for reducing runoff losses and subsequently, reducing soil erosion from the furrows. In this study, in order to control flow velocity as well as increase water infiltration along the furrows, several micro-dams with a height of 5 cm were constructed in the experimental furrows. Field studies and experiments were conducted at the research farm of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran, in summer 2018. The soil texture was clay loam, and the longitudinal farm’s slope was 0.96%. In this study, four different treatments were considered, which included: two erosive inflow discharges (0.6 and 0.9 L/s) and two barrier distances (10 and 20 m). Experimental furrows with a length of 100 m and a spacing of 0.75 m were created by the furrower machine. Eventually, the results were compared with control ones (furrow without micro-dams). Constructing micro-dams in the furrows increased distribution uniformity up to 99.3 percent. The results showed that micro-dams could improve the distribution uniformity of water and reduce water losses to about 45 percent. The results also depicted that the amount of infiltrated water in the first and second irrigation events was significantly higher than the third and fourth ones. The reason was because of lower soil moisture content and also higher surface roughness in the first and second irrigation events compared to subsequent irrigations. Among all irrigation events, the most amount of infiltration was observed in the treatment with a barrier of 10 m and an inflow discharge of 0.9 L/s.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_72337_96f585dbc7916491755a23e1e37c3e84.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X51120200320Supply of Greenhouse Water Requirement from Solar Distiller Freshwater Production Using Condensation MethodSupply of Greenhouse Water Requirement from Solar Distiller Freshwater Production Using Condensation Method25457242210.22059/ijswr.2019.278667.668156FALeilaGhassemiirrigation and drainage department, water science engineering faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwatukee, IranSaeedBoroomandNasabirrigation and drainage department, water science engineering faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, Iran0000-0002-4066-6240AbdolrahimHooshmandirrigation and drainage department, water science engineering faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, Iran0000-0002-5722-5054Journal Article20190406In this research, a greenhouse connected to a solar distiller device was constructed for the desalination of saline water and irrigation at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Sand, sand-bagasse-perlite, and bagasse-perlite beds were used in the greenhouse as a condenser of hot and humid air of the distiller tank. By measuring air temperature, relative humidity, air flow velocity in the distiller tank, temperature around the pipes and moisture in the beds, daily production of freshwater from the distiller was calculated. The FAO Penman-Montieth method was used to estimate greenhouse reference evapotranspiration. The purpose of this research was to estimate the percentage of supplied evapotranspiration in the greenhouse by produced freshwater from the condensation method and to select the proper condenser bed in terms of moisture and temperature distribution. Daily and periodic measurements of freshwater produced by each bed were compared to daily and periodic evapotranspiration of the greenhouse. The average amount of freshwater produced per square meter by the solar distiller was calculated to be 1.23, 1.97, 2, and 1.97 kg/day in May, June, July, and August, respectively, with the average of 1.75 kg/day during the whole period. The average evapotranspiration amount in the greenhouse was estimated to be 4.08 millimeter per day. Production water in sand, sand-bagasse-perlite and bagasse-perlite beds was calculated to be 0.94, 0.79, and 0.82 times of the evapotranspiration rate within the greenhouse, respectively. Due to the lower temperature of the sand bed and the higher production of water, the sand bed is a better condenser than the other two beds. Evapotranspiration from April 21 to July 29, 2018, was estimated to be 408.2 millimeters, which %85 of it was supplied by a distiller with a production of 2799.5 kilograms for an area of 8.1 square meters of bed (without considering its type).In this research, a greenhouse connected to a solar distiller device was constructed for the desalination of saline water and irrigation at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Sand, sand-bagasse-perlite, and bagasse-perlite beds were used in the greenhouse as a condenser of hot and humid air of the distiller tank. By measuring air temperature, relative humidity, air flow velocity in the distiller tank, temperature around the pipes and moisture in the beds, daily production of freshwater from the distiller was calculated. The FAO Penman-Montieth method was used to estimate greenhouse reference evapotranspiration. The purpose of this research was to estimate the percentage of supplied evapotranspiration in the greenhouse by produced freshwater from the condensation method and to select the proper condenser bed in terms of moisture and temperature distribution. Daily and periodic measurements of freshwater produced by each bed were compared to daily and periodic evapotranspiration of the greenhouse. The average amount of freshwater produced per square meter by the solar distiller was calculated to be 1.23, 1.97, 2, and 1.97 kg/day in May, June, July, and August, respectively, with the average of 1.75 kg/day during the whole period. The average evapotranspiration amount in the greenhouse was estimated to be 4.08 millimeter per day. Production water in sand, sand-bagasse-perlite and bagasse-perlite beds was calculated to be 0.94, 0.79, and 0.82 times of the evapotranspiration rate within the greenhouse, respectively. Due to the lower temperature of the sand bed and the higher production of water, the sand bed is a better condenser than the other two beds. Evapotranspiration from April 21 to July 29, 2018, was estimated to be 408.2 millimeters, which %85 of it was supplied by a distiller with a production of 2799.5 kilograms for an area of 8.1 square meters of bed (without considering its type).https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_72422_4894f5c76eac3173aadbe89650a79f3c.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X51120200320The Effect of A300 Hydrogel Superabsorbent on Cucumber Yield and Estimation of Optimum Water-Yield Production Function under Water Stress ConditionsThe Effect of A300 Hydrogel Superabsorbent on Cucumber Yield and Estimation of Optimum Water-Yield Production Function under Water Stress Conditions47607233610.22059/ijswr.2019.280266.668185FANaserZinivandDepartment of Water Engineering and Sciences, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.DavoudKhodadadi DehkordiDepartment of Water Engineering and Sciences, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.0000-0003-2431-7240Heidar AliKashkuliDepartment of Water Engineering and Sciences, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.AliAsarehDepartment of Water Science and Engineering, Ahvaz branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.AslanEigderAssistant Professor, Department of Water Sciences Engineering, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.0000-0000-0000-0000Journal Article20190504In this study, the effect of water stress and different levels of superabsorbent on cucumber yield (variety of super dominus hybrid) in a farm with sandy soil was evaluated in Seimare region, Elam province, Iran. Experimental design was performed according to split plot method in a randomized complete block design. Three different levels of irrigation were considered as the main treatment including 100 (I<sub>1</sub>), 80 (I<sub>2</sub>) and 60 (I<sub>3</sub>) percent of crop water requirement and four levels of superabsorbent were used as secondary treatment including zero (S<sub>0</sub>), 15 (S<sub>1</sub>), 30 (S<sub>2</sub>) and 45 gm<sup>-2</sup> (S<sub>3</sub>). According to the results, the effect of irrigation and superabsorbent treatments was significant on cucumber yield at 1 percent level. The average maximum and minimum crop yield were 3.7 and 1.97 kgm<sup>-2</sup> which were corresponded to the full irrigation (I<sub>1</sub>) and severe drought stress (I<sub>3</sub>) treatments. In addition, the effect of irrigation and superabsorbent treatments was significant on water productivity of cucumber crop at 1 percent level. The maximum and minimum water productivity were 8.11 and 6.15 kgm<sup>-3</sup> which were corresponded to the full irrigation (I<sub>1</sub>) and severe drought stress (I<sub>3</sub>) treatments. Also, a quadratic function was introduced as the optimum water-yield production function for cucumber crop (variety of super dominus hybrid) in the sandy soil amended with superabsorbent. Finally, it was concluded that the superabsorbent could prevent from the significant reduction of cucumber yield in sandy soil and under drought stress conditions.In this study, the effect of water stress and different levels of superabsorbent on cucumber yield (variety of super dominus hybrid) in a farm with sandy soil was evaluated in Seimare region, Elam province, Iran. Experimental design was performed according to split plot method in a randomized complete block design. Three different levels of irrigation were considered as the main treatment including 100 (I<sub>1</sub>), 80 (I<sub>2</sub>) and 60 (I<sub>3</sub>) percent of crop water requirement and four levels of superabsorbent were used as secondary treatment including zero (S<sub>0</sub>), 15 (S<sub>1</sub>), 30 (S<sub>2</sub>) and 45 gm<sup>-2</sup> (S<sub>3</sub>). According to the results, the effect of irrigation and superabsorbent treatments was significant on cucumber yield at 1 percent level. The average maximum and minimum crop yield were 3.7 and 1.97 kgm<sup>-2</sup> which were corresponded to the full irrigation (I<sub>1</sub>) and severe drought stress (I<sub>3</sub>) treatments. In addition, the effect of irrigation and superabsorbent treatments was significant on water productivity of cucumber crop at 1 percent level. The maximum and minimum water productivity were 8.11 and 6.15 kgm<sup>-3</sup> which were corresponded to the full irrigation (I<sub>1</sub>) and severe drought stress (I<sub>3</sub>) treatments. Also, a quadratic function was introduced as the optimum water-yield production function for cucumber crop (variety of super dominus hybrid) in the sandy soil amended with superabsorbent. Finally, it was concluded that the superabsorbent could prevent from the significant reduction of cucumber yield in sandy soil and under drought stress conditions.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_72336_ab2d0885ab53a101b34f811b486de3c1.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X51120200320Evaluating Efficiency of Some Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Modeling Soil Wind Erodibility in Part of Eastern Land of Urmia LakeEvaluating Efficiency of Some Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Modeling Soil Wind Erodibility in Part of Eastern Land of Urmia Lake61767242310.22059/ijswr.2019.283359.668233FABijanRaeiPhD Student, Department of Soil Science, faculty of agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranAbbasAhmadiAssistant Professor, Department of Soil Science, faculty of agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.0000-0002-6667-0221Mohammad RzaNeyshaburiProfessor, Department of Soil Science, faculty of agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.0000-0002-4427-149XMohammad AliGhorbaniProfessor, Department of Water Engineering, faculty of agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranFarokhAsadzadehAssociate Professor, Department of Soil Science, faculty of agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran0000-0002-9303-1011Journal Article20190630Prediction of soil wind erodibility through soil characteristics is an important aspect for modeling soil wind erosion. This study was conducted to compare the efficiency of multiple linear regression (MLR), artificial neural network (MLP), artificial neural network based on genetic algorithm (MLP-GA) and artificial neural network based on whale optimization algorithm (MLP-WOA) for prediction of soil wind erodibility in part of eastern land of Urmia Lake. In this research, 96 soil samples were collected based on a stratified random sampling method and their physicochemical properties were measured. Additionally, the wind erodibility of soil samples was measured using a wind tunnel. Among the 32 measured soil properties, four properties including the percentages of fine sand, size classes of 1.7-2.0, and 0.1-0.25 mm (secondary particles) and organic carbon were selected as the model inputs by stepwise regression. Result showed that the MLP-WOA was the most effective method for predicting soil wind erodibility in the study area regarding to the lowest RMSE (2.9) and ME (-0.11), and the highest R<sup>2</sup> (0.87) and NSE (0.87) values; followed by MLP-GA, MLP, and MLR. Considering the high efficiency of MLP-WOA, This method can be used as a promising method for determination of soil wind erodibility in the study area.Prediction of soil wind erodibility through soil characteristics is an important aspect for modeling soil wind erosion. This study was conducted to compare the efficiency of multiple linear regression (MLR), artificial neural network (MLP), artificial neural network based on genetic algorithm (MLP-GA) and artificial neural network based on whale optimization algorithm (MLP-WOA) for prediction of soil wind erodibility in part of eastern land of Urmia Lake. In this research, 96 soil samples were collected based on a stratified random sampling method and their physicochemical properties were measured. Additionally, the wind erodibility of soil samples was measured using a wind tunnel. Among the 32 measured soil properties, four properties including the percentages of fine sand, size classes of 1.7-2.0, and 0.1-0.25 mm (secondary particles) and organic carbon were selected as the model inputs by stepwise regression. Result showed that the MLP-WOA was the most effective method for predicting soil wind erodibility in the study area regarding to the lowest RMSE (2.9) and ME (-0.11), and the highest R<sup>2</sup> (0.87) and NSE (0.87) values; followed by MLP-GA, MLP, and MLR. Considering the high efficiency of MLP-WOA, This method can be used as a promising method for determination of soil wind erodibility in the study area.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_72423_e7ee3576390a0b8b4546462638d6f228.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X51120200320Influence of Semicircular Collar Diameter and Its Alignment on Scour Depth and Flow Pattern around Bridge AbutmentInfluence of Semicircular Collar Diameter and Its Alignment on Scour Depth and Flow Pattern around Bridge Abutment77917242810.22059/ijswr.2019.285136.668257FAHamedShahsavariStudent of phd in the field of Hydraulic Structures, Agricultural College, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad, Iran .0000-0002-4344-2744SobhanMoradiStudent of phd in the field of Hydraulic Structures, Agricultural College, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad, Iran .SaeedrezaKhodashenasProf., Department of Water Engineering, Agricultural College, ferdowsi University of mashhad, mashhad, Iran.Journal Article20190717Reducing scouring is inevitable to prevent the destruction of hydraulic structures on the water flows. In this research, the effect of semicircular collar on the reduction of scour depth around the abutment was investigated with the aim of identifying the flow pattern changes around this structure. Experiments were carried out under clear water conditions. Semicircular collars were examined on semicircular abutments in two sizes 1.5L and 2L (L is abutment length against the flow) and at three different levels relative to the bed; bed alignment, 0.2L below and 0.2 above the bed. The results showed that the existence of the collar, in addition to reducing the final scour depth, caused a delay in the scouring process. This effect has also been increased by increasing the size of the collar. In addition, the position of collars with the same size can improve collar performance and efficiency on the design cost. Based on the results of the experiments, the collar with 2L size and under the bed showed better performance and reduced the final scour depth by 58% compared to the control abutment. Also, according to the experiments, the position of the collar under the bed showed better performance. By investigating the flow pattern around the abutment in conditions with and without collar, it was found that the collar reduces the flow velocity in different directions, especially in the upstream of the abutment. Also, its effect on downflow reduces the strength of the vortices and changes the reciprocating behavior and displacement of the vortices. So that the presence of collar has reduced the maximum downflow velocity at the upstream abutment by 39%.Reducing scouring is inevitable to prevent the destruction of hydraulic structures on the water flows. In this research, the effect of semicircular collar on the reduction of scour depth around the abutment was investigated with the aim of identifying the flow pattern changes around this structure. Experiments were carried out under clear water conditions. Semicircular collars were examined on semicircular abutments in two sizes 1.5L and 2L (L is abutment length against the flow) and at three different levels relative to the bed; bed alignment, 0.2L below and 0.2 above the bed. The results showed that the existence of the collar, in addition to reducing the final scour depth, caused a delay in the scouring process. This effect has also been increased by increasing the size of the collar. In addition, the position of collars with the same size can improve collar performance and efficiency on the design cost. Based on the results of the experiments, the collar with 2L size and under the bed showed better performance and reduced the final scour depth by 58% compared to the control abutment. Also, according to the experiments, the position of the collar under the bed showed better performance. By investigating the flow pattern around the abutment in conditions with and without collar, it was found that the collar reduces the flow velocity in different directions, especially in the upstream of the abutment. Also, its effect on downflow reduces the strength of the vortices and changes the reciprocating behavior and displacement of the vortices. So that the presence of collar has reduced the maximum downflow velocity at the upstream abutment by 39%.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_72428_df02dd74fc93b0136ba5f5ae5862b934.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X51120200320Effect of Topography Indices and Soil Characteristics on Rainfed Wheat Yield in Loess Lands of Toshan Area, Northern IranEffect of Topography Indices and Soil Characteristics on Rainfed Wheat Yield in Loess Lands of Toshan Area, Northern Iran931057245110.22059/ijswr.2019.261282.667957FAMohammadAjamiUniversity of TehranAhmadHeidariUniversity of Tehran0000-0001-8110-1003FarhadKhormaliUniversity of GorganManoochehrGorjiUniversity of TehranShamsolahAyoubiIsfahan University of TechnologyJournal Article20180704Topography by affecting soil quality can significantly affect the production of agricultural products. This study was conducted in Toshan area of Golestan province to evaluate the spatial variation of wheat production and to create regression models between the crop, soil, and topography characteristics. Wheat and soil sampling from different slope positions were collected randomly from 100 points. Soil physical-chemical analyses and wheat yield parameter measurements were carried out. The digital elevation model was prepared, and topographic attributes were calculated. The results showed that the highest total yield (14.53 t/ha) and grain yield (4.41 t/ha) were observed in <10% slope class, which showed a significant difference compared to steeper slopes. The highest (15.82 t/ha) and the lowest (5.68 t/ha) total mean yields were corresponded to paw slope and shoulder slope, respectively. The highest grain yield was obtained from the foot slope and paw slope. The amounts of mean grain yield were 4.61 t/ha in foot slope and 4.66 t/ha in paw slope. Curvature and wetness index had a remarkable relationship with wheat yield. According to the regression analyses, topography indexes have been able to explain the spatial variability of yield, indicating the importance of these factors' impact on water distribution in yield production process in the studied area. Increasing yield productions in low slope positions in this study was probably due to increasing in soil depth and plant available water, as well as accumulation of organic matter and nutrient elements such as nitrogen and potassium due to deposition of eroded materials in these positions.Topography by affecting soil quality can significantly affect the production of agricultural products. This study was conducted in Toshan area of Golestan province to evaluate the spatial variation of wheat production and to create regression models between the crop, soil, and topography characteristics. Wheat and soil sampling from different slope positions were collected randomly from 100 points. Soil physical-chemical analyses and wheat yield parameter measurements were carried out. The digital elevation model was prepared, and topographic attributes were calculated. The results showed that the highest total yield (14.53 t/ha) and grain yield (4.41 t/ha) were observed in <10% slope class, which showed a significant difference compared to steeper slopes. The highest (15.82 t/ha) and the lowest (5.68 t/ha) total mean yields were corresponded to paw slope and shoulder slope, respectively. The highest grain yield was obtained from the foot slope and paw slope. The amounts of mean grain yield were 4.61 t/ha in foot slope and 4.66 t/ha in paw slope. Curvature and wetness index had a remarkable relationship with wheat yield. According to the regression analyses, topography indexes have been able to explain the spatial variability of yield, indicating the importance of these factors' impact on water distribution in yield production process in the studied area. Increasing yield productions in low slope positions in this study was probably due to increasing in soil depth and plant available water, as well as accumulation of organic matter and nutrient elements such as nitrogen and potassium due to deposition of eroded materials in these positions.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_72451_67bb77b61bd09df88ef6787cc367d769.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X51120200320The Effect of Substrate and Surface Load Change of Pressurized Sand Filters on Removal Improvement of Water Quality Parameters in Moallemkola-Sari Water Treatment PlantThe Effect of Substrate and Surface Load Change of Pressurized Sand Filters on Removal Improvement of Water Quality Parameters in Moallemkola-Sari Water Treatment Plant1071177246010.22059/ijswr.2019.280133.668183FASimaDadashzadehWater Engineering Department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.MojtabKhoshraveshDept. of Water Eng., Faculty of Agricultural Eng., Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.0000-0001-8635-3322MohammadGholamiExpert of the Office of Studies and Technical Research. Rural Water and Wastewater Company of Khoozestan, Ahvaz, Iran.MasoudPourgholam AmijiDepartment of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering & Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran0000-0002-8691-000XJournal Article20190504The lack of water for humans and the environment is one of the serious problems of today's world. Drinking water in Sari city and its dependent villages are provided with groundwater. The poor quality of the outlet water after the pressurized sand filters in the Moallemkola water treatment plant led to investigate the effective factors on the efficiency of the above filters. The pressurized sand filters substrate was composed of three types of silica granulation. This research investigated the physical and chemical parameters of pressurized sand filters by choosing the type of granulation and the use of a single layer and double layer in the pressurized sand filters bed (silica, silica-anthracite, and leca-anthracite), as well as changing their surface load in seven steps. Samples were taken in all steps and from five points in the water treatment plant (inlet water, after aeration, at the beginning of the filter operation, at the end of filter function and after chlorination). The results showed that the best option is the simultaneous use of silica and anthracite in the filter bed, employing 1.5 times of surface load in the water treatment plant, along with the use of aeration and sedimentation units. The removal efficiency of turbidity, TDS, TSS, calcium, magnesium and iron parameters was obtained 85.41, 23.54, 56.94, 21.08, 32.28 and 89.47%, respectively. Therefore, the use of double layer of silica and anthracite will increase the quality of water, and it is recommended for areas with high turbidity.The lack of water for humans and the environment is one of the serious problems of today's world. Drinking water in Sari city and its dependent villages are provided with groundwater. The poor quality of the outlet water after the pressurized sand filters in the Moallemkola water treatment plant led to investigate the effective factors on the efficiency of the above filters. The pressurized sand filters substrate was composed of three types of silica granulation. This research investigated the physical and chemical parameters of pressurized sand filters by choosing the type of granulation and the use of a single layer and double layer in the pressurized sand filters bed (silica, silica-anthracite, and leca-anthracite), as well as changing their surface load in seven steps. Samples were taken in all steps and from five points in the water treatment plant (inlet water, after aeration, at the beginning of the filter operation, at the end of filter function and after chlorination). The results showed that the best option is the simultaneous use of silica and anthracite in the filter bed, employing 1.5 times of surface load in the water treatment plant, along with the use of aeration and sedimentation units. The removal efficiency of turbidity, TDS, TSS, calcium, magnesium and iron parameters was obtained 85.41, 23.54, 56.94, 21.08, 32.28 and 89.47%, respectively. Therefore, the use of double layer of silica and anthracite will increase the quality of water, and it is recommended for areas with high turbidity.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_72460_a5aa9d1524730db8538a2479df72f94e.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X51120200320Mid-term Variations of Biogeochemical Indicators of Soil Quality under Agronomic ConditionsMid-term Variations of Biogeochemical Indicators of Soil Quality under Agronomic Conditions1191337253010.22059/ijswr.2019.282659.668223FAParisaMohseniGraduate MSc. Student, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Karaj, IranAliKeshavarziAssistant Professor, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran0000-0003-3330-6500AhmadHeidariProfessor, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran0000-0001-8110-1003ElnazMaleki-GhelichiGraduate MSc. Student, Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Karaj, IranJournal Article20190608In the present study, mid-term variations in soil quality were studied on the farm scale. The studied area was a research-educational farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of University of Tehran covers 260 hectares, with thermic soil temperature and aridic soil moisture regimes, respectively. In this study, the process of improving or destruction of the integrated soil quality index at two depths (0-20 and 20-40 cm) in years of 1379 and 1396 was compared. The minimum data set was determined using the method of two-phases PCA. Definition of standard scoring functions and non-linear fuzzy membership functions were performed through programming in the MATLAB software environment. Covariance-correlation method was used for weighing the selected variables in determining Soil Quality Integrated (SQI) index. The results of this study showed that in most of the adaptive areas of the soil, the incremental and decreasing pattern of the soil quality index in the first and second depths of the previous and present studies were consistent and in some places, this pattern was almost constant. In profiles No. 1, 5, 11 of the previous research which include 27.3% of the samples, and in profiles No. 1, 5, 7, 9 and 18 of the present study which include 20.83% of the samples, the soil quality index at the first depth was less than the one in the second depth. Classification of the soil quality classes for all samples in both years revealed a reduction in soil quality index. So that the soil quality reduced from grade III (45%) and IV (54%) to grade IV (73-75%).In the present study, mid-term variations in soil quality were studied on the farm scale. The studied area was a research-educational farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of University of Tehran covers 260 hectares, with thermic soil temperature and aridic soil moisture regimes, respectively. In this study, the process of improving or destruction of the integrated soil quality index at two depths (0-20 and 20-40 cm) in years of 1379 and 1396 was compared. The minimum data set was determined using the method of two-phases PCA. Definition of standard scoring functions and non-linear fuzzy membership functions were performed through programming in the MATLAB software environment. Covariance-correlation method was used for weighing the selected variables in determining Soil Quality Integrated (SQI) index. The results of this study showed that in most of the adaptive areas of the soil, the incremental and decreasing pattern of the soil quality index in the first and second depths of the previous and present studies were consistent and in some places, this pattern was almost constant. In profiles No. 1, 5, 11 of the previous research which include 27.3% of the samples, and in profiles No. 1, 5, 7, 9 and 18 of the present study which include 20.83% of the samples, the soil quality index at the first depth was less than the one in the second depth. Classification of the soil quality classes for all samples in both years revealed a reduction in soil quality index. So that the soil quality reduced from grade III (45%) and IV (54%) to grade IV (73-75%).https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_72530_7917491372e68796cced9173b55c53fe.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X51120200320Influence of Leaf Nutrition of Some Micronutrients on Absorption of Mentha Plant under Soil Phosphorus DeficiencyInfluence of Leaf Nutrition of Some Micronutrients on Absorption of Mentha Plant under Soil Phosphorus Deficiency1351497254210.22059/ijswr.2019.269179.668049FAMaasoumehKharazmiMSc student, Department of Medicinal Plants, Shahid Bakeri High Education Center of Miandoab, Urmia University, Urmia, IranNayerMohammadkhaniAssistant Professor, Department of Medicinal Plants, Shahid Bakeri High Education Center of Miandoab, Urmia University, Urmia, IranMoslemServatiAssistant Professor, Department of Soil Science, Shahid Bakeri High Education Center of Miandoab, Urmia University, Urmia, IranJournal Article20181202Phosphorus is one of the most used fertilizer macronutrients and in calcareous soils of Iran, its absorption is limited. On the other hand, considering the problems caused by the soil use of micronutrients, it is possible to modify the effects of phosphorus deficiency by spraying micronutrients. This study was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design in three replications to investigate the effect of leaf nutrition of micronutrients (iron, zinc and copper) on the absorption of nutrients of <em>Mentha aquatica</em> L. in phosphorus deficiency conditions. Experimental treatments consisted of no deficiency (control) and two levels of phosphorus deficiency and foliar application of Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup> and Cu<sup>2+</sup> in concentration of 1 and 2%. Deficient plants showed a significant decrease in P content of root. Spraying Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Cu<sup>2+ </sup>2% caused increase in P content under deficiency. Foliar nutrition with iron, zinc and copper caused decrease in nitrogen and phosphorus content in deficient plants. Applying zinc and iron as spraying caused increase in NO<sub>3</sub><sup>− </sup>content in shoots and roots. In the present study, spraying zinc, iron and copper caused increase in their contents in shoots and roots of <em>Mentha</em>. Spraying Fe<sup>2+ </sup>2% caused increase in P, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup> contents in shoots of <em>Mentha</em> plant. The orthogonal comparison results showed that there was a significant difference in nutrients content between foliar application of micronutrients and control and also between foliar application of iron compare to copper and zinc and foliar application of zinc compared to copper in shoots and roots of <em>Mentha</em>. Regarding the obtained results, leaf nutrition of micronutrients as spraying can be mentioned as a suitable suggestion to reduce the effects of macronutrients deficiency, especially phosphorus. It seems that spraying iron and zinc showed the highest effect in absorption of other nutrients in shoots, also spraying copper had the highest effect in roots.Phosphorus is one of the most used fertilizer macronutrients and in calcareous soils of Iran, its absorption is limited. On the other hand, considering the problems caused by the soil use of micronutrients, it is possible to modify the effects of phosphorus deficiency by spraying micronutrients. This study was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design in three replications to investigate the effect of leaf nutrition of micronutrients (iron, zinc and copper) on the absorption of nutrients of <em>Mentha aquatica</em> L. in phosphorus deficiency conditions. Experimental treatments consisted of no deficiency (control) and two levels of phosphorus deficiency and foliar application of Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup> and Cu<sup>2+</sup> in concentration of 1 and 2%. Deficient plants showed a significant decrease in P content of root. Spraying Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Cu<sup>2+ </sup>2% caused increase in P content under deficiency. Foliar nutrition with iron, zinc and copper caused decrease in nitrogen and phosphorus content in deficient plants. Applying zinc and iron as spraying caused increase in NO<sub>3</sub><sup>− </sup>content in shoots and roots. In the present study, spraying zinc, iron and copper caused increase in their contents in shoots and roots of <em>Mentha</em>. Spraying Fe<sup>2+ </sup>2% caused increase in P, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup> contents in shoots of <em>Mentha</em> plant. The orthogonal comparison results showed that there was a significant difference in nutrients content between foliar application of micronutrients and control and also between foliar application of iron compare to copper and zinc and foliar application of zinc compared to copper in shoots and roots of <em>Mentha</em>. Regarding the obtained results, leaf nutrition of micronutrients as spraying can be mentioned as a suitable suggestion to reduce the effects of macronutrients deficiency, especially phosphorus. It seems that spraying iron and zinc showed the highest effect in absorption of other nutrients in shoots, also spraying copper had the highest effect in roots.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_72542_0473634c34fa09a321b4c64f99c40b05.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X51120200320Uncertainty Analysis of Water Distribution Planning in Mian-Ab Irrigation Network in Shooshtar Plain: Application of Genetic Algorithm and Simulated AnnealingUncertainty Analysis of Water Distribution Planning in Mian-Ab Irrigation Network in Shooshtar Plain: Application of Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing1511647246110.22059/ijswr.2019.281948.668217FASaebKhoshnavazDepartment of water science, shoushtar branch, Islamic Azad university, Shoushtar, Iran0000-0002-1534-4645Journal Article20190527Allocated water for agricultural crops in a cropping pattern in different regions and seasons is faced with much variation. Therefore, the cultivation of each crop is subject to climatic conditions, drought tension, precipitation, and crop sensitivity with different levels of uncertainty and risk. In this study, the role of allocated water and its time fluctuations for the main crops in Mian-Ab irrigation network in Shooshtar plain have been investigated. The simulation model of cropping pattern with the objective of maximizing net income with irrigation, investment, cultivation, and land constraints was optimized using a simulated annealing algorithm. The obtained responses in the uncertainty conditions will determine the effect of tension fluctuations in fuzzy analysis process. Fuzzy set theory has been defined with triangular membership function and has been divided into five alpha levels of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 to find the fuzzy response of the problem. In each positive or negative α level, a genetic algorithm sub-model has been used with a proximity criterion to find the boundary responses. The results showed that the application of optimal strategy reduced water consumption up to 7 MCM/year and increased the net benefit in cropping pattern more than 5×10<sup>10</sup> IRR annually. The developed fuzzy model showed that the water efficiency will be increased at least 30% with a 25% reduction in optimal irrigation..Allocated water for agricultural crops in a cropping pattern in different regions and seasons is faced with much variation. Therefore, the cultivation of each crop is subject to climatic conditions, drought tension, precipitation, and crop sensitivity with different levels of uncertainty and risk. In this study, the role of allocated water and its time fluctuations for the main crops in Mian-Ab irrigation network in Shooshtar plain have been investigated. The simulation model of cropping pattern with the objective of maximizing net income with irrigation, investment, cultivation, and land constraints was optimized using a simulated annealing algorithm. The obtained responses in the uncertainty conditions will determine the effect of tension fluctuations in fuzzy analysis process. Fuzzy set theory has been defined with triangular membership function and has been divided into five alpha levels of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 to find the fuzzy response of the problem. In each positive or negative α level, a genetic algorithm sub-model has been used with a proximity criterion to find the boundary responses. The results showed that the application of optimal strategy reduced water consumption up to 7 MCM/year and increased the net benefit in cropping pattern more than 5×10<sup>10</sup> IRR annually. The developed fuzzy model showed that the water efficiency will be increased at least 30% with a 25% reduction in optimal irrigation..https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_72461_addf3bb077fd3dcd2031e2d1b0b46daf.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X51120200320Using Forecasts of WRF Regional Model to Improve the Accuracy of Reference Evapotranspiration EstimationUsing Forecasts of WRF Regional Model to Improve the Accuracy of Reference Evapotranspiration Estimation1651777264910.22059/ijswr.2019.285920.668274FAMohammad HassanGharahdaghiDepartment of Irrigation and Drainage/Faculty of Agriculture/Tarbiat Modares University/Tehran/IranMehdiHomaeeDepartment of Irrigation and Drainage/Faculty of Agriculture/Tarbiat Modares University/Tehran/Iran0000-0000-0000-0000MajidMirlatifiDepartment of Irrigation and Drainage/Faculty of Agriculture/Tarbiat Modares University/Tehran/Iran0000-0002-3828-5625AliakbarNorooziWatershed Management Research Institute, Tehran, IranJournal Article20190728An accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration is crucial for optimal irrigation scheduling and management. Also, achieving accurate medium range forecasts of effective parameters in estimating reference evapotranspiration is a key component for dynamic irrigation scheduling. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of using Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) regional forecasts to increase the accuracy of reference evapotranspiration estimation. Consequently, the precision and accuracy of the model, and the outcome of forecasts performance at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120-hours were evaluated to estimate the reference evapotranspiration. For this purpose, the output of the model for four stations including Qazvin, Esmaeil-Abad, Karaj and Hashtgerd were extracted for a period of three months (May-July, 2018) with a 10-days average of the base period. The weather data of 2018 at these stations with the corresponding ones were compared afterwards. The results indicated that the 10-days reference evapotranspiration (average of all stations) in the study period, according to the base period were -20.9, -8.12 and 7.83 percent, respectively. These variations reflects the deviation of the reference evapotranspiration value in the study period in comparison with the base period, indicating the need for using medium-range forecasting in order to correct reference evapotranspiration estimates. The range of determination coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) of model output was obtained to be between 0.813 and 0.921. Due to the statistics, the model output for all stations and the lead-time forecasting periods of 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours can be evaluated with high accuracy and its application would enhance the accuracy of reference evapotranspiration estimates. According to the results, not only in terms of time coordination, but also in terms of quantity, there was a high similarity between the estimated values of evapotranspiration derived from its post-statistical output of the (WRF) with calculated values.An accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration is crucial for optimal irrigation scheduling and management. Also, achieving accurate medium range forecasts of effective parameters in estimating reference evapotranspiration is a key component for dynamic irrigation scheduling. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of using Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) regional forecasts to increase the accuracy of reference evapotranspiration estimation. Consequently, the precision and accuracy of the model, and the outcome of forecasts performance at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120-hours were evaluated to estimate the reference evapotranspiration. For this purpose, the output of the model for four stations including Qazvin, Esmaeil-Abad, Karaj and Hashtgerd were extracted for a period of three months (May-July, 2018) with a 10-days average of the base period. The weather data of 2018 at these stations with the corresponding ones were compared afterwards. The results indicated that the 10-days reference evapotranspiration (average of all stations) in the study period, according to the base period were -20.9, -8.12 and 7.83 percent, respectively. These variations reflects the deviation of the reference evapotranspiration value in the study period in comparison with the base period, indicating the need for using medium-range forecasting in order to correct reference evapotranspiration estimates. The range of determination coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) of model output was obtained to be between 0.813 and 0.921. Due to the statistics, the model output for all stations and the lead-time forecasting periods of 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours can be evaluated with high accuracy and its application would enhance the accuracy of reference evapotranspiration estimates. According to the results, not only in terms of time coordination, but also in terms of quantity, there was a high similarity between the estimated values of evapotranspiration derived from its post-statistical output of the (WRF) with calculated values.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_72649_5e0762a086e7e3d70f54c1659df57dad.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X51120200320Evaluation of the Capability of Spectral Water Indices for Assessing Water stress in Olive TreeEvaluation of the Capability of Spectral Water Indices for Assessing Water stress in Olive Tree1791907242410.22059/ijswr.2019.285004.668254FAAzimehAsgariPh. D. student, Irrigation and drainage department, Water science faculty, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, IranAbdolrahimHooshmandAssociate Professor, Irrigation and drainage department, Water science faculty, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran0000-0002-5722-5054SaeedBoroomandNasabFull Professor, irrigation and drainage department, Water science faculty, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran0000-0002-4066-6240ShohreZivdarAssistant professor, Horticulture science department, Agriculture College, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, IranJournal Article20190719Spectrometric measurements have the potential for fast and non-destructive measurements of plant water stress. The aim of this work was to investigate the ability of several spectral water indices, including water index (WI), normalized spectral water indices 1-5 (NWI 1-5), and normalized water index based on wavelengths in 960 and 940 nm (NWI 960-940) for detection of water stress in olive trees. The experimental treatments involved two olive cultivars (Koroneiki and T<sub>2</sub>) and four water regimes (100%, 85%, 70%, and 55% of crop water requirement). Results showed that the olive trees in different water supplies 85%, 70%, and 55% of ETc were subjected to soil moisture deficit equal to 11, 15, and 20%, respectively, as compared to soil moisture of control treatment. Because of the high resistance of olive trees to water stress, water reduction at levels of 15, 30, and 45 percent did not have significant effects on spectral indices. However, spectral indices were closely and significantly linear associated with relative water content of the crop leaf (). Among all tested water spectral indices, NWI-2 showed the least consistent associations with relative water content of the leaf (ranging from 1–23% less than the ones in other tested indices). Based on the average amount of spectral indices and relative water content during the study period, NWI4, NWI5, NWI1, WI, NWI960-940, NWI3, and NWI2 showed a stronger relationship with the relative water content of olive leaves, respectively. In conclusion, spectral reflectance indices, WI, NWI 1-5, and NWI 960-940, could be useful for fast and non-destructive estimating of plant water stress.Spectrometric measurements have the potential for fast and non-destructive measurements of plant water stress. The aim of this work was to investigate the ability of several spectral water indices, including water index (WI), normalized spectral water indices 1-5 (NWI 1-5), and normalized water index based on wavelengths in 960 and 940 nm (NWI 960-940) for detection of water stress in olive trees. The experimental treatments involved two olive cultivars (Koroneiki and T<sub>2</sub>) and four water regimes (100%, 85%, 70%, and 55% of crop water requirement). Results showed that the olive trees in different water supplies 85%, 70%, and 55% of ETc were subjected to soil moisture deficit equal to 11, 15, and 20%, respectively, as compared to soil moisture of control treatment. Because of the high resistance of olive trees to water stress, water reduction at levels of 15, 30, and 45 percent did not have significant effects on spectral indices. However, spectral indices were closely and significantly linear associated with relative water content of the crop leaf (). Among all tested water spectral indices, NWI-2 showed the least consistent associations with relative water content of the leaf (ranging from 1–23% less than the ones in other tested indices). Based on the average amount of spectral indices and relative water content during the study period, NWI4, NWI5, NWI1, WI, NWI960-940, NWI3, and NWI2 showed a stronger relationship with the relative water content of olive leaves, respectively. In conclusion, spectral reflectance indices, WI, NWI 1-5, and NWI 960-940, could be useful for fast and non-destructive estimating of plant water stress.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_72424_eeefeb7c89d31ffa4b7a0ac13070070a.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X51120200320Experimental Study of the Effect of Guide Vanes Angle on Discharge Coefficient in Triangular and Trapezoidal Labyrinth WeirsExperimental Study of the Effect of Guide Vanes Angle on Discharge Coefficient in Triangular and Trapezoidal Labyrinth Weirs1911997234010.22059/ijswr.2019.273671.668093FAGhasemAgha ShirmohammadiDepartment of Water Science Engineering, Khouzestan Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, IranMohammadHeidarnejadDepartment of Water Science Engineering, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran0000-0002-7306-3614Mohammad HosseinPourmohammadiDepartment of Water Science Engineering, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran.AlirezaMasjediDepartment of Water Science Engineering, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, IranAmirabbasKamanbedastDepartment of Water Science Engineering, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.Journal Article20190115The discharge coefficient of labyrinth weirs increases with increasing the crest length within a certain width range. This study compares the discharge coefficient in two types of one-cycle triangular and trapezoidal labyrinth weirs. Experiments were conducted on a laboratory flume with length of 6, width of 0.6 and height of 0.6 m. The hydraulic performance of one-cycle triangular and trapezoidal labyrinth weirs with two, four and 6 guide vanes was compared. According to the results, the vanes with a placement angle of 60∘ in the trapezoidal weirs and a placement angle of 45∘ in the triangular weirs on the crests of weirs caused a further increase in the discharge coefficients of weirs. Consequently, at a constant hydraulic head (Hd/P) of 0.2, the discharge coefficient of a trapezoidal weir with two and six guide vanes increased by 38.8 and 10.3%, respectively, as compared to a trapezoidal weir without a guide vane. Furthermore, at a constant hydraulic head (Hd/P) of 0.2, the discharge coefficient of a triangular weir with two and six guide vanes increased 28.3% and 11.7%, respectively, as compared to a triangular weir without a guide vane.The discharge coefficient of labyrinth weirs increases with increasing the crest length within a certain width range. This study compares the discharge coefficient in two types of one-cycle triangular and trapezoidal labyrinth weirs. Experiments were conducted on a laboratory flume with length of 6, width of 0.6 and height of 0.6 m. The hydraulic performance of one-cycle triangular and trapezoidal labyrinth weirs with two, four and 6 guide vanes was compared. According to the results, the vanes with a placement angle of 60∘ in the trapezoidal weirs and a placement angle of 45∘ in the triangular weirs on the crests of weirs caused a further increase in the discharge coefficients of weirs. Consequently, at a constant hydraulic head (Hd/P) of 0.2, the discharge coefficient of a trapezoidal weir with two and six guide vanes increased by 38.8 and 10.3%, respectively, as compared to a trapezoidal weir without a guide vane. Furthermore, at a constant hydraulic head (Hd/P) of 0.2, the discharge coefficient of a triangular weir with two and six guide vanes increased 28.3% and 11.7%, respectively, as compared to a triangular weir without a guide vane.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_72340_bb02acf9e292d40d7ada8b5b076b672a.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X51120200320Estimation of Quantity and Quality Parameters of Groundwater Using Numerical Models (Case Study: Mighan Desert Basin, Arak)Estimation of Quantity and Quality Parameters of Groundwater Using Numerical Models (Case Study: Mighan Desert Basin, Arak)2012167242910.22059/ijswr.2019.279388.668166FAMojtabaPoursaeidDepartment of Civil, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University0000-0002-6028-2447RezaMastouriDepartment of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University Arak BranchSaeidShabanlouDepartment of Water Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University0000-0001-9107-9233MohsenNajarchiAssistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University of Arak Branch, Arak0000-0001-7128-9970Journal Article20190423In this paper, salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), groundwater level (GWL) and electrical conductivity (EC) of the Arak Plain, located in Markazi Province, Iran, were simulated using four novel artificial intelligence models including extreme learning machine (ELM), wavelet extreme learning machine (WELM), online sequential extreme learning machine (OSELM) and wavelet online sequential extreme learning machine (OSELM) as well as the MODFLOW software (MT3D model). In order to develop the hybrid artificial intelligence models, the wavelet transform was employed. First, the effective lags in estimating the quality and quantity parameters of the groundwater were identified using the autocorrelation function (ACF) and the partial autocorrelation function (PACF) analysis. After that, four different models were developed using the effective lags for each of the artificial intelligence methods. Then, the superior models in simulating the groundwater quality and quantity parameters were detected by conducting a sensitivity analysis. Subsequently, the most effective lags in estimating these parameters were introduced. In addition, the results of The MODFLOW model were compared with the artificial intelligence models, and it was concluded that the latter were more accurate. For instance, the scatter index and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient values for TDS simulation by the superior model were 5.34E-03 and 0.991, respectively. Additionally, RMSE and MAE for estimating groundwater level using the superior model were obtained 0.078 and 0.061, respectively. Finally, uncertainty analysis for the superior models was carried out.In this paper, salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), groundwater level (GWL) and electrical conductivity (EC) of the Arak Plain, located in Markazi Province, Iran, were simulated using four novel artificial intelligence models including extreme learning machine (ELM), wavelet extreme learning machine (WELM), online sequential extreme learning machine (OSELM) and wavelet online sequential extreme learning machine (OSELM) as well as the MODFLOW software (MT3D model). In order to develop the hybrid artificial intelligence models, the wavelet transform was employed. First, the effective lags in estimating the quality and quantity parameters of the groundwater were identified using the autocorrelation function (ACF) and the partial autocorrelation function (PACF) analysis. After that, four different models were developed using the effective lags for each of the artificial intelligence methods. Then, the superior models in simulating the groundwater quality and quantity parameters were detected by conducting a sensitivity analysis. Subsequently, the most effective lags in estimating these parameters were introduced. In addition, the results of The MODFLOW model were compared with the artificial intelligence models, and it was concluded that the latter were more accurate. For instance, the scatter index and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient values for TDS simulation by the superior model were 5.34E-03 and 0.991, respectively. Additionally, RMSE and MAE for estimating groundwater level using the superior model were obtained 0.078 and 0.061, respectively. Finally, uncertainty analysis for the superior models was carried out.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_72429_745c15fba65a2f38dc9b999ecb79ad74.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X51120200320Effect of Cadmium and Lead Contamination on Biological Quality of Soil and Rapeseed (Brassica napus) GrowthEffect of Cadmium and Lead Contamination on Biological Quality of Soil and Rapeseed (Brassica napus) Growth2172307260510.22059/ijswr.2019.272322.668081FAZeinabAzadbakhtPostgraduate of Soil Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Soil Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranAliBeheshti Ale AghaAssistance Professor of Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranDanialKahriziProfessor of Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran0000-0002-1717-6075MahinKaramiAssistance Professor of Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.Journal Article20190219Cadmium and lead are heavy metals and cause toxic effects on plants. Soil, as one of the components of the ecosystem of the plant's growing environment and the habitat of diverse organisms, is encountered with a variety of biological stresses. Cadmium and lead have toxic and potential effects on the activity and composition of living organisms. Microbial parameters can be used to evaluate the quality of contaminated soils. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of cadmium and lead contamination on soil quality and plant parameters in order to evaluate phytoremediation of rapeseed. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replicates to investigate the effect of cadmium levels (0, 3, 5 and 10 mg/kg soil) and lead levels (0, 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg soil) on rapeseed plant (Brassica napus) in greenhouse conditions. Stem and root length, some physiological characteristics, cadmium and lead concentrations in shoot and root and some biological parameters of soil were evaluated. Based on the results of this study, increasing soil contamination of lead and cadmium lead to a significant increase (P <0.05) in the concentration of these elements in the shoot and root and also in the metabolic coefficient (qco2). Cadmium and lead decreased significantly (P <0.05) plant height, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial respiration and substrate-induced respiration (SIR). Therefore, the elements of cadmium and lead cause changes in rapeseed and microorganisms in the soil.Cadmium and lead are heavy metals and cause toxic effects on plants. Soil, as one of the components of the ecosystem of the plant's growing environment and the habitat of diverse organisms, is encountered with a variety of biological stresses. Cadmium and lead have toxic and potential effects on the activity and composition of living organisms. Microbial parameters can be used to evaluate the quality of contaminated soils. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of cadmium and lead contamination on soil quality and plant parameters in order to evaluate phytoremediation of rapeseed. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replicates to investigate the effect of cadmium levels (0, 3, 5 and 10 mg/kg soil) and lead levels (0, 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg soil) on rapeseed plant (Brassica napus) in greenhouse conditions. Stem and root length, some physiological characteristics, cadmium and lead concentrations in shoot and root and some biological parameters of soil were evaluated. Based on the results of this study, increasing soil contamination of lead and cadmium lead to a significant increase (P <0.05) in the concentration of these elements in the shoot and root and also in the metabolic coefficient (qco2). Cadmium and lead decreased significantly (P <0.05) plant height, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial respiration and substrate-induced respiration (SIR). Therefore, the elements of cadmium and lead cause changes in rapeseed and microorganisms in the soil.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_72605_c76efd08c37b3105eb38ed1ff1a13522.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X51120200320Temporal Variability of the USLE Cover Management Factor (C) in Event Scale and Growth Stages of Rainfed WheatTemporal Variability of the USLE Cover Management Factor (C) in Event Scale and Growth Stages of Rainfed Wheat2312437263110.22059/ijswr.2019.256574.667897FAAli RezaVaeziAssociate Professor of Soil Science-
Soil erosion and ConservationMajidBagheriFormer M. Sc. student, Soil science Department, University of ZanjanAlli RezaKhanjaniPhD student, Soil Physics and Conservation, university of ZanjanJournal Article20180509The C-factor of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is used to reflect the effect of management practices on erosion rates. Information on its variations during the plant growth is important for determining the most susceptible stage in soil erosion. In this study, the temporal variability of the C-factor was determined during wheat growth period under two crop managements: row spacing (20 and 25 cm) and seed density (90 and 120 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) in a rainfed land with slope of 10% in a semi-arid region. The C-factor was determined using the ratio of soil loss from plot cultivated with wheat to control plot with clean-tilled and continuous fallow conditions. A total of 18 plots (1.5 m × 5 m) were installed along the slope during 2015-2016. Out of 82 natural rainfall events, nine storms produced runoff and caused soil loss at the plots. Rainfall intensity varied from 2.2 to 4.5 mm h<sup>-1</sup>. The value of C-factor was varied for each storm during the growth period; so that the highest value was observed in the first storm for both row spacing (0.73) and seed density (0.72), while the lowest values for the two management factors were belong to the last storm; 0.140 and 0.145, respectively. The highest C-factors were occurred in October at the same time with the seedbed stage (0.47 and 0.48 for row space and seed density, respectively) and the lowest values found at May (0.14 and 0.14) according to the crop development stage. This study revealed that the seedbed stage is the most susceptible period for the C-factor in the two crop management methods. In conclusion, using 9-row spacing set with 25 cm row spacing along with maintaining crop residues is essential to conserve farm’s soil from water erosion and decline the C-factor in susceptible stages during wheat growth period. The C-factor of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is used to reflect the effect of management practices on erosion rates. Information on its variations during the plant growth is important for determining the most susceptible stage in soil erosion. In this study, the temporal variability of the C-factor was determined during wheat growth period under two crop managements: row spacing (20 and 25 cm) and seed density (90 and 120 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) in a rainfed land with slope of 10% in a semi-arid region. The C-factor was determined using the ratio of soil loss from plot cultivated with wheat to control plot with clean-tilled and continuous fallow conditions. A total of 18 plots (1.5 m × 5 m) were installed along the slope during 2015-2016. Out of 82 natural rainfall events, nine storms produced runoff and caused soil loss at the plots. Rainfall intensity varied from 2.2 to 4.5 mm h<sup>-1</sup>. The value of C-factor was varied for each storm during the growth period; so that the highest value was observed in the first storm for both row spacing (0.73) and seed density (0.72), while the lowest values for the two management factors were belong to the last storm; 0.140 and 0.145, respectively. The highest C-factors were occurred in October at the same time with the seedbed stage (0.47 and 0.48 for row space and seed density, respectively) and the lowest values found at May (0.14 and 0.14) according to the crop development stage. This study revealed that the seedbed stage is the most susceptible period for the C-factor in the two crop management methods. In conclusion, using 9-row spacing set with 25 cm row spacing along with maintaining crop residues is essential to conserve farm’s soil from water erosion and decline the C-factor in susceptible stages during wheat growth period. https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_72631_ad44d96b1b6633d7ca87aaf95a286e84.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X51120200320Study of Vertical and Horizontal Displacements of Eyvashan Earth Dam Using Instrumentation and Numerical AnalysisStudy of Vertical and Horizontal Displacements of Eyvashan Earth Dam Using Instrumentation and Numerical Analysis2452567260610.22059/ijswr.2019.281594.668205FAMehdiKomasiAssistant Professor, Hydraulic Structure, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ayatollah ozma Borujerdi, Borujerd, IranBehrangBeiranvandAssistant Professor, Hydraulic Structure, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ayatollah ozma Borujerdi, Borujerd, Iran0000-0001-8934-2020Journal Article20190525Generally, the safety of a dam is not only related to its design and construction, but also to the complete characterization of its performance during the first dewatering and operation period, as well as regular service during the life of the dam. In this study, the vertical and horizontal displacements of the Eyvashan Dam were analyzed using actual instrument results in an eight-year period in three steps of construction, first dewatering and operation period. The numerical model of the largest section of the dam was prepared by Geostudio and Plaxis software and examined with respect to the behavioral model of Mohr–Coulomb. According to the results of the instrumentation, the settlement of the dam core has increasing trend and sometimes after the construction, it reaches almost constant. The maximum settlement of the dam core at the end of construction phase was 809 mm which is equal to 1.2% of the dam height at the middle level. The horizontal displacements in the longitudinal direction of dam upstream are completely influenced by the reservoir water level and hydrostatic forces. The maximum horizontal displacement in the upper crust of Eyvashan dam is 75.6 mm. After reservoir filling, the amount of settlement from the lower levels to the higher levels (crest of the dam) have had an increasing trend. In order to adapt the observational and predictive data, multivariate regression and determination coefficient were used which showed a consistency result of about 85 percent between observation and prediction data. This indicates that the maximum settlements and their location are agreed well with the technical specifications, revealing the proper operation of the dam in terms of settlement.Generally, the safety of a dam is not only related to its design and construction, but also to the complete characterization of its performance during the first dewatering and operation period, as well as regular service during the life of the dam. In this study, the vertical and horizontal displacements of the Eyvashan Dam were analyzed using actual instrument results in an eight-year period in three steps of construction, first dewatering and operation period. The numerical model of the largest section of the dam was prepared by Geostudio and Plaxis software and examined with respect to the behavioral model of Mohr–Coulomb. According to the results of the instrumentation, the settlement of the dam core has increasing trend and sometimes after the construction, it reaches almost constant. The maximum settlement of the dam core at the end of construction phase was 809 mm which is equal to 1.2% of the dam height at the middle level. The horizontal displacements in the longitudinal direction of dam upstream are completely influenced by the reservoir water level and hydrostatic forces. The maximum horizontal displacement in the upper crust of Eyvashan dam is 75.6 mm. After reservoir filling, the amount of settlement from the lower levels to the higher levels (crest of the dam) have had an increasing trend. In order to adapt the observational and predictive data, multivariate regression and determination coefficient were used which showed a consistency result of about 85 percent between observation and prediction data. This indicates that the maximum settlements and their location are agreed well with the technical specifications, revealing the proper operation of the dam in terms of settlement.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_72606_6ae8e818f06cc7178f6896d56d448e83.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X51120200320Development of a Coupled Hydrologic-Land Surface Model to Improve River Flow Simulation in the Karkheh BasinDevelopment of a Coupled Hydrologic-Land Surface Model to Improve River Flow Simulation in the Karkheh Basin2572707254510.22059/ijswr.2019.278142.668202FAMaryamShafieiPhD, Department of Irrigation and Reclamation, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.JavadBazrafshanAssociate Professor, Department of Irrigation and Reclamation, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.0000-0002-6721-8990ParvizIrannejadAssociate Professor, Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20190522In this study, with the aim of improving river flow simulation, the effect of coupling between Atmosphere-Land Surface Interaction Scheme (ALSIS) and HBV hydrological model in Karkheh Basin and its sub basins without considering South Karkheh basin was investigated. Before coupling, comparison between soil moisture of HBV model and ALSIS scheme was performed and the accuracy of soil moisture results of both models was evaluated with observational data.Some metrics such as NSE, RMSE, BIAS and RSR were used to compare the simulated and observed data. Comparison of simulated soil moisture results by ALSIS and HBV with observational data showed that in all sub-basins there was better agreement between ALSIS soil moisture and observational data (compared to HBV). The ALSIS scheme showed better simulation in wet seasons and high humidity and HBV model in dry seasons and low humidity. The ALSIS-HBV coupled model performed better than HBV in all sub-basins and the entire Karkheh Basin, especially at high flow. The best results were obtained for the Ghare Sou subbasin with NSE=0.76 – 0.88, RMSE=7.7 – 4.5 mm per month, and RSR=0.49 - 0.34. The greatest reduction in BIAS erroroccurred in the Kashkan subbasin, which decreased from 0.24 to 0.03.In this study, with the aim of improving river flow simulation, the effect of coupling between Atmosphere-Land Surface Interaction Scheme (ALSIS) and HBV hydrological model in Karkheh Basin and its sub basins without considering South Karkheh basin was investigated. Before coupling, comparison between soil moisture of HBV model and ALSIS scheme was performed and the accuracy of soil moisture results of both models was evaluated with observational data.Some metrics such as NSE, RMSE, BIAS and RSR were used to compare the simulated and observed data. Comparison of simulated soil moisture results by ALSIS and HBV with observational data showed that in all sub-basins there was better agreement between ALSIS soil moisture and observational data (compared to HBV). The ALSIS scheme showed better simulation in wet seasons and high humidity and HBV model in dry seasons and low humidity. The ALSIS-HBV coupled model performed better than HBV in all sub-basins and the entire Karkheh Basin, especially at high flow. The best results were obtained for the Ghare Sou subbasin with NSE=0.76 – 0.88, RMSE=7.7 – 4.5 mm per month, and RSR=0.49 - 0.34. The greatest reduction in BIAS erroroccurred in the Kashkan subbasin, which decreased from 0.24 to 0.03.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_72545_016b941ab84d75567fa2965ecce11b68.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X51120200320Estimation of Hydraulic Parameters of Confined Aquifers by Artificial Fish Swarm AlgorithmEstimation of Hydraulic Parameters of Confined Aquifers by Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm2712797260410.22059/ijswr.2019.268802.668045FASomayeJanatrostamiAssistant Professor, Department of Water Engineering, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan.0000-0002-7999-0259MinaHabib PanahM.Sc. Student of Water Engineering Department, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.MahsaSheikh KazemiB.S. Graduate of Water Engineering Department, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.Journal Article20181113Groundwater modeling is essential in aquifer management and planning. Determination of hydraulic parameters in aquifer plays a key role in groundwater modeling, therefore choosing a suitable method for determination these parameters is very important. So far, various methods have been developed to estimate hydraulic parameters of aquifers using in situ pump test measurments. In this research, Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm (AFSA) was evaluated for estimation of the hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient parameters in three confined aquifers, using graphic method and Genetic Algorithm (GA). AFSA is one of the algorithms inspired both from the nature and swarm intelligence algorithms. The results obtained by AFSA, graphic method and GA were compared and it was found that the AFSA similar to GA is a proper method for estimation of aquifer hydraulic coefficients and it has a better performace as compared to the graphic method. As, AFSA is not sensitive to initial values of decision variables, it could be useful for estimation parameters of aquifers in which geological characteristics are unknown.Groundwater modeling is essential in aquifer management and planning. Determination of hydraulic parameters in aquifer plays a key role in groundwater modeling, therefore choosing a suitable method for determination these parameters is very important. So far, various methods have been developed to estimate hydraulic parameters of aquifers using in situ pump test measurments. In this research, Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm (AFSA) was evaluated for estimation of the hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient parameters in three confined aquifers, using graphic method and Genetic Algorithm (GA). AFSA is one of the algorithms inspired both from the nature and swarm intelligence algorithms. The results obtained by AFSA, graphic method and GA were compared and it was found that the AFSA similar to GA is a proper method for estimation of aquifer hydraulic coefficients and it has a better performace as compared to the graphic method. As, AFSA is not sensitive to initial values of decision variables, it could be useful for estimation parameters of aquifers in which geological characteristics are unknown.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_72604_0610dc986dd8cd2b34004d0c7294b9ca.pdf