University of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X551220250219The role of vegetation covers in drainage ditch on reduction of nitrogen and phosphorous in drainage effluentThe role of vegetation covers in drainage ditch on reduction of nitrogen and phosphorous in drainage effluent2243226010085510.22059/ijswr.2024.375972.669702FAMoeinMasoomiBalsiDepartment of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.0009-0004-5207-1174SinaKosariDepartment of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran0009-0000-6361-5000MasoudParsinejadDepartment of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.0000-0002-0653-8309MohammadRezaYazdaniSenior Researcher, National Rice Research Institute, Rasht, Guilan, Iran0009-0005-0213-8139MaryamNavabianDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.0000-0001-7254-4312Journal Article20240501Agricultural drainage water, containing inorganic minerals (nitrogen, phosphorus, and metals) and organic pollutants (pesticides and agricultural toxins), is considered a major threat to aquatic ecosystems, leading to eutrophication and damage to downstream water resources. Undredged vegetated ditches can potentially serve as effective beds for removing nutrients and suspended solids from agricultural drainage water. This study investigates the efficiency of non-dredged drainage channels in removing nutrients from drainage water in the paddy fields of Gilan province. For this purpose, two treatments of natural drainage channels, without vegetation (V1) and with vegetation (V2), with lengths of 200 and 105 m respectively, containing specific plant species (Reed, Typha, Sparganium) were examined under high (C1) and low (C2) pollutant concentrations in July and August. The study measured the initial nitrogen and phosphorous content in water, sediment, and plants to compute the mass balance for the V1C1, V1C2, V2C1, and V2C2 treatments. Analysis of variance revealed significant removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, with the highest removal percentages observed in the V2C2 treatment. Phytoextraction was the primary nitrogen and phosphorous removal process in V2C2 at the rate of 37.06% and 61.69%, respectively, while seepage losses dominated in V2C1 treatment at 27.42% and 20.04% per 100 meters, respectively. Sediment absorption was notable, particularly for nitrogen in V2C2 and phosphorus in V1C1 treatments. Thus, our findings suggest that natural un-dredged drainage ditches possess promising capabilities in eliminating typical pollutants discharged from agricultural areas, thereby substantially improving the quality of drainage water that flows into downstream water sources.Agricultural drainage water, containing inorganic minerals (nitrogen, phosphorus, and metals) and organic pollutants (pesticides and agricultural toxins), is considered a major threat to aquatic ecosystems, leading to eutrophication and damage to downstream water resources. Undredged vegetated ditches can potentially serve as effective beds for removing nutrients and suspended solids from agricultural drainage water. This study investigates the efficiency of non-dredged drainage channels in removing nutrients from drainage water in the paddy fields of Gilan province. For this purpose, two treatments of natural drainage channels, without vegetation (V1) and with vegetation (V2), with lengths of 200 and 105 m respectively, containing specific plant species (Reed, Typha, Sparganium) were examined under high (C1) and low (C2) pollutant concentrations in July and August. The study measured the initial nitrogen and phosphorous content in water, sediment, and plants to compute the mass balance for the V1C1, V1C2, V2C1, and V2C2 treatments. Analysis of variance revealed significant removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, with the highest removal percentages observed in the V2C2 treatment. Phytoextraction was the primary nitrogen and phosphorous removal process in V2C2 at the rate of 37.06% and 61.69%, respectively, while seepage losses dominated in V2C1 treatment at 27.42% and 20.04% per 100 meters, respectively. Sediment absorption was notable, particularly for nitrogen in V2C2 and phosphorus in V1C1 treatments. Thus, our findings suggest that natural un-dredged drainage ditches possess promising capabilities in eliminating typical pollutants discharged from agricultural areas, thereby substantially improving the quality of drainage water that flows into downstream water sources.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100855_62820cbab01814a66bddb7a60f15e180.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X551220250219The effect of foliar application of fish and dairy waste extract on nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium concentration and dryland wheat yieldThe effect of foliar application of fish and dairy waste extract on nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium concentration and dryland wheat yield2261227310085610.22059/ijswr.2024.375936.669703FASimaBigdeliDepartment of soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran0009-0003-6851-194XMohammadBabaakbariDepartment of soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran0009-0005-3255-378XAkbarHassaniDepartment of soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran0000-0003-4868-1629MehdiTafviziDepartment of soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran0000-0003-2959-452XJournal Article20240502
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of fish waste extract and yogurt juice obtained from the dairy industry on the growth of Baran wheat cultivar. The experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications under field conditions. Three methods of fish waste extract (including method 1: potassium hydroxide, method 2: nitric acid + sulfuric acid, and method 3: potassium sulfate + sodium bicarbonate) and also 3 types of zinc, manganese, and iron lactate (prepared from yogurt water) were used in the form of foliar application. The results showed that grain yield and dry weight of wheat straw increased by foliar application of fish extracts and lactates. The grain yield of extraction method 1, method 2 and method 3 was 1.3, 7.2 and 13.9%, respectively. Briefly, it was for method 1 > 3 > 2. Also, the results demonstrated that grain yield and dry weight of straw were in the order of manganese lactate > iron lactate > zinc lactate. The experimental treatments also increased the 1000 grain weight, but this difference was not statistically significant. Foliar spray of lactates and fish extract increased N and K concentrations of grain and straw but had no effect on P concentration. In general, spraying of fish extract and lactates has a positive effect on the growth and yield of Baran wheat cultivar.
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of fish waste extract and yogurt juice obtained from the dairy industry on the growth of Baran wheat cultivar. The experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications under field conditions. Three methods of fish waste extract (including method 1: potassium hydroxide, method 2: nitric acid + sulfuric acid, and method 3: potassium sulfate + sodium bicarbonate) and also 3 types of zinc, manganese, and iron lactate (prepared from yogurt water) were used in the form of foliar application. The results showed that grain yield and dry weight of wheat straw increased by foliar application of fish extracts and lactates. The grain yield of extraction method 1, method 2 and method 3 was 1.3, 7.2 and 13.9%, respectively. Briefly, it was for method 1 > 3 > 2. Also, the results demonstrated that grain yield and dry weight of straw were in the order of manganese lactate > iron lactate > zinc lactate. The experimental treatments also increased the 1000 grain weight, but this difference was not statistically significant. Foliar spray of lactates and fish extract increased N and K concentrations of grain and straw but had no effect on P concentration. In general, spraying of fish extract and lactates has a positive effect on the growth and yield of Baran wheat cultivar.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100856_599ba2b28090223dd48e900ba9d0d858.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X551220250219Genesis and Evolution of Soils along Different Geomorphic Surfaces in Zahmatkeshan area of KermanGenesis and Evolution of Soils along Different Geomorphic Surfaces in Zahmatkeshan area of Kerman2275228810085710.22059/ijswr.2024.379053.669750FAMohammadRezaei HosseinabadDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar Univ. of Kerman, Kerman, Iran0009-0008-8316-6079Mohammad HadyFarpoorDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran0000-0003-3720-5803SaharTaghdisDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman.0000-0003-2962-0345Journal Article20240708Considering the importance of soils related to feeding the growing population of the world, it is necessary to know as much properties of soils as possible. The main objective of this study was to know how the soils formed and evolved in the Zahmatkeshan area of Kerman Province by examining the physical and chemical characteristics, clay mineralogy, and micromorphological properties of soils. Seven representative pedons (out of 16 described profiles) on different geomorphic positions, including rock pediment (one pedon), alluvial fan (three pedons), piedmont plain (one pedon), and playa (two pedons), were selected. Routine physicochemical analyses, clay mineralogy and micromorphology investigations performed on 37 soil samples. The results showed that soil salinity (0.9- 333 dS m<sup>-1</sup>) and clay percentage (3-46%) increased from rock pediment and alluvial fan toward the center of playa. Soils of the area were classified as Aridisols and Entisols according to Soil Taxonomy and Gypsisols, Cambisols, Solonchacks, Calcisols, and Regosols using WRB classification system. Smectite, illite, chlorite, palygorskite, and kaolinite clay minerals were investigated. Illite and chlorite were dominant in upper geomorphic surfaces, but smectite was dominant in playa, probably due to the transformation of palygorskite to smectite induced by high humidity of this geomorphic position. Micromorphological observations indicated the presence of gypsum and salt pedofeatures in the forms of coatings, infillings, lenticular crystals, interlocked plates of gypsum, and salt coatings. Results of the study showed that relief was the most important factor affecting soil genesis and evolution in Zahmatkeshan area.Considering the importance of soils related to feeding the growing population of the world, it is necessary to know as much properties of soils as possible. The main objective of this study was to know how the soils formed and evolved in the Zahmatkeshan area of Kerman Province by examining the physical and chemical characteristics, clay mineralogy, and micromorphological properties of soils. Seven representative pedons (out of 16 described profiles) on different geomorphic positions, including rock pediment (one pedon), alluvial fan (three pedons), piedmont plain (one pedon), and playa (two pedons), were selected. Routine physicochemical analyses, clay mineralogy and micromorphology investigations performed on 37 soil samples. The results showed that soil salinity (0.9- 333 dS m<sup>-1</sup>) and clay percentage (3-46%) increased from rock pediment and alluvial fan toward the center of playa. Soils of the area were classified as Aridisols and Entisols according to Soil Taxonomy and Gypsisols, Cambisols, Solonchacks, Calcisols, and Regosols using WRB classification system. Smectite, illite, chlorite, palygorskite, and kaolinite clay minerals were investigated. Illite and chlorite were dominant in upper geomorphic surfaces, but smectite was dominant in playa, probably due to the transformation of palygorskite to smectite induced by high humidity of this geomorphic position. Micromorphological observations indicated the presence of gypsum and salt pedofeatures in the forms of coatings, infillings, lenticular crystals, interlocked plates of gypsum, and salt coatings. Results of the study showed that relief was the most important factor affecting soil genesis and evolution in Zahmatkeshan area.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100857_c25c319172998c7de5716c3a94a96ddc.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X551220250219Development of a Multi-objective Optimization Model under Uncertainty for Water and Energy nexus Management in the Sefidroud Irrigation and Drainage NetworkDevelopment of a Multi-objective Optimization Model under Uncertainty for Water and Energy nexus Management in the Sefidroud Irrigation and Drainage Network2289231110085810.22059/ijswr.2024.378531.669747FAMahshidAhmadipour DogouriDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran0009-0008-4688-4960SomayeJanatrostamiDepartment of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan.0000-0002-7999-0259AfshinAshrafzadehDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran0000-0002-9417-6431NaderPirmoradianDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran0000-0002-2311-5703Journal Article20240701 <br />This study investigates the optimal management of water and energy resources in the Sefidroud irrigation and drainage network of Guilan province. Given the critical role of these resources in agriculture, along with water scarcity and increasing food demands, the need for an integrated approach is becoming more evident. A multi-objective optimization model under uncertainty was developed for this study, aiming to minimize agricultural water shortages and maximize hydropower generation from the Sefidroud reservoir dam. The developed model was solved using the NSGA-II algorithm, and the irrigation requirements for rice and tea were calculated based on the soil-water balance method. The results indicate that water shortages vary across different confidence levels, with the central irrigation zone experiencing the highest deficit. Additionally, rice cultivation, especially in June and July, faces more significant water shortages, whereas tea cultivation does not encounter major water scarcity issues. This research highlights the necessity of optimal resource management and precise planning to prevent water shortages during critical months. The findings have the potential to inform effective decision-making aimed at sustainable agricultural development. <br />This study investigates the optimal management of water and energy resources in the Sefidroud irrigation and drainage network of Guilan province. Given the critical role of these resources in agriculture, along with water scarcity and increasing food demands, the need for an integrated approach is becoming more evident. A multi-objective optimization model under uncertainty was developed for this study, aiming to minimize agricultural water shortages and maximize hydropower generation from the Sefidroud reservoir dam. The developed model was solved using the NSGA-II algorithm, and the irrigation requirements for rice and tea were calculated based on the soil-water balance method. The results indicate that water shortages vary across different confidence levels, with the central irrigation zone experiencing the highest deficit. Additionally, rice cultivation, especially in June and July, faces more significant water shortages, whereas tea cultivation does not encounter major water scarcity issues. This research highlights the necessity of optimal resource management and precise planning to prevent water shortages during critical months. The findings have the potential to inform effective decision-making aimed at sustainable agricultural development.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100858_3179288820164e1ba15cf5b42a7fab62.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X551220250219Investigation of the Effect of Different Silicon Levels on Growth and Yield Characteristics of Quinoa Under Various Irrigation RegimesInvestigation of the Effect of Different Silicon Levels on Growth and Yield Characteristics of Quinoa Under Various Irrigation Regimes2313233110085910.22059/ijswr.2024.378475.669740FAMohammadAzimi GandomaniDepartment of Agriculture, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: Mohammad.Azimi@pnu.ac.ir0000-0001-9296-3805MostafaAlinaghizadehDepartment of Agriculture, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: Alinaghizadeh62@pnu.ac.ir0000-0002-2350-2316Journal Article20240623To study the morpho-physiological and yield responses of quinoa to silicon fertilization under drought stress conditions, a field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Payame Noor University, Gandoman, located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province during the 2023-2024 cropping season. The experiment was arranged as split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included irrigation at four levels in the main plots (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of field capacity), and silicon fertilization (containing 750 grams of SiO2 and 45 grams of K2O per liter) at four levels (0, 1, 2, and 3 liters per hectare) in the subplots. The results showed that the highest plant height (105.5 cm), 1000-seed weight (3.28 g), grain yield (1868 kg. ha-1), and biological yield (4690 kg. ha-1) were obtained in the treatment with 100% field capacity and 3 liters per hectare of silicon. Moreover, the highest harvest index (52.1%) was observed in the treatment with 60% field capacity and 1 liter of silicon, while the highest water use efficiency (1.14 kg.m³) was recorded in the treatment with 40% field capacity and 3 liters per hectare of silicon. Ultimately, although quinoa demonstrates a relatively good tolerance to drought, the optimal treatment for maximum quinoa yield was 100% field capacity irrigation and 3 liters per hectare of silicon. With the application of 3 liters of silicon per hectare, quinoa production has significantly increased, resulting in a net profit of 267,600,000 IRR higher compared to when silicon is not applied. To study the morpho-physiological and yield responses of quinoa to silicon fertilization under drought stress conditions, a field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Payame Noor University, Gandoman, located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province during the 2023-2024 cropping season. The experiment was arranged as split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included irrigation at four levels in the main plots (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of field capacity), and silicon fertilization (containing 750 grams of SiO2 and 45 grams of K2O per liter) at four levels (0, 1, 2, and 3 liters per hectare) in the subplots. The results showed that the highest plant height (105.5 cm), 1000-seed weight (3.28 g), grain yield (1868 kg. ha-1), and biological yield (4690 kg. ha-1) were obtained in the treatment with 100% field capacity and 3 liters per hectare of silicon. Moreover, the highest harvest index (52.1%) was observed in the treatment with 60% field capacity and 1 liter of silicon, while the highest water use efficiency (1.14 kg.m³) was recorded in the treatment with 40% field capacity and 3 liters per hectare of silicon. Ultimately, although quinoa demonstrates a relatively good tolerance to drought, the optimal treatment for maximum quinoa yield was 100% field capacity irrigation and 3 liters per hectare of silicon. With the application of 3 liters of silicon per hectare, quinoa production has significantly increased, resulting in a net profit of 267,600,000 IRR higher compared to when silicon is not applied. https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100859_054b336d03371662b678f67d7359d71c.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X551220250219Evaluation of wheat water irrigation management in Iran with the approach of reducing the area under cultivation and improving water productivityEvaluation of wheat water irrigation management in Iran with the approach of reducing the area under cultivation and improving water productivity2333234910086010.22059/ijswr.2024.380800.669778FAHosseinJafariDepartment of Irrigation and Soil Physics, Soil and Water Research Institute (SWRI), Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.0000-0002-7656-2136FariborzAbbasiDepartment of Irrigation and Drainage, Agriculture Engineering Research Institute (AERI), Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.0000-0002-0662-7723Journal Article20240813Water consumption and disproportion of the cultivated area and the amount of available water in the agricultural sector, or the disproportion of water supply and demand, have always been the concern of farmers and agricultural managers. Sustainable food security due to the growth and change of people's taste is an additional concern. Therefore, according to the determination of land suitability class and the percentage of the area of each of the S1, S2, S3 and N classes in Iran, was determined and Based on that, the physical (WPPa), economic (WPEa), relative physical (KWPp) and relative economic (KWPe) indicators of water were calculated. Based on the results of evaluating the economic suitability, wheat fields were removed from the lands with S3 and N suitability. Then, using water productivity indicators, the ways to compensate for the decrease in wheat production in lands with S1 and S2 suitability classes were investigated. The results showed that the area under wheat cultivation was 989 thousand hectares, wheat production was 1184 thousand tons, applied irrigation water was 5.138 billion cubic meters, and the indices of WPPa, WPEa, KWPp and KWPe are increased by 41, 47, 12 and 39% respectively. Also, if the irrigation water use efficiency is increased 16% or the amount of irrigation water is decreased between 73 and 80mm in the lands with S1 and S2 suitability classes, or agricultural management, increase the yield by 9 to 14%, the decrease in yield caused by the decrease in the area under wheat cultivation is compensated.Water consumption and disproportion of the cultivated area and the amount of available water in the agricultural sector, or the disproportion of water supply and demand, have always been the concern of farmers and agricultural managers. Sustainable food security due to the growth and change of people's taste is an additional concern. Therefore, according to the determination of land suitability class and the percentage of the area of each of the S1, S2, S3 and N classes in Iran, was determined and Based on that, the physical (WPPa), economic (WPEa), relative physical (KWPp) and relative economic (KWPe) indicators of water were calculated. Based on the results of evaluating the economic suitability, wheat fields were removed from the lands with S3 and N suitability. Then, using water productivity indicators, the ways to compensate for the decrease in wheat production in lands with S1 and S2 suitability classes were investigated. The results showed that the area under wheat cultivation was 989 thousand hectares, wheat production was 1184 thousand tons, applied irrigation water was 5.138 billion cubic meters, and the indices of WPPa, WPEa, KWPp and KWPe are increased by 41, 47, 12 and 39% respectively. Also, if the irrigation water use efficiency is increased 16% or the amount of irrigation water is decreased between 73 and 80mm in the lands with S1 and S2 suitability classes, or agricultural management, increase the yield by 9 to 14%, the decrease in yield caused by the decrease in the area under wheat cultivation is compensated.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100860_00f3c7bd6590d35b00064afb7e7fd456.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X551220250219Evaluating the consequences of climate change on the trend of extreme events and its impact on the phenology of almond trees, a case study: East Azarbaijan provinceEvaluating the consequences of climate change on the trend of extreme events and its impact on the phenology of almond trees, a case study: East Azarbaijan province2351237110086110.22059/ijswr.2024.375011.669697FANazliZenozi AlamdariDepartment of Physical Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.0009-0000-5662-9105BehrouzSobhaniDepartment of Physical Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.0000-0002-8037-893XMehdiIslahiDepartment of Physical Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.0009-0002-7490-9228MasiholahMohammadiDepartment of Physical Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.0009-0002-9815-4085Journal Article20240423Extreme weather events are one of the most important challenges for agricultural producers, and these events are currently increasing. Projection the effects of extreme events on garden crops is one of the most important discussions in food security and agricultural economics. The purpose of this research is to investigate the consequences of climate change on the trend of extreme events and its effect on the phenology of almond trees in East Azerbaijan province. In order to investigate and project Precipitation and minimum and maximum temperature and determine the climate change extreme index that had the greatest impact on almond tree phenology from the Cimate Model Intercomparion Project – Phase 6 (CMIP 6) in the upcoming period (2021 to 2100) was used in Tabriz, Ahar, Jolfa, Maragheh and Midane stations. The results of the investigation of temperature and precipitation indicators for the future periods indicated that the average annual temperature will increase from 0.9 to 4.5 degrees Celsius until the year 2100 and the Precipitation output until the year 2100 indicates that the Precipitation in SSP5-8.5 scenario will decrease and in two scenarios SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5 will increase a bit. These results showed that the length of the almond tree growth season increased from 176 days in the base observed period to 156 days in the SSP1-2.6 scenario, 150 days in the SSP2-4.5 scenario, and 146 days in the SSP5-8.5 scenario.Extreme weather events are one of the most important challenges for agricultural producers, and these events are currently increasing. Projection the effects of extreme events on garden crops is one of the most important discussions in food security and agricultural economics. The purpose of this research is to investigate the consequences of climate change on the trend of extreme events and its effect on the phenology of almond trees in East Azerbaijan province. In order to investigate and project Precipitation and minimum and maximum temperature and determine the climate change extreme index that had the greatest impact on almond tree phenology from the Cimate Model Intercomparion Project – Phase 6 (CMIP 6) in the upcoming period (2021 to 2100) was used in Tabriz, Ahar, Jolfa, Maragheh and Midane stations. The results of the investigation of temperature and precipitation indicators for the future periods indicated that the average annual temperature will increase from 0.9 to 4.5 degrees Celsius until the year 2100 and the Precipitation output until the year 2100 indicates that the Precipitation in SSP5-8.5 scenario will decrease and in two scenarios SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5 will increase a bit. These results showed that the length of the almond tree growth season increased from 176 days in the base observed period to 156 days in the SSP1-2.6 scenario, 150 days in the SSP2-4.5 scenario, and 146 days in the SSP5-8.5 scenario.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100861_9c54853a2b39e4361d8694901ea89708.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X551220250219Numerical Modelling of Automatic Discharge Control Valve Performance for Open Channel and Low-head NetworksNumerical Modelling of Automatic Discharge Control Valve Performance for Open Channel and Low-head Networks2373239010086510.22059/ijswr.2024.375222.669694FAMahyaChavoshiPhD candidate, Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering Dept. Faculty of Agriculture, University college of Agriculture and natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.0009-0001-6572-1998SalahKouchakzadehProf. Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, University college of Agriculture and Natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.0000-0002-3752-943XMohammadBijankhanDepartment of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran0000-0002-8587-6882Journal Article20240418Automatic flow control valves are one of the most important parts of the conveyance, distribution, and volumetric water delivery. Automatic flow control valves are usually designed for common heads in pressurized distribution networks. In this study, a new structure has been designed for farm use to control the flow which is applied in low operation heads. A numerical simulation by Ansys Fluent was carried out after a performance examination in the laboratory. This numerical modeling will lay the groundwork for the low-cost development of the automatic flow control valve for operating in a wide range of heads and flow rates. Due to the mobility of the internal components of this control valve, its dynamic simulations are complex and require the use of a dynamic mesh, which is very time-consuming to implement. In this research, to reduce the time of dynamic simulation, conventional assumption is considered to simplify the flow field geometry and its results are reported based on the results. The results show that excluding a guide rod from geometry, whilst facilitate dynamic simulation and decrease simulation time, also leads to a one-sided systematic error ranging from 2.7 to 4.9 percent. Since the direction of the discharge estimation error is one-sided, the correlation relationship of the results was presented and reported in this study.Automatic flow control valves are one of the most important parts of the conveyance, distribution, and volumetric water delivery. Automatic flow control valves are usually designed for common heads in pressurized distribution networks. In this study, a new structure has been designed for farm use to control the flow which is applied in low operation heads. A numerical simulation by Ansys Fluent was carried out after a performance examination in the laboratory. This numerical modeling will lay the groundwork for the low-cost development of the automatic flow control valve for operating in a wide range of heads and flow rates. Due to the mobility of the internal components of this control valve, its dynamic simulations are complex and require the use of a dynamic mesh, which is very time-consuming to implement. In this research, to reduce the time of dynamic simulation, conventional assumption is considered to simplify the flow field geometry and its results are reported based on the results. The results show that excluding a guide rod from geometry, whilst facilitate dynamic simulation and decrease simulation time, also leads to a one-sided systematic error ranging from 2.7 to 4.9 percent. Since the direction of the discharge estimation error is one-sided, the correlation relationship of the results was presented and reported in this study.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100865_5e8f1873222efaeb9bec760ea4cd07d0.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X551220250219Development of the framework of an irrigation management optimization model considering crop rotationDevelopment of the framework of an irrigation management optimization model considering crop rotation2391240810105510.22059/ijswr.2024.380435.669774FAMohammad AliBoushdepartment of science and Water engineering , Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran0009-0001-2668-0564, KamranDavarydepartment of science and Water engineering , Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran0000-0001-9742-4712Seyed MohammadrezaNaghedifardepartment of science and Water engineering , Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran0000-0003-4903-9507HussinBanjaddepartment of science and Water engineering , Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran0000-0002-6883-164XSedighehSadeghiDepartment of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran0000-0002-6179-4372Journal Article20240806In arid and semi-arid countries such as Iran, the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall necessitates a reliance on irrigated agriculture for food production. Consequently, a substantial portion of water resources is allocated to agriculture. Identifying strategies reducing water consumption and improving its efficiency in agriculture are critical priorities. This study employs crop rotation as a key variable in an optimization framework to calculate a matrix of impact coefficients based on insights from expert farmers. The matrix quantifies the effects of sequential crop planting. These coefficients are incorporated into a water allocation optimization model aimed at maximizing economic profitability, utilizing a genetic algorithm and the AquaCrop plug-in program. For this purpose, C# coding within Visual Studio was used to optimize three-, four-, five-, six-, and seven-year rotations involving wheat, soybean, tomato, potato, corn, alfalfa, barley, and sugar beet. Moreover, the impact of crop rotation on crop yield, water allocation, and expected profitability per unit area was evaluated using a valuation formula. Rotation Optimization results indicated that the four-year rotation (sugar beet, corn, potato, tomato) achieved the highest economic profit, while the seven-year rotation was most effective in reducing water allocation (by 9.45%). Therefore, crop rotation optimization is a significant parameter for enhancing crop yield, boosting profitability, and achieving long-term water savings.In arid and semi-arid countries such as Iran, the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall necessitates a reliance on irrigated agriculture for food production. Consequently, a substantial portion of water resources is allocated to agriculture. Identifying strategies reducing water consumption and improving its efficiency in agriculture are critical priorities. This study employs crop rotation as a key variable in an optimization framework to calculate a matrix of impact coefficients based on insights from expert farmers. The matrix quantifies the effects of sequential crop planting. These coefficients are incorporated into a water allocation optimization model aimed at maximizing economic profitability, utilizing a genetic algorithm and the AquaCrop plug-in program. For this purpose, C# coding within Visual Studio was used to optimize three-, four-, five-, six-, and seven-year rotations involving wheat, soybean, tomato, potato, corn, alfalfa, barley, and sugar beet. Moreover, the impact of crop rotation on crop yield, water allocation, and expected profitability per unit area was evaluated using a valuation formula. Rotation Optimization results indicated that the four-year rotation (sugar beet, corn, potato, tomato) achieved the highest economic profit, while the seven-year rotation was most effective in reducing water allocation (by 9.45%). Therefore, crop rotation optimization is a significant parameter for enhancing crop yield, boosting profitability, and achieving long-term water savings.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_101055_83d9ed5a0710edd96cb66d91fb7c4392.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X551220250219Investigating Spatial Variability of the hydraulic characteristics of Sistan plain soilsInvestigating Spatial Variability of the hydraulic characteristics of Sistan plain soils2409242010105610.22059/ijswr.2024.379744.669772FARasoulMirkhaniMembers of Scientific Board, Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.0000-0003-0119-9771LeilaEsmaeelnejadMembers of Scientific Board, Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.0000-0001-8133-7833SaeedSaadatMembers of Scientific Board, Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)Karaj, Iran.0000-0002-0398-619xHamedRezaeiMembers of Scientific Board, Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.0000-0002-1323-1524NaserDavatgarMembers of Scientific Board, Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.0000-0002-1872-9815MojtabaHadizadehResearcher, Zabol Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Zabol, Iran.0009-0003-1415-4318Journal Article20240731 <br />Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) is one of the most important soil physical properties that plays a major role in its hydrological behaviour. In this study, the hydraulic characteristics of 312 soil samples, taken from the top layer (0-30 cm), were measured. Additionally, soil texture and bulk density were analyzed in 2080 top-soil (0-30 cm) samples. The results showed that the soil texture in the region varied from sandy to clayey, with most soils classified as medium-textured. The average bulk density in the region was found to be 1.43 g.cm-3. The mean field capacity moisture content across the counties of Sistan Plain was less than 35%, placing them in the low field capacity class. The highest and lowest plant-available moisture content was observed in Hirmand and Zabul, respectively. The coefficient of variation for plant-available moisture in all surface agricultural soils of Sistan Plain was 33.83%, indicating a very high variability. Regarding the mean values of saturated hydraulic conductivity, the lowest and highest values of surface soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were observed in Zabul (0.15 m per day) and Hirmand (0.42 m per day), respectively. <br />Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) is one of the most important soil physical properties that plays a major role in its hydrological behaviour. In this study, the hydraulic characteristics of 312 soil samples, taken from the top layer (0-30 cm), were measured. Additionally, soil texture and bulk density were analyzed in 2080 top-soil (0-30 cm) samples. The results showed that the soil texture in the region varied from sandy to clayey, with most soils classified as medium-textured. The average bulk density in the region was found to be 1.43 g.cm-3. The mean field capacity moisture content across the counties of Sistan Plain was less than 35%, placing them in the low field capacity class. The highest and lowest plant-available moisture content was observed in Hirmand and Zabul, respectively. The coefficient of variation for plant-available moisture in all surface agricultural soils of Sistan Plain was 33.83%, indicating a very high variability. Regarding the mean values of saturated hydraulic conductivity, the lowest and highest values of surface soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were observed in Zabul (0.15 m per day) and Hirmand (0.42 m per day), respectively.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_101056_4dde0a3cc56d30dfaee04b74c9307860.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X551220250219Impact of Climate Change on Rainfall Pattern Variability in Ilam Province Using CMIP6 Models and Rainfall Frequency AnalysisImpact of Climate Change on Rainfall Pattern Variability in Ilam Province Using CMIP6 Models and Rainfall Frequency Analysis2421244110105710.22059/ijswr.2024.378779.669746FAFarhadBehzadiWater Engineering Department, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University College of Agriculture &amp;amp; Natural Resources, University of Tehran0000-0002-1240-3830SamanJavadiDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1008-0254AliMohammadiDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran0000-0002-3467-261XJournal Article20240701The global warming trend has raised concerns about the state of water resources. In this study, to examine the impact of climate change on the precipitation pattern of Ilam Province, the outputs of 12 CMIP6 models were utilized. Considering the SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 climate change scenarios, precipitation variations in Ilam Province were analyzed up to the year 2050. After clustering the rain gauge stations (Cluster 1: South and East of the province, Cluster 2: North and West of the province) and evaluating the performance of CMIP6 models, the IPSL-CM6A-LR and ACCESS-CM2 models were selected as the best models for Cluster 1, while the IITM-ESM and BCC-CSM2-MR models were chosen for Cluster 2. The model outputs indicate that in the future period (2018-2027), for Cluster 1, under the SSP1-2.6 scenario, the average annual precipitation will decrease by 4.1% to 303.52 mm per year. Under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, this reduction will be 4.7%, bringing annual precipitation to 301.56 mm per year. For Cluster 2, under the SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, the average annual precipitation will increase by 3% and 2.8%, respectively, rising from 431.10 mm per year to 444.04 mm per year (SSP1-2.6) and 443.31 mm per year (SSP5-8.5). By selecting the best probabilistic distribution for each rain gauge station, it was found that under both climate change scenarios and different return periods, the maximum 24-hour precipitation in most cases will decrease in the future period. Therefore, this highlights the importance of developing sustainable water supply strategies for the province.The global warming trend has raised concerns about the state of water resources. In this study, to examine the impact of climate change on the precipitation pattern of Ilam Province, the outputs of 12 CMIP6 models were utilized. Considering the SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 climate change scenarios, precipitation variations in Ilam Province were analyzed up to the year 2050. After clustering the rain gauge stations (Cluster 1: South and East of the province, Cluster 2: North and West of the province) and evaluating the performance of CMIP6 models, the IPSL-CM6A-LR and ACCESS-CM2 models were selected as the best models for Cluster 1, while the IITM-ESM and BCC-CSM2-MR models were chosen for Cluster 2. The model outputs indicate that in the future period (2018-2027), for Cluster 1, under the SSP1-2.6 scenario, the average annual precipitation will decrease by 4.1% to 303.52 mm per year. Under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, this reduction will be 4.7%, bringing annual precipitation to 301.56 mm per year. For Cluster 2, under the SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, the average annual precipitation will increase by 3% and 2.8%, respectively, rising from 431.10 mm per year to 444.04 mm per year (SSP1-2.6) and 443.31 mm per year (SSP5-8.5). By selecting the best probabilistic distribution for each rain gauge station, it was found that under both climate change scenarios and different return periods, the maximum 24-hour precipitation in most cases will decrease in the future period. Therefore, this highlights the importance of developing sustainable water supply strategies for the province.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_101057_d8edca7631bdc1ba7c2e3535c2f64b7f.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X551220250219Assessing the Influence of Land Use/Land Cover Changes on Land Surface Temperature by Satellite Data Imagery and Supervised Classification AlgorithmAssessing the Influence of Land Use/Land Cover Changes on Land Surface Temperature by Satellite Data Imagery and Supervised Classification Algorithm2443246610105810.22059/ijswr.2024.378766.669744FASamiraHemmatiDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran0009-0000-5452-0907KamranMoravejDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran0000-0002-7929-742XAhmadGolchinDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran0000-0002-7193-6821Mohammad SadeghAskariDepartment of Soil Science, University of Zanjan0000-0002-2110-0217Journal Article20240630This research aims to evaluate the abilities of four non-parametric machine learning algorithms, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Classification and Regression Tree (CART), and Minimum Distance (MD), to produce LULC maps. Utilizing multi-temporal data from Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 sensors, the investigation was conducted within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) framework. The outcomes underscore the superior reliability of Sentinel-2 data compared to Landsat-8 data across all classifiers. The SVM classifier, with an overall accuracy of 92.9% and 92.2% for Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 images, respectively, provided the best performance compared to other classifiers. The results pertaining to the identification of LULC alterations during the study duration, employing the optimal classifier (SVM), revealed an expansion in the expanse of olive groves, rice paddies, and built-up areas, alongside a contraction in water bodies and barren lands. The evaluation of the implications of LULC variations on Land Surface Temperature (LST) manifested that augmenting vegetation cover corresponded with diminished LST values within the study area. This shift led to LST values ranging from 36.48 to 21.8 Celsius in 2019, which evolved to 33.84 and 19.67 Celsius in 2023. The research concludes that the combination of high-spatial-resolution satellite data and the SVM algorithm presents an accurate and efficient approach for generating LULC maps and assessing environmental transformations.This research aims to evaluate the abilities of four non-parametric machine learning algorithms, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Classification and Regression Tree (CART), and Minimum Distance (MD), to produce LULC maps. Utilizing multi-temporal data from Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 sensors, the investigation was conducted within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) framework. The outcomes underscore the superior reliability of Sentinel-2 data compared to Landsat-8 data across all classifiers. The SVM classifier, with an overall accuracy of 92.9% and 92.2% for Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 images, respectively, provided the best performance compared to other classifiers. The results pertaining to the identification of LULC alterations during the study duration, employing the optimal classifier (SVM), revealed an expansion in the expanse of olive groves, rice paddies, and built-up areas, alongside a contraction in water bodies and barren lands. The evaluation of the implications of LULC variations on Land Surface Temperature (LST) manifested that augmenting vegetation cover corresponded with diminished LST values within the study area. This shift led to LST values ranging from 36.48 to 21.8 Celsius in 2019, which evolved to 33.84 and 19.67 Celsius in 2023. The research concludes that the combination of high-spatial-resolution satellite data and the SVM algorithm presents an accurate and efficient approach for generating LULC maps and assessing environmental transformations.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_101058_7876446b261feb3a15162d7d55b03329.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X551220250219Evaluation of different methods of determining the Canopy Cover of Silage MaizeEvaluation of different methods of determining the Canopy Cover of Silage Maize2467248210105910.22059/ijswr.2024.378106.669737FAZahraPartoviWater Sci. & Eng. Dept., Faculty of agriculture and natural Res., Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.0000-0002-9052-6203AbbasKavianiWater Sci. & Eng. Dept., Faculty of agriculture and natural Res., Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.0000-0002-6286-0618HadiRamezani EtedaliWater Sci. & Eng. Dept., Faculty of agriculture and natural Res., Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.0000-0002-4840-0201MasoudSoltaniWater Sci. & Eng. Dept., Faculty of agriculture and natural Res., Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.0000-0001-6762-457XLeilaKhosraviStaff of Irrigation and reclamation Dept., Faculty of agriculture and natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran0009-0002-5131-4838Journal Article20240619Vegetation indices effectively represent plant conditions in the field. Since Canopy Cover (CC) correlates with the plant’s photosynthetic activity, this study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of two methods for determining CC in silage maize during different growth stages in a maize field in Qazvin using ENVI software and the Canopeo model and to compare the results with values obtained from the AquaCrop model. Imaging was conducted at different time intervals throughout the maize growing season in four scenarios: 1) top-down without a fisheye lens, 2) top-down with a fisheye lens, 3) bottom-up without a fisheye lens, and 4) bottom-up with a fisheye lens. The CC values in the obtained images were determined using three algorithms: maximum likelihood, minimum distance, and parallel method in ENVI. Initially, a qualitative assessment of image classification was performed using the three mentioned algorithms. The results indicated that the maximum likelihood algorithm had higher accuracy compared to the other two algorithms. The Statistical evaluation of the quantitative results from ENVI demonstrated high model accuracy in the maximum likelihood algorithm (Kappa coefficient > 0.82, overall accuracy > 93%, and minimal Commission and Omission errors). The lowest RMSE value was observed for CC estimated using the Canopeo software with bottom-up imaging with a lens (9.92). In general, it was found that bottom-up imaging without a lens (Canopeo) (R=0.8 and RMSE=11.81) and top-down imaging with a lens (ENVI) (R=0.82 and RMSE=13.26) were more capable in determining CC than the other Scenarios.Vegetation indices effectively represent plant conditions in the field. Since Canopy Cover (CC) correlates with the plant’s photosynthetic activity, this study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of two methods for determining CC in silage maize during different growth stages in a maize field in Qazvin using ENVI software and the Canopeo model and to compare the results with values obtained from the AquaCrop model. Imaging was conducted at different time intervals throughout the maize growing season in four scenarios: 1) top-down without a fisheye lens, 2) top-down with a fisheye lens, 3) bottom-up without a fisheye lens, and 4) bottom-up with a fisheye lens. The CC values in the obtained images were determined using three algorithms: maximum likelihood, minimum distance, and parallel method in ENVI. Initially, a qualitative assessment of image classification was performed using the three mentioned algorithms. The results indicated that the maximum likelihood algorithm had higher accuracy compared to the other two algorithms. The Statistical evaluation of the quantitative results from ENVI demonstrated high model accuracy in the maximum likelihood algorithm (Kappa coefficient > 0.82, overall accuracy > 93%, and minimal Commission and Omission errors). The lowest RMSE value was observed for CC estimated using the Canopeo software with bottom-up imaging with a lens (9.92). In general, it was found that bottom-up imaging without a lens (Canopeo) (R=0.8 and RMSE=11.81) and top-down imaging with a lens (ENVI) (R=0.82 and RMSE=13.26) were more capable in determining CC than the other Scenarios.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_101059_67efb8b515ee3c8a955de5d2656a6c66.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X551220250219The effect of gravel on the cumulative infiltration in two different soil texturesThe effect of gravel on the cumulative infiltration in two different soil textures2483249810106010.22059/ijswr.2024.379854.669763FAZibaSedayeeazarDepartment of Soil Science Engineering; Faculty of Agriculture; Alborz Province;Iran0009-0009-0726-2859Mohammad HoseinMohammadiDepartment of Soil Science Engineering; Faculty of Agriculture; Alborz Province;Iran0000-0003-0596-7539HosseinAsadiDepartment of Soil Science Engineering; Faculty of Agriculture; Alborz Province;Iran0000-0003-2333-4938Journal Article20240724The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of content and size of gravel on water infiltration in two loam and sandy loam soils. For this purpose, two series of repacked soil samples, with loam and sandy loam textures, and mass contents of 10, 20, 30 and 40 % fine gravel (4-4.75) and coarse gravel (7.9- 15.8) mm, and a treatment with no gravel (CK) were created separately. The prepared soil samples were compacted into 50 cm high cylinders with an inner diameter of 21.5 cm. The cumulative infiltration of both series of soil samples were measured using the Marriott system. Regarding both series of experiments, 10 cylinders were used. The experiments of infiltration were done with no replication. The presence of the gravel increased the cumulative infiltration in both sandy loam and loam soils compared to the (CK). The average amount of water infiltration in loam treatments, combined with fine and coarse gravel were, respectively 25 and 104 percent, higher than the one in sandy loam treatments, combined with fine and coarse gravel. Fine gravel of sandy loam and coarse gravel of loam soils, had the highest effect on the increase of cumulative infiltration. However, some fluctuations were observed under the gravel content of 20 %. The results showed that the gravel does not always increase the amount of soil water infiltration. The results also indicated that the gravel affects the amount of water infiltration in both soils by affecting the total, and the fine earth bulk densities.The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of content and size of gravel on water infiltration in two loam and sandy loam soils. For this purpose, two series of repacked soil samples, with loam and sandy loam textures, and mass contents of 10, 20, 30 and 40 % fine gravel (4-4.75) and coarse gravel (7.9- 15.8) mm, and a treatment with no gravel (CK) were created separately. The prepared soil samples were compacted into 50 cm high cylinders with an inner diameter of 21.5 cm. The cumulative infiltration of both series of soil samples were measured using the Marriott system. Regarding both series of experiments, 10 cylinders were used. The experiments of infiltration were done with no replication. The presence of the gravel increased the cumulative infiltration in both sandy loam and loam soils compared to the (CK). The average amount of water infiltration in loam treatments, combined with fine and coarse gravel were, respectively 25 and 104 percent, higher than the one in sandy loam treatments, combined with fine and coarse gravel. Fine gravel of sandy loam and coarse gravel of loam soils, had the highest effect on the increase of cumulative infiltration. However, some fluctuations were observed under the gravel content of 20 %. The results showed that the gravel does not always increase the amount of soil water infiltration. The results also indicated that the gravel affects the amount of water infiltration in both soils by affecting the total, and the fine earth bulk densities.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_101060_a015de0dacbda5c8f5cabd78f6ae6bb4.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X551220250219Valuation of the efficiency of epipelones and epiphytons in the rice paddies of Guilan province in releasing potassium from muscovite and phlogopiteValuation of the efficiency of epipelones and epiphytons in the rice paddies of Guilan province in releasing potassium from muscovite and phlogopite2499252010106110.22059/ijswr.2024.379770.669761FAMahdiyehLeylasi MarandDepartment of soil science engineering, Collage of Agriculture and Natural Resources,, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran0009-0005-4908-4297Hossein AliAlikhaniDepartment of Soil Science, College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.0000-0002-8740-6059ShayanShariatiDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.0000-0003-3441-209XJournal Article20240722Periphytons in aquatic ecosystems has the ability to absorb/release significant amount of nutrients. This study examines the effect of epipelon and epiphyton on changes in pH, EC and soluble potassium, periodically. This experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with three factors: 1- periphyton at 22 levels (9 samples of epipelon, 9 samples of epiphyton, 3 fallow soil samples and control), 2- mineral at 2 levels (muscovite and phlogopite), 3- sampling time at 4 levels (0, 7, 14 and 21). Both types of periphyton showed high potential in releasing potassium from silicate minerals. Throughout the 21-day experiment, all treatments had significant statistical differences compared to the control (without periphyton/soil but whit minerals). Overall, the highest dissolution rate from both minerals were observed in the epiphyton treatments. Potassium dissolution increased in all treatments until 7th day and then relatively decreased in most treatments by day 14, which was attributed to the increased biomass in medium. The highest soluble potassium on 21th day was 14.33 mg L-1, which showes a 3.6-fold increase compared to the control. The lowest soluble potassium levels were observed in treatments inoculated with fallow soil. Solubilization rate of phlogopite was higher than that of muscovite, but in most treatments, the difference was not statistically significant. Overall, pH and EC results showed increasing (indicating increased photosynthetic activity) and decreasing (indicating increased biomass and higher absorption of soluble materials) trends, respectively.Periphytons in aquatic ecosystems has the ability to absorb/release significant amount of nutrients. This study examines the effect of epipelon and epiphyton on changes in pH, EC and soluble potassium, periodically. This experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with three factors: 1- periphyton at 22 levels (9 samples of epipelon, 9 samples of epiphyton, 3 fallow soil samples and control), 2- mineral at 2 levels (muscovite and phlogopite), 3- sampling time at 4 levels (0, 7, 14 and 21). Both types of periphyton showed high potential in releasing potassium from silicate minerals. Throughout the 21-day experiment, all treatments had significant statistical differences compared to the control (without periphyton/soil but whit minerals). Overall, the highest dissolution rate from both minerals were observed in the epiphyton treatments. Potassium dissolution increased in all treatments until 7th day and then relatively decreased in most treatments by day 14, which was attributed to the increased biomass in medium. The highest soluble potassium on 21th day was 14.33 mg L-1, which showes a 3.6-fold increase compared to the control. The lowest soluble potassium levels were observed in treatments inoculated with fallow soil. Solubilization rate of phlogopite was higher than that of muscovite, but in most treatments, the difference was not statistically significant. Overall, pH and EC results showed increasing (indicating increased photosynthetic activity) and decreasing (indicating increased biomass and higher absorption of soluble materials) trends, respectively.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_101061_33aeab20b1e63e6739c0b7fdf4b69ab8.pdf