University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 11 2025 01 20 Determining the Optimal Irrigation Amount and Salinity in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) by Surface-Response Method Determining the Optimal Irrigation Amount and Salinity in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) by Surface-Response Method 1981 1999 100307 10.22059/ijswr.2024.377374.669722 FA Jalal Gharibvan Notorki phd student, Department of Water Engineering, College of Water and Soil, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Halimeh Piri Department of Water Engineering, College of Water and Soil, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Parviz Haghighatjoo Department of Water Engineering, College of Water and Soil, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Amir Naserin Department of Water Engineering, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Ahvaz – Iran Mahdi Asadi Loor Department of Water Engineering, Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Journal Article 2024 06 01 Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) has been introduced as one of the crops to ensure food security in the world, which can tolerate water and drought stress. However, the cultivation development of quinoa under water and salinity stress in Khuzestan province, Iran, should be based on determining the limits of irrigation water and determining its tolerance to salinity. To achieve this goal, the present research was conducted in a research farm located in Baghmalek city, in the east of Khuzestan province, Iran, at the latitude of 31° 41’ N and longitude of 49° 51’ E during 2022-2023. In this research, the quinoa was grown under pulse drip irrigation. Irrigation water was supplied between 60% and 100% of the water requirement (code -1 to +1) in different plots. Applying salinity treatment with two water sources with salinities of 0.5 and 0.6 dS.m-1. Thus, in the absence of salinity stress (code +1), pulse irrigation was done with three fresh water pulses. In the conditions of full salinity stress (code -1), pulse irrigation was done with three pulses of saline water. Response-surface method was used to determine the optimal amounts of these parameters. The results showed that in the optimal state (Treatment of 60% irrigation and pulse irrigation in the form of fresh water-salt water-fresh water), the dry weight of fodder was equal to 6845.7 and the wet weight of fodder was equal to 24827.9 kg.ha-1. In addition, the percentage of fiber and soluble sugars of fodder reached 0.15 and 10.4%, respectively. It is worth mentioning, the optimal amount of irrigation water was equal to 60% of the water requirement and the pulse method code was equal to zero. Therefore, it is suggested to reach the optimal quantitative and qualitative parameters of quinoa fodder, the pulse irrigation method is done in the form of fresh water-salt water-fresh water and by providing 60% of the water requirement of the quinoa. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) has been introduced as one of the crops to ensure food security in the world, which can tolerate water and drought stress. However, the cultivation development of quinoa under water and salinity stress in Khuzestan province, Iran, should be based on determining the limits of irrigation water and determining its tolerance to salinity. To achieve this goal, the present research was conducted in a research farm located in Baghmalek city, in the east of Khuzestan province, Iran, at the latitude of 31° 41’ N and longitude of 49° 51’ E during 2022-2023. In this research, the quinoa was grown under pulse drip irrigation. Irrigation water was supplied between 60% and 100% of the water requirement (code -1 to +1) in different plots. Applying salinity treatment with two water sources with salinities of 0.5 and 0.6 dS.m-1. Thus, in the absence of salinity stress (code +1), pulse irrigation was done with three fresh water pulses. In the conditions of full salinity stress (code -1), pulse irrigation was done with three pulses of saline water. Response-surface method was used to determine the optimal amounts of these parameters. The results showed that in the optimal state (Treatment of 60% irrigation and pulse irrigation in the form of fresh water-salt water-fresh water), the dry weight of fodder was equal to 6845.7 and the wet weight of fodder was equal to 24827.9 kg.ha-1. In addition, the percentage of fiber and soluble sugars of fodder reached 0.15 and 10.4%, respectively. It is worth mentioning, the optimal amount of irrigation water was equal to 60% of the water requirement and the pulse method code was equal to zero. Therefore, it is suggested to reach the optimal quantitative and qualitative parameters of quinoa fodder, the pulse irrigation method is done in the form of fresh water-salt water-fresh water and by providing 60% of the water requirement of the quinoa. https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100307_75f6a3dcca40b9474cd9a254eed383de.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 11 2025 01 20 Integrated management of water resources in agriculture, drinking and industry using WEAP software (Case study: Qom province) Integrated management of water resources in agriculture, drinking and industry using WEAP software (Case study: Qom province) 2001 2015 100306 10.22059/ijswr.2024.373550.669675 FA Hossein Tavakoli Neko Forests and Rangelands Research Department, Qom Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Qom, Iran Abbas Pourmeidani Forests and Rangelands Research Department, Qom Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Qom, Iran 0000-0002-3793-2325 Mahdi Ghamghami Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2024 03 06 In the conditions of water shortage due to successive droughts or population growth, the management of limited water resources is necessary to increase their efficiency and optimal use, and the management patterns and allocation of water to different sectors should be reviewed. In this research, the water resources evaluation and programming system (WEAP) was used to manage, optimize and simulate water resources in Qom province. The model based on water supply and demand nodes including: urban drinking needs and agricultural irrigation needs as demand nodes and rivers and underground resources as supply nodes for a period of 20 years (2020 to 2039) was designed and implemented. Based on this, four scenarios were defined. The results showed that the policies of the two main management components, i.e. reducing water consumption in the agricultural sector at an annual  rate of two percent and wastewater treatment at an annual  rate of one percent, in addition to meeting the water demand of the province, are able to increase the underground water table at one percent annually. With the implementation of management scenario policies of level "3" at the end of the vision period, water consumption in the agricultural sector has decreased by 50% without reducing the cultivated area or yield, and the efficiency of water consumption has increased by the same amount.  And the aquifer of the province will be restored by 20%. If the current situation (reference scenario) is followed, due to the natural increase in water demand due to the growth of population and industry, even with the upcoming rainy periods, there will be a deficit of about 40% in renewable water resources. In the conditions of water shortage due to successive droughts or population growth, the management of limited water resources is necessary to increase their efficiency and optimal use, and the management patterns and allocation of water to different sectors should be reviewed. In this research, the water resources evaluation and programming system (WEAP) was used to manage, optimize and simulate water resources in Qom province. The model based on water supply and demand nodes including: urban drinking needs and agricultural irrigation needs as demand nodes and rivers and underground resources as supply nodes for a period of 20 years (2020 to 2039) was designed and implemented. Based on this, four scenarios were defined. The results showed that the policies of the two main management components, i.e. reducing water consumption in the agricultural sector at an annual  rate of two percent and wastewater treatment at an annual  rate of one percent, in addition to meeting the water demand of the province, are able to increase the underground water table at one percent annually. With the implementation of management scenario policies of level "3" at the end of the vision period, water consumption in the agricultural sector has decreased by 50% without reducing the cultivated area or yield, and the efficiency of water consumption has increased by the same amount.  And the aquifer of the province will be restored by 20%. If the current situation (reference scenario) is followed, due to the natural increase in water demand due to the growth of population and industry, even with the upcoming rainy periods, there will be a deficit of about 40% in renewable water resources. https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100306_9f73e502fc2b71852a0374a5345638ba.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 11 2025 01 20 Evaluation of the WRF local and regional IFS numerical model in precipitation estimation Evaluation of the WRF local and regional IFS numerical model in precipitation estimation 2017 2033 100308 10.22059/ijswr.2024.376017.669704 FA Sakine Koohi Water Engineering Dept./ Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran Asghar Azizian Assistant Professor in Water Engineering Department/ Imam Khomeini International University Mohammad Saeid Najafi Water Resources Research (WRR) Department, Ministry of Energy, Water Research Institute (WRI), Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 05 02 In recent years, numerous numerical models have been developed to simulate atmospheric variables such as precipitation. This study aims to assess the efficacy of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the Integrated Forecast System (IFS) numerical system in simulating precipitation within the Poldokhtar Basin. The findings revealed that the WRF model exhibited a stronger correlation with observed precipitation values in the 6-hour time step (The average CC of WRF for the events of 2016 and 2018 is equal to 0.49 and for the IFS system in 2016, 0.43, in 2018, 0.15), whereas the IFS system demonstrated a higher correlation with observational data over longer time steps (The average CC in the 24-hour time step in 2016 and 2018 for the WRF model is 0.72 and 0.60, respectively, and for the IFS system, it is 0.75 and 0.70, respectively). Based on the NRMSE error-index, the average NRMSE in time steps of 6, 12, and 24 hours for the WRF model is 0.98, 0.86, and 0.67 mm (2016), 0.97, 0.72, and 0.75 mm (2018), respectively and for IFS numerical system is 1.01, 0.80 and 0.66 mm (2016) and 1.20, 0.76 and 0.79 mm (2018) respectively. Additionally, in the 24-hour time step, the results from the IFS numerical system closely resembled those obtained from the WRF model. Thus, the model's daily predictions can be utilized with higher confidence levels. It is imperative to note that the implementation of bias correction techniques is essential for mitigating the output errors in numerical weather forecasting models. In recent years, numerous numerical models have been developed to simulate atmospheric variables such as precipitation. This study aims to assess the efficacy of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the Integrated Forecast System (IFS) numerical system in simulating precipitation within the Poldokhtar Basin. The findings revealed that the WRF model exhibited a stronger correlation with observed precipitation values in the 6-hour time step (The average CC of WRF for the events of 2016 and 2018 is equal to 0.49 and for the IFS system in 2016, 0.43, in 2018, 0.15), whereas the IFS system demonstrated a higher correlation with observational data over longer time steps (The average CC in the 24-hour time step in 2016 and 2018 for the WRF model is 0.72 and 0.60, respectively, and for the IFS system, it is 0.75 and 0.70, respectively). Based on the NRMSE error-index, the average NRMSE in time steps of 6, 12, and 24 hours for the WRF model is 0.98, 0.86, and 0.67 mm (2016), 0.97, 0.72, and 0.75 mm (2018), respectively and for IFS numerical system is 1.01, 0.80 and 0.66 mm (2016) and 1.20, 0.76 and 0.79 mm (2018) respectively. Additionally, in the 24-hour time step, the results from the IFS numerical system closely resembled those obtained from the WRF model. Thus, the model's daily predictions can be utilized with higher confidence levels. It is imperative to note that the implementation of bias correction techniques is essential for mitigating the output errors in numerical weather forecasting models. https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100308_718e973086d1e8d11251b588c2116ace.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 11 2025 01 20 Modeling of Drained Lands of Sugarcane Crop in Hakim Farabi Khuzestan Agro-Industry Using the Perspective of Water-Environment-Food Nexus Modeling of Drained Lands of Sugarcane Crop in Hakim Farabi Khuzestan Agro-Industry Using the Perspective of Water-Environment-Food Nexus 2035 2055 100309 10.22059/ijswr.2024.378717.669745 FA Mohammad Hooshmand Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Hamed Ebrahimian Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Teymour Sohrabi Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Hamed Nozari Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Abd Ali Naseri Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran Journal Article 2024 07 01 Sugarcane is a plant that has the most water requirement in the summer when the least rainfall occurs, and there is a need to irrigate this plant. In this research, the simulation and modeling of sugarcane cultivation with a focus on the water-environment-food nexus, utilizing the system dynamics approach, have been conducted at the Hakim Farabi Khuzestan Agro-Industry Company. This research was modeled using Vensim software. The model is an integrated and interconnected simulation of water consumption, product production, drainage water volume, salinity, and soil salinity. The information of three years 2015 to 2017 was used for calibration and the information of two years 2018 to 2019 was used to validate the model. MAE, MBE, and MAPE statistical parameters were used to evaluate the model results. The modeling results showed that the model has high accuracy in the calibration period with an MAE index of 6.31 ton/ha for crop yield, 53.56 mm for water drainage volume, 1.21 dS/m for water drainage salinity, and 0.09 dS/m for soil salinity. Also, the results of the same index in the validation period, which were 3.04 ton/ha for crop yield, 48.76 mm for water drainage volume, 1.11 dS/m for water drainage salinity, and 0.04 dS/m for soil salinity, indicate that the model is highly accurate in simulating the existing conditions. The highest water productivity was achieved at a rate of 3.75 kg/m³ in 2019. Sugarcane is a plant that has the most water requirement in the summer when the least rainfall occurs, and there is a need to irrigate this plant. In this research, the simulation and modeling of sugarcane cultivation with a focus on the water-environment-food nexus, utilizing the system dynamics approach, have been conducted at the Hakim Farabi Khuzestan Agro-Industry Company. This research was modeled using Vensim software. The model is an integrated and interconnected simulation of water consumption, product production, drainage water volume, salinity, and soil salinity. The information of three years 2015 to 2017 was used for calibration and the information of two years 2018 to 2019 was used to validate the model. MAE, MBE, and MAPE statistical parameters were used to evaluate the model results. The modeling results showed that the model has high accuracy in the calibration period with an MAE index of 6.31 ton/ha for crop yield, 53.56 mm for water drainage volume, 1.21 dS/m for water drainage salinity, and 0.09 dS/m for soil salinity. Also, the results of the same index in the validation period, which were 3.04 ton/ha for crop yield, 48.76 mm for water drainage volume, 1.11 dS/m for water drainage salinity, and 0.04 dS/m for soil salinity, indicate that the model is highly accurate in simulating the existing conditions. The highest water productivity was achieved at a rate of 3.75 kg/m³ in 2019. https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100309_83b26019324650e76ea08619c2cd1f5a.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 11 2025 01 20 The impact of magnetized water under combined drought and salinity stress conditions on the qualitative performance of strawberries The impact of magnetized water under combined drought and salinity stress conditions on the qualitative performance of strawberries 2057 2074 100310 10.22059/ijswr.2024.380984.669780 FA Mojtaba Khoshravesh Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran. Masoud Pourgholam-Amiji Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. Reza Norooz-Valashedi Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran. Hadi Yeilaghi Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. Journal Article 2024 08 16 Given the increasing population and the growing demand for food, the development of agriculture is essential. Due to the limitations of water resources, managing water in agriculture is highly important and should be considered at every stage of agricultural production. This study conducted the experiment in a factorial design within a randomized complete block design with three replications. The irrigation factor was tested at three levels (100% FI (I1), 80% FI (I2), and 60% FI (I3)), and water salinity at three levels (well water (S1), 20 mM or 2.52 dS/m sodium chloride (S2), and 40 mM or 5.06 dS/m sodium chloride (S3)) in two conditions: non-magnetized (W1) and magnetized (W2) water. The effects of irrigation levels, salinity, and the type of irrigation water on the quality characteristics of strawberry fruit, including total protein, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, vitamin C, and sugar content, were examined. The analysis of variance results showed that all factors had a significant impact on the quality characteristics of strawberry fruit at the (p<0.01). Among the different irrigation levels, the highest amounts of total protein, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll were 5.09, 2.39, 1.05, and 3.44 mg per gram, respectively, in the 100% irrigation treatment, while among the different salinity levels, these values were 5.13, 2.49, 1.11, and 3.61 mg per gram, respectively, in the well water treatment. Magnetized water also had a significant effect at the 1% probability level on the quality characteristics of strawberry fruit. Given the increasing population and the growing demand for food, the development of agriculture is essential. Due to the limitations of water resources, managing water in agriculture is highly important and should be considered at every stage of agricultural production. This study conducted the experiment in a factorial design within a randomized complete block design with three replications. The irrigation factor was tested at three levels (100% FI (I1), 80% FI (I2), and 60% FI (I3)), and water salinity at three levels (well water (S1), 20 mM or 2.52 dS/m sodium chloride (S2), and 40 mM or 5.06 dS/m sodium chloride (S3)) in two conditions: non-magnetized (W1) and magnetized (W2) water. The effects of irrigation levels, salinity, and the type of irrigation water on the quality characteristics of strawberry fruit, including total protein, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, vitamin C, and sugar content, were examined. The analysis of variance results showed that all factors had a significant impact on the quality characteristics of strawberry fruit at the (p<0.01). Among the different irrigation levels, the highest amounts of total protein, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll were 5.09, 2.39, 1.05, and 3.44 mg per gram, respectively, in the 100% irrigation treatment, while among the different salinity levels, these values were 5.13, 2.49, 1.11, and 3.61 mg per gram, respectively, in the well water treatment. Magnetized water also had a significant effect at the 1% probability level on the quality characteristics of strawberry fruit. https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100310_755579775f83021e12abffb8f236b1ec.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 11 2025 01 20 Investigating the quantity-intensity (Q/I) parameters of potassium in soil influenced by the addition of minerals and humic acid Investigating the quantity-intensity (Q/I) parameters of potassium in soil influenced by the addition of minerals and humic acid 2075 2090 100561 10.22059/ijswr.2024.380980.669781 FA Shabnam Jalilian Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Faranak Ranjbar Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Journal Article 2024 08 18 This study was conducted to investigate the effect of using bentonite, vermiculite and zeolite saturated by sodium and calcium with and without humic acid on the parameters of potassium quantity-intensity relationship in a loamy soil based on a completely random design. The amendments saturated by calcium and sodium were added separately to 400-g soil samples at the rate of 1% and 2% (w/w). For each treatment containing mineral amendment, two levels of humic acid application (0 and 0.5% w/w) were considered. After the end of a two-month incubation, adsorption isotherm tests were performed using solutions containing concentrations of 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 2.7, and 3 mM potassium chloride and 10 mM calcium chloride and Q/I parameters were obtained. The highest and lowest values of AR_e^K were related to 1% Ca-Z and 2% Na-B + 0.5% HA treatments, respectively. There was a negative and significant correlation between AR_e^K and PBC^K and CEC. The PBC^K varied in the range of 59.4-174.1 (cmol_c kg^-1) (mol L^-1)^-1.2and the highest and lowest values were obtained in 2% Na-Z + 0.5% HA and 1% Ca-B treatments, respectively. The highest values of K⁰, K_X, and K_L were obtained in 1% Na-Z + 0.5% HA treatment. The free energy of potassium exchange in treatments containing amendments saturated by sodium along with humic acid was greater than other treatments. The highest and lowest values of Gapon selectivity coefficient were obtained in 2% Na-Z + 0.5% HA and 1% Ca-B treatments, respectively. The PBC^K decreased in 1% Ca-B, 2% Ca-B, 1% Ca-V, and 1% Ca-Z treatments compared to the control. These treatments have less power than the control in regulating the intensity factor during the discharge of soluble potassium. Therefore, they can be beneficial for the quick supply of potassium to the plant. However, they are weaker than the untreated soil in maintaining and providing potassium in the long term. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of using bentonite, vermiculite and zeolite saturated by sodium and calcium with and without humic acid on the parameters of potassium quantity-intensity relationship in a loamy soil based on a completely random design. The amendments saturated by calcium and sodium were added separately to 400-g soil samples at the rate of 1% and 2% (w/w). For each treatment containing mineral amendment, two levels of humic acid application (0 and 0.5% w/w) were considered. After the end of a two-month incubation, adsorption isotherm tests were performed using solutions containing concentrations of 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 2.7, and 3 mM potassium chloride and 10 mM calcium chloride and Q/I parameters were obtained. The highest and lowest values of AR_e^K were related to 1% Ca-Z and 2% Na-B + 0.5% HA treatments, respectively. There was a negative and significant correlation between AR_e^K and PBC^K and CEC. The PBC^K varied in the range of 59.4-174.1 (cmol_c kg^-1) (mol L^-1)^-1.2and the highest and lowest values were obtained in 2% Na-Z + 0.5% HA and 1% Ca-B treatments, respectively. The highest values of K⁰, K_X, and K_L were obtained in 1% Na-Z + 0.5% HA treatment. The free energy of potassium exchange in treatments containing amendments saturated by sodium along with humic acid was greater than other treatments. The highest and lowest values of Gapon selectivity coefficient were obtained in 2% Na-Z + 0.5% HA and 1% Ca-B treatments, respectively. The PBC^K decreased in 1% Ca-B, 2% Ca-B, 1% Ca-V, and 1% Ca-Z treatments compared to the control. These treatments have less power than the control in regulating the intensity factor during the discharge of soluble potassium. Therefore, they can be beneficial for the quick supply of potassium to the plant. However, they are weaker than the untreated soil in maintaining and providing potassium in the long term. https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100561_0d1eca13f40eed9e70e7d169267d9e22.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 11 2025 01 20 Optimizing rainfed barley production by using nitrogen fertilizer and growth regulators in Khorram Abad and Poldokhtar agro-ecosystems Optimizing rainfed barley production by using nitrogen fertilizer and growth regulators in Khorram Abad and Poldokhtar agro-ecosystems 2091 2107 100668 10.22059/ijswr.2024.380069.669768 FA Saeideh Foladvand Department of Agronomy and Crop Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam,I. R. Iran. Nosratolah Abbasi Assis. Prof., Dept. of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran Fereshteh Darabi Department of Agronomy and Crop Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam,I. R. Iran. Behroz Mir PhD in Agronomy, Lorestan Province Agricultural Jihad Organization,I. R. Iran. Journal Article 2024 07 29 The simultaneous application of nitrogen fertilizer and growth regulators in rainfed conditions improves plant growth and development parameters. For this reason, research was conducted in two regions in the crop years of 2022-2023 in Poldokhtar and Khorram Abad cities. The experiment was carried out as a factorial design in the form of a basic randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor includes four levels of nitrogen chemical fertilizers, including 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg.h-1 urea, and the second factor was foliar application of blank (spraying solution with distilled water), paclobutrazol (120 mg/liter), spermidine (1 mM), and chlormequat chloride (three grams per liter). The highest seed yield was observed in the treatment of 100 kg.h-1nitrogen fertilizer and paclobutrazol foliar spraying at the rate of 2686.4 kg/ha, and the lowest rate was obtained in the absence of nitrogen fertilizer and no foliar spraying at the rate of 1284.8 kg/ha. The highest protein yield was observed in the treatment of 100 kg.h-1 nitrogen fertilizer and paclobutrazol foliar spraying at the rate of 313.25 kg.h-1. The highest total chlorophyll was observed in the treatment of 100 kg.h-1 nitrogen fertilizer and paclobutrazol foliar spraying at the rate of 10.38 mg/g of fresh weight. According to the results of this study, the use of nitrogen fertilizer and foliar application of growth regulators can significantly improve the growth, yield and photosynthetic pigments of barley in rainy conditions. The simultaneous application of nitrogen fertilizer and growth regulators in rainfed conditions improves plant growth and development parameters. For this reason, research was conducted in two regions in the crop years of 2022-2023 in Poldokhtar and Khorram Abad cities. The experiment was carried out as a factorial design in the form of a basic randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor includes four levels of nitrogen chemical fertilizers, including 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg.h-1 urea, and the second factor was foliar application of blank (spraying solution with distilled water), paclobutrazol (120 mg/liter), spermidine (1 mM), and chlormequat chloride (three grams per liter). The highest seed yield was observed in the treatment of 100 kg.h-1nitrogen fertilizer and paclobutrazol foliar spraying at the rate of 2686.4 kg/ha, and the lowest rate was obtained in the absence of nitrogen fertilizer and no foliar spraying at the rate of 1284.8 kg/ha. The highest protein yield was observed in the treatment of 100 kg.h-1 nitrogen fertilizer and paclobutrazol foliar spraying at the rate of 313.25 kg.h-1. The highest total chlorophyll was observed in the treatment of 100 kg.h-1 nitrogen fertilizer and paclobutrazol foliar spraying at the rate of 10.38 mg/g of fresh weight. According to the results of this study, the use of nitrogen fertilizer and foliar application of growth regulators can significantly improve the growth, yield and photosynthetic pigments of barley in rainy conditions. https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100668_60e4297c668751ce1b2276576decca4b.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 11 2025 01 20 The Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions Using CuFe2O4/PVP Nanocomposite: An Experimental and Theoretical Study The Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions Using CuFe2O4/PVP Nanocomposite: An Experimental and Theoretical Study 2109 2124 100555 10.22059/ijswr.2024.379082.669764 FA Mahbobeh Soleimani Fard Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran 0009-0001-1259-6134 Narges Samadani Langeroodi Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran Masoud Javan Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran Aliakbar Dehno Khalaji Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran Journal Article 2024 07 26  <br />Colors are one of the major environmental pollutants that lead to ecological problems. Methylene blue cationic dye with a complex aromatic structure is one of the most common dyes for coloring silk, cotton, and wool. In this study, CuFe₂O₄/PVP nanocomposite was synthesized as an adsorbent for the adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutions and was characterized using IR, XRD, and SEM techniques. The study also examined the effects of pH, contact time, and adsorbent mass on the dye's adsorption efficiency. The maximum adsorption efficiency of methylene blue was achieved at a pH of 12, with a contact time of 90 minutes and an adsorbent mass of 1 gram, resulting in an efficiency of approximately 65%. Kinetic studies of the adsorption process were also conducted by applying two models. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the adsorption of methylene blue onto the CuFe₂O₄/PVP nanocomposite conformed well to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations explored methylene blue's interactions and potential adsorption of methylene blue onto the adsorbent. DFT simulations confirmed the stability of methylene blue adsorption on the nanocomposite surface, with binding energies ranging from 0.831 to 0.971 eV. The adsorption of methylene blue also reduced the energy gap, indicating easier electron transmission.<strong> </strong>  <br />Colors are one of the major environmental pollutants that lead to ecological problems. Methylene blue cationic dye with a complex aromatic structure is one of the most common dyes for coloring silk, cotton, and wool. In this study, CuFe₂O₄/PVP nanocomposite was synthesized as an adsorbent for the adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutions and was characterized using IR, XRD, and SEM techniques. The study also examined the effects of pH, contact time, and adsorbent mass on the dye's adsorption efficiency. The maximum adsorption efficiency of methylene blue was achieved at a pH of 12, with a contact time of 90 minutes and an adsorbent mass of 1 gram, resulting in an efficiency of approximately 65%. Kinetic studies of the adsorption process were also conducted by applying two models. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the adsorption of methylene blue onto the CuFe₂O₄/PVP nanocomposite conformed well to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations explored methylene blue's interactions and potential adsorption of methylene blue onto the adsorbent. DFT simulations confirmed the stability of methylene blue adsorption on the nanocomposite surface, with binding energies ranging from 0.831 to 0.971 eV. The adsorption of methylene blue also reduced the energy gap, indicating easier electron transmission.<strong> </strong> https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100555_fe5642eac9d53ad16cee14aa12460c05.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 11 2025 01 20 The effect of land use change on some biological characteristics of soil in the rangelands of Sohrein region, Zanjan province The effect of land use change on some biological characteristics of soil in the rangelands of Sohrein region, Zanjan province 2125 2143 100554 10.22059/ijswr.2024.378382.669739 FA Amirhosein Masoumi Tabar Zanjani Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran Setareh Amanifar Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran Mohammad Sadegh Askari Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran Akbar Hassani Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran Journal Article 2024 06 23 Nowadays, vast areas of rangelands have undergone land use changes, which can seriously threaten the fate of soil ecosystem health. In this research, the effect of land use change on some biological characteristics of soil was studied in the rangelands of the Sohrein region in Zanjan province. A factorial experiment in a completely randomized design was conducted, and 24 soil samples were collected from three land uses: rangeland areas, areas converted from rangeland to farmlands less than ten years ago, and areas converted over 30 years ago at two depths 0-15 and 15-30 cm. The results showed that basal soil microbial respiration, substrate-induced respiration, microbial biomass, activities of urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase enzymes, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, carbon to nitrogen ratio, and microbial quotient were higher in rangelands compared to other land uses. The population of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms was higher in farmlands with more than 30 years of cultivation than in other land uses. Higher values of metabolic and microbial respiration quotients, which indicate ecological disorders, were observed in farmlands with less than ten years of cultivation. As a result, changes in land use have put pressure on ecosystem performance, leading to a decline in soil biological quality. In the long term, the conversion of rangelands to agricultural lands has improved soil biological conditions, although there remains a notable deviation from its original and ideal state. Nowadays, vast areas of rangelands have undergone land use changes, which can seriously threaten the fate of soil ecosystem health. In this research, the effect of land use change on some biological characteristics of soil was studied in the rangelands of the Sohrein region in Zanjan province. A factorial experiment in a completely randomized design was conducted, and 24 soil samples were collected from three land uses: rangeland areas, areas converted from rangeland to farmlands less than ten years ago, and areas converted over 30 years ago at two depths 0-15 and 15-30 cm. The results showed that basal soil microbial respiration, substrate-induced respiration, microbial biomass, activities of urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase enzymes, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, carbon to nitrogen ratio, and microbial quotient were higher in rangelands compared to other land uses. The population of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms was higher in farmlands with more than 30 years of cultivation than in other land uses. Higher values of metabolic and microbial respiration quotients, which indicate ecological disorders, were observed in farmlands with less than ten years of cultivation. As a result, changes in land use have put pressure on ecosystem performance, leading to a decline in soil biological quality. In the long term, the conversion of rangelands to agricultural lands has improved soil biological conditions, although there remains a notable deviation from its original and ideal state. https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100554_a9187d03a79dc1dd3e29ef7a5375d113.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 11 2025 01 20 Development of an artificial neural network-based model for estimating the active iron content in grape leaves Development of an artificial neural network-based model for estimating the active iron content in grape leaves 2145 2156 100553 10.22059/ijswr.2024.377062.669720 FA Shabnam Firuzi Dept. of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Ebrahim Sepehr Department of Soil Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Aydin Imani Dept. of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran 0000-0002-0029-3777 Soleiman Hossein Pour Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj: Iran Journal Article 2024 05 26 Iron is an essential element in the growth process of plants and plays a crucial role in chlorophyll production. Iron deficiency is a serious limitation in vineyards that can significantly affect both the yield and the quality of the crop. The use of modern methods such as digital image processing not only increases precision but also reduces the need for costly and time-consuming laboratory testing, thereby lowering costs and speeding up data-driven decision-making processes in orchard management. The aim of this study is to develop a system based on image processing and neural networks to estimate the active iron content in grape leaves. For this purpose, 55 leaf samples with different levels of iron deficiency were collected and analyzed from vineyards around Urmia. The total and active iron content in the samples was measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy and the leaves were photographed and processed under controlled light conditions. Statistical features were extracted from the images and their correlation with active and total iron content was analyzed. Finally, the best features were used to predict iron content using a multilayer artificial neural network. The results of the linear regression show that active iron correlates with the R, G, H, and S color channels with coefficients of 0.64, 0.58, 0.54, and 0.45, respectively, and that total iron does not correlate with the changes in leaf color. The neural network with an optimized structure of 8-9-1 was able to predict the data from the atomic absorption device with an accuracy of 0.83, 0.88, and 0.84 for training, test, and all data, respectively. In summary, image processing can be effectively and reliably used as a tool for optimal plant nutrition management and rapid diagnosis of iron deficiency. Iron is an essential element in the growth process of plants and plays a crucial role in chlorophyll production. Iron deficiency is a serious limitation in vineyards that can significantly affect both the yield and the quality of the crop. The use of modern methods such as digital image processing not only increases precision but also reduces the need for costly and time-consuming laboratory testing, thereby lowering costs and speeding up data-driven decision-making processes in orchard management. The aim of this study is to develop a system based on image processing and neural networks to estimate the active iron content in grape leaves. For this purpose, 55 leaf samples with different levels of iron deficiency were collected and analyzed from vineyards around Urmia. The total and active iron content in the samples was measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy and the leaves were photographed and processed under controlled light conditions. Statistical features were extracted from the images and their correlation with active and total iron content was analyzed. Finally, the best features were used to predict iron content using a multilayer artificial neural network. The results of the linear regression show that active iron correlates with the R, G, H, and S color channels with coefficients of 0.64, 0.58, 0.54, and 0.45, respectively, and that total iron does not correlate with the changes in leaf color. The neural network with an optimized structure of 8-9-1 was able to predict the data from the atomic absorption device with an accuracy of 0.83, 0.88, and 0.84 for training, test, and all data, respectively. In summary, image processing can be effectively and reliably used as a tool for optimal plant nutrition management and rapid diagnosis of iron deficiency. https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100553_53d4004b08ee89c07462a968b48d4d17.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 11 2025 01 20 Demarcation modeling of erosional and depositional surfaces with soil characteristics and remote sensing (RS) Demarcation modeling of erosional and depositional surfaces with soil characteristics and remote sensing (RS) 2157 2172 100558 10.22059/ijswr.2024.380085.669769 FA Mitra Yarahmadi Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Ataallah Khademalrasoul Associate Professor of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Ahvaz. Iran Hadi Amerikhah Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Journal Article 2024 07 30  <br />Nowadays demarcation and classification models based on remote sensing are widely used for classification processes and land changes. In this research, the efficiency of demarcation models to evaluate erosional and depositional regions investigated. The study area of Zahirieh in Khuzestan province, with an approximate area of 7100 hectares, was divided into erosional, depositional, and stable areas based on satellite images and field surveys. Then soil sampling was done from erosional and depositional surfaces. The physical and chemical parameters of the soil including soil texture components, bulk density, organic matter, phosphorus, lime, electrical conductivity, pH and soil gypsum were measured. In order to evaluate the reflective characteristics of erosional and depositional surfaces, bands and indices extracted from Landsat 8 images of 2022. Moreover, the efficiency of supervised algorithms was performed using Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy. The results of the average comparison test depicted that the percentage of soil clay with 9.37 for erosional surfaces and 14.74 for depositional surfaces and gypsum with mean of 14.68 for erosional and 6.2 for depositional surfaces has a significant difference (5%) between erosional and depositional surfaces therefore, they can be used as parameters to separate surfaces, but for other parameters, no significant difference was observed. The results showed that BI, SI and NDSI indices can be effectively used to distinguish eroded surfaces from depositional surfaces.  <br />Nowadays demarcation and classification models based on remote sensing are widely used for classification processes and land changes. In this research, the efficiency of demarcation models to evaluate erosional and depositional regions investigated. The study area of Zahirieh in Khuzestan province, with an approximate area of 7100 hectares, was divided into erosional, depositional, and stable areas based on satellite images and field surveys. Then soil sampling was done from erosional and depositional surfaces. The physical and chemical parameters of the soil including soil texture components, bulk density, organic matter, phosphorus, lime, electrical conductivity, pH and soil gypsum were measured. In order to evaluate the reflective characteristics of erosional and depositional surfaces, bands and indices extracted from Landsat 8 images of 2022. Moreover, the efficiency of supervised algorithms was performed using Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy. The results of the average comparison test depicted that the percentage of soil clay with 9.37 for erosional surfaces and 14.74 for depositional surfaces and gypsum with mean of 14.68 for erosional and 6.2 for depositional surfaces has a significant difference (5%) between erosional and depositional surfaces therefore, they can be used as parameters to separate surfaces, but for other parameters, no significant difference was observed. The results showed that BI, SI and NDSI indices can be effectively used to distinguish eroded surfaces from depositional surfaces. https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100558_45f0609c61c3ea3e21f4448135cef2c4.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 11 2025 01 20 Modeling soil loss due to gully erosion in the data-scarce regions Modeling soil loss due to gully erosion in the data-scarce regions 2173 2189 100562 10.22059/ijswr.2024.381049.669782 FA Bahram Choubin Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Isfahan, Iran Omid Rahmati Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research, Kurdistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Sanandaj, Iran Seyed Masoud Soleimanpour Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Shiraz, Iran Samad Shadfar Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran Ahmad Najafi Eigdir Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research, West Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Urmia, Iran Journal Article 2024 08 18 Gully erosion is recognized as a detrimental form of land degradation and soil loss worldwide. Considering the time-consuming and costly nature of field monitoring, this research aimed to develop models for estimating the volume of soil lost due to gully erosion in the Choopanlu watershed, located in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. The study commenced with field monitoring to identify gullies in the area. Following this, digital layers of factors influencing gully erosion were prepared to facilitate gully clustering and selection. These factors included topographical characteristics (elevation, slope, aspect, surface curvature, and relative slope position index), vegetation, land use, soil, lithology, and hydroclimate indicators (distance from stream, drainage density, topographic wetness index, annual precipitation, and frequency of heavy rainfall events). Subsequently, the volume of soil lost due to gully erosion during the three-year period (2021-2023) was measured as the dependent variable for the selected gullies through field observations. In this study, three machine learning models including random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and artificial neural network (ANN) were employed using a cross-validation approach. Cochran's formula results indicated that among the 67 identified gullies in the field, a minimum sample size of 58 gullies was required. Following clustering, this number of selected gullies was chosen from the three identified clusters. The annual soil erosion caused by the selected gullies (i.e., 58 gullies) was estimated to be 172 tons in 2021, 196 tons in 2022, and 208 tons in 2023. According to the modeling results, it can be inferred that the RF model demonstrated the best performance, followed by the SVM model with moderate performance, and the ANN model exhibiting the poorest performance in modeling soil loss due to gully erosion.  Gully erosion is recognized as a detrimental form of land degradation and soil loss worldwide. Considering the time-consuming and costly nature of field monitoring, this research aimed to develop models for estimating the volume of soil lost due to gully erosion in the Choopanlu watershed, located in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. The study commenced with field monitoring to identify gullies in the area. Following this, digital layers of factors influencing gully erosion were prepared to facilitate gully clustering and selection. These factors included topographical characteristics (elevation, slope, aspect, surface curvature, and relative slope position index), vegetation, land use, soil, lithology, and hydroclimate indicators (distance from stream, drainage density, topographic wetness index, annual precipitation, and frequency of heavy rainfall events). Subsequently, the volume of soil lost due to gully erosion during the three-year period (2021-2023) was measured as the dependent variable for the selected gullies through field observations. In this study, three machine learning models including random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and artificial neural network (ANN) were employed using a cross-validation approach. Cochran's formula results indicated that among the 67 identified gullies in the field, a minimum sample size of 58 gullies was required. Following clustering, this number of selected gullies was chosen from the three identified clusters. The annual soil erosion caused by the selected gullies (i.e., 58 gullies) was estimated to be 172 tons in 2021, 196 tons in 2022, and 208 tons in 2023. According to the modeling results, it can be inferred that the RF model demonstrated the best performance, followed by the SVM model with moderate performance, and the ANN model exhibiting the poorest performance in modeling soil loss due to gully erosion.  https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100562_02ab6edad4755681bbf6b8b5a9bc2bd9.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 11 2025 01 20 Investigating the Effect of Activated Chlorella vulgaris Algae Biochar and Hydrochar on the Distribution and Bioavailability of Cadmium in Soil Investigating the Effect of Activated Chlorella vulgaris Algae Biochar and Hydrochar on the Distribution and Bioavailability of Cadmium in Soil 2191 2208 100556 10.22059/ijswr.2024.379955.669765 FA Jafar Sufian PhD student Department of Soil Sciences,Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran, Mohammad Babaakbari Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran Armen Avanes Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh,East Azerbaijan, Iran, 55187-79842. Iran, Salahedin Moradi Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tehran Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 07 26 Soil contamination with heavy metals, paticularly cadmium, poses significant environmental risks, threatening food security and human health. This study investigated the effect of activated biochar and hydrochar derived from Chlorella vulgaris algae on various cadmium forms in contaminated soils. Biochar and hydrochar were produced at 450 and 200°C, respectively, and activated with potassium hydroxide. They were applied at concentrations of 0, 1, and 4% by weight to soils contaminated with cadmium at levels of 50 and 100 mg kg-1. Cadmium fractions in soil—exchangeable, carbonate-bound, organic matter-bound, and those associated with iron and manganese oxides—were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy.  Additionally, the surface morphology, gross calorific value, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen content, specific surface area and biomass of the activated hydrochar and biochar were determined. The results indicated that with a cadmium concentration of 50 mg kg-1, the addition of 4% biochar reduced the exchangeable cadmium by 2.9 mg kg-1, attributed to the high specific surface area of biochar and hydrochar, providing numerous adsorption sites for cadmium ions. Increasing biochar and hydrochar concentrations from 1% to 4% enhanced the cadmium fractions bound to organic matter and iron/manganese oxides. At cadmium concentrations of 50 and 100 mg kg-1, the highest amounts of cadmium in the form of iron and manganese oxides were 23 and 24.8 mg kg-1, respectively. This study highlights the potential of biochar and activated hydrochar from Chlorella vulgaris algae to promote sustainable agriculture by reducing the bioavailability of cadmium in contaminated soils.  Soil contamination with heavy metals, paticularly cadmium, poses significant environmental risks, threatening food security and human health. This study investigated the effect of activated biochar and hydrochar derived from Chlorella vulgaris algae on various cadmium forms in contaminated soils. Biochar and hydrochar were produced at 450 and 200°C, respectively, and activated with potassium hydroxide. They were applied at concentrations of 0, 1, and 4% by weight to soils contaminated with cadmium at levels of 50 and 100 mg kg-1. Cadmium fractions in soil—exchangeable, carbonate-bound, organic matter-bound, and those associated with iron and manganese oxides—were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy.  Additionally, the surface morphology, gross calorific value, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen content, specific surface area and biomass of the activated hydrochar and biochar were determined. The results indicated that with a cadmium concentration of 50 mg kg-1, the addition of 4% biochar reduced the exchangeable cadmium by 2.9 mg kg-1, attributed to the high specific surface area of biochar and hydrochar, providing numerous adsorption sites for cadmium ions. Increasing biochar and hydrochar concentrations from 1% to 4% enhanced the cadmium fractions bound to organic matter and iron/manganese oxides. At cadmium concentrations of 50 and 100 mg kg-1, the highest amounts of cadmium in the form of iron and manganese oxides were 23 and 24.8 mg kg-1, respectively. This study highlights the potential of biochar and activated hydrochar from Chlorella vulgaris algae to promote sustainable agriculture by reducing the bioavailability of cadmium in contaminated soils.  https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100556_182c427fe4333ae261c24b5383dc3faf.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 11 2025 01 20 Soil Properties of a Calcareous Soil and Cationic Nutrient Uptake by Zea Mays L. as Influenced by Sheep Manure and Rice Husk Biochars Soil Properties of a Calcareous Soil and Cationic Nutrient Uptake by Zea Mays L. as Influenced by Sheep Manure and Rice Husk Biochars 2209 2223 100560 10.22059/ijswr.2024.380679.669777 FA Mahdi Najafi-Ghiri Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University Hamid Reza Boostani Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University, Darab, Iran Ehsan Bijanzadeh Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University, Darab, Iran 0000-0003-2076-2048 Journal Article 2024 08 10 The balanced absorption of cations in calcareous soils is influenced by the high concentrations of calcium and sodium, while the addition of amendments like biochars can further modify the cation absorption dynamics. This study evaluated the impact of adding biochars derived from sheep manure and rice husks (produced at 300°C and 500°C) to calcareous soil on various soil properties (pH, EC, CEC, and soluble and exchangeable K, Ca, and Na), as well as on corn growth and the uptake of these cations. Results indicated that sheep manure biochar exhibited higher pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and concentrations of potassium, calcium, and sodium compared to rice husk biochar, with these properties intensifying as production temperature increased. The application of sheep manure biochar raised soil EC by 0.4 dS m⁻¹ and increased soluble cation concentrations. Conversely, rice husk biochar selectively enhanced the soluble potassium concentration by 0.7 mmol L⁻¹. Both types of biochar reduced the calcium-to-potassium ratio (from 4.44 to 0.97–1.64) and increased exchangeable potassium and sodium levels (by 5– 10 mmol kg⁻¹ and 0.5–1.5 mmol kg⁻¹, respectively). Corn yield improved significantly, ranging from 16% to 160%, with biochar application. Although sheep manure biochar enhanced cation content in corn shoots compared to rice husk biochar, it decreased the calcium-to-potassium, potassium-to-sodium, and calcium-to-sodium ratios in plant tissues. Overall, rice husk biochars proved more effective than sheep manure biochars due to their lower salinity, higher potassium content, reduced sodium levels, and the promotion of a more balanced cation absorption by plant roots. The balanced absorption of cations in calcareous soils is influenced by the high concentrations of calcium and sodium, while the addition of amendments like biochars can further modify the cation absorption dynamics. This study evaluated the impact of adding biochars derived from sheep manure and rice husks (produced at 300°C and 500°C) to calcareous soil on various soil properties (pH, EC, CEC, and soluble and exchangeable K, Ca, and Na), as well as on corn growth and the uptake of these cations. Results indicated that sheep manure biochar exhibited higher pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and concentrations of potassium, calcium, and sodium compared to rice husk biochar, with these properties intensifying as production temperature increased. The application of sheep manure biochar raised soil EC by 0.4 dS m⁻¹ and increased soluble cation concentrations. Conversely, rice husk biochar selectively enhanced the soluble potassium concentration by 0.7 mmol L⁻¹. Both types of biochar reduced the calcium-to-potassium ratio (from 4.44 to 0.97–1.64) and increased exchangeable potassium and sodium levels (by 5– 10 mmol kg⁻¹ and 0.5–1.5 mmol kg⁻¹, respectively). Corn yield improved significantly, ranging from 16% to 160%, with biochar application. Although sheep manure biochar enhanced cation content in corn shoots compared to rice husk biochar, it decreased the calcium-to-potassium, potassium-to-sodium, and calcium-to-sodium ratios in plant tissues. Overall, rice husk biochars proved more effective than sheep manure biochars due to their lower salinity, higher potassium content, reduced sodium levels, and the promotion of a more balanced cation absorption by plant roots. https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100560_18ef2f09755c1e56bb15128e5406938b.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 11 2025 01 20 Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Sidewall Slope on the Discharge Capacity of Trapezoidal Piano Key Weirs Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Sidewall Slope on the Discharge Capacity of Trapezoidal Piano Key Weirs 2225 2242 100559 10.22059/ijswr.2024.380132.669771 FA Morteza Shokri Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan,Iran. Ali Gholami M.Sc. Student in Water and Hydraulic Structures, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Journal Article 2024 07 30 Sloped piano key weirs, by adjusting the inclination of their sidewalls, enable improved hydraulic performance under various conditions. These weirs, with appropriate slopes, demonstrate better performance than non-sloped weirs by storing more water during low-flow conditions and providing more effective discharge during floods. The flow discharge in sloped piano key weirs is proportional to the upstream head, which contributes to increased efficiency and safety of dams. Trapezoidal piano key weirs, given their high efficiency, are well-suited for complex hydraulic conditions such as floods and variable flows. This study examines the performance of trapezoidal piano key weirs in both sloped and non-sloped configurations. The experiments were conducted in a 15-meter-long channel with a width and height of 60 cm. The laboratory models included trapezoidal piano key weirs of type A with slopes of 0, 5, 7.5, and 10 degrees. To investigate the effect of slope direction, the piano key weirs were inclined both in the flow direction and against the flow direction and were tested under 9 different discharges. The results showed that sloped trapezoidal piano key weirs inclined against the flow, with over 75% of the weir crest length engaged, have a higher discharge coefficient compared to other models. The discharge coefficient in the weir with a 5-degree slope against the flow direction is on average 7% higher than that of the non-sloped weir. The results of this study indicate that a trapezoidal piano key weir with a 5-degree slope against the flow direction performs better under flood and low-flow conditions compared to a non-sloped trapezoidal piano key weir. Sloped piano key weirs, by adjusting the inclination of their sidewalls, enable improved hydraulic performance under various conditions. These weirs, with appropriate slopes, demonstrate better performance than non-sloped weirs by storing more water during low-flow conditions and providing more effective discharge during floods. The flow discharge in sloped piano key weirs is proportional to the upstream head, which contributes to increased efficiency and safety of dams. Trapezoidal piano key weirs, given their high efficiency, are well-suited for complex hydraulic conditions such as floods and variable flows. This study examines the performance of trapezoidal piano key weirs in both sloped and non-sloped configurations. The experiments were conducted in a 15-meter-long channel with a width and height of 60 cm. The laboratory models included trapezoidal piano key weirs of type A with slopes of 0, 5, 7.5, and 10 degrees. To investigate the effect of slope direction, the piano key weirs were inclined both in the flow direction and against the flow direction and were tested under 9 different discharges. The results showed that sloped trapezoidal piano key weirs inclined against the flow, with over 75% of the weir crest length engaged, have a higher discharge coefficient compared to other models. The discharge coefficient in the weir with a 5-degree slope against the flow direction is on average 7% higher than that of the non-sloped weir. The results of this study indicate that a trapezoidal piano key weir with a 5-degree slope against the flow direction performs better under flood and low-flow conditions compared to a non-sloped trapezoidal piano key weir. https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_100559_52773f9ef5b8396c192fddd1243be482.pdf