University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 9 2024 11 21 Co-application of seed priming and foliar spraying by Zinc, a solution to enhance rice yield and grain Bio-fortification Co-application of seed priming and foliar spraying by Zinc, a solution to enhance rice yield and grain Bio-fortification 1451 1470 99276 10.22059/ijswr.2024.377502.669727 FA Shahram MahmoudSoltani Associate Professor of Rice Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization Maryam Hosseini Chjelshtori Associate Professor of Rice Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Rasht, Iran Shahram Nazari 1Assistant Professor of Rice Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Rasht, Iran Maryam Shakouri Katigari Rice Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension /organization 0000-0001-7764-9578 Journal Article 2024 06 10 Seed priming and foliar application of zinc on rice relies on higher contact and lesser application as new strategies enhances rice growth and development (quantitatively and qualitatively) in both normal and stress conditions. An open-air pot three factor-factorial experiment was conducted on a randomized complete block design with three replications to explore the effect of two aforementioned fertilizer application methods on morphological and physiological traits of Hashemi cultivar during 2021-2022 rice growing seasons. The applied experimental factors were: Nutripriming with zinc sulfate (5g.L-1) for 6, 12, and 24 hours, and control; soil types at two levels (less and more than Zn critical level (2 mgkg-1), and foliar application of 0.05% solution from amino acid chelate zinc source at maximum tillering, booting and ripening stages. The results clearly showed that the rice grain yield was increased through co-application of nutripriming with zinc sulfate (5g.L-1) for 6 hours and foliar application of 0.05% solution from amino acid chelate zinc source at maximum tillering, booting and ripening stages by about 1.78 and 1.39 times compared to control 1 (soil 1) and control 2 (soil 2), respectively. With similar trend, the aforementioned combined treatments increased the straw yield by an average of 30% and the grain and straw zinc content by about 1.8 times and 99.25%, and 1.8 times and 46.45%. Seed priming and foliar application of zinc on rice relies on higher contact and lesser application as new strategies enhances rice growth and development (quantitatively and qualitatively) in both normal and stress conditions. An open-air pot three factor-factorial experiment was conducted on a randomized complete block design with three replications to explore the effect of two aforementioned fertilizer application methods on morphological and physiological traits of Hashemi cultivar during 2021-2022 rice growing seasons. The applied experimental factors were: Nutripriming with zinc sulfate (5g.L-1) for 6, 12, and 24 hours, and control; soil types at two levels (less and more than Zn critical level (2 mgkg-1), and foliar application of 0.05% solution from amino acid chelate zinc source at maximum tillering, booting and ripening stages. The results clearly showed that the rice grain yield was increased through co-application of nutripriming with zinc sulfate (5g.L-1) for 6 hours and foliar application of 0.05% solution from amino acid chelate zinc source at maximum tillering, booting and ripening stages by about 1.78 and 1.39 times compared to control 1 (soil 1) and control 2 (soil 2), respectively. With similar trend, the aforementioned combined treatments increased the straw yield by an average of 30% and the grain and straw zinc content by about 1.8 times and 99.25%, and 1.8 times and 46.45%.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_99276_d6a228ebf5c590b16b7c6d5d05682f92.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 9 2024 11 21 Water flow characteritics in the presence of mulch in furrow irrigation Water flow characteritics in the presence of mulch in furrow irrigation 1471 1484 99278 10.22059/ijswr.2024.377031.669718 FA Ali Pahlevani Corresponding Author, Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. E-mail: ali.pahlevani@ut.ac.ir Hamed Ebrahimian Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. E-mail: ebrahimian@ut.ac.ir Teymour Sohrabi Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. E-mail: myousef@ut.ac.ir Fariborz Abbasi Agricultural Engineering Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. E-mail: fariborzabbasi@ymail.com 0000-0002-0662-7723 Journal Article 2024 05 25 Surface irrigation systems have been widely used in different regions worldwide, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. However, inadequate management has resulted in significant water losses in the agricultural sector. Utilizing plastic and organic mulches in furrow irrigation systems reduces water loss and increases irrigation efficiency. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the type of mulch and the location of the plastic mulch in furrow irrigation on the hydraulic parameters of the surface flow, such as advance time, recession, runoff, and infiltrated water volume. Field experiments were conducted in 2021 in Karaj, Iran. In general, five treatments were considered: three treatments with plastic mulch, including mulch on the ridge (R), mulch on the bottom of the furrow (F), and mulch on the ridge and bottom of the furrow (FR), and one treatment with organic mulch of wheat straw (OM) and a treatment without mulch or control (C). Considering the same irrigation management and inflow rate, it was observed that using mulch would increase water losses due to maintaining the soil moisture and reducing the wet perimeter. The highest amounts of runoff and the fastest advance time were produced for the FR, F, OM, R, and C treatments, respectively. Conversely, the order was reversed for the volume of infiltrated water. When mulch is used, it is essential to make fundamental changes in irrigation management. This may involve adjusting the inflow rate, cut-off time, field length, or a combination of these methods. It is also suggested that deficit irrigation could be utilized in future experiments. Surface irrigation systems have been widely used in different regions worldwide, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. However, inadequate management has resulted in significant water losses in the agricultural sector. Utilizing plastic and organic mulches in furrow irrigation systems reduces water loss and increases irrigation efficiency. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the type of mulch and the location of the plastic mulch in furrow irrigation on the hydraulic parameters of the surface flow, such as advance time, recession, runoff, and infiltrated water volume. Field experiments were conducted in 2021 in Karaj, Iran. In general, five treatments were considered: three treatments with plastic mulch, including mulch on the ridge (R), mulch on the bottom of the furrow (F), and mulch on the ridge and bottom of the furrow (FR), and one treatment with organic mulch of wheat straw (OM) and a treatment without mulch or control (C). Considering the same irrigation management and inflow rate, it was observed that using mulch would increase water losses due to maintaining the soil moisture and reducing the wet perimeter. The highest amounts of runoff and the fastest advance time were produced for the FR, F, OM, R, and C treatments, respectively. Conversely, the order was reversed for the volume of infiltrated water. When mulch is used, it is essential to make fundamental changes in irrigation management. This may involve adjusting the inflow rate, cut-off time, field length, or a combination of these methods. It is also suggested that deficit irrigation could be utilized in future experiments.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_99278_0dfd5381cc3977965fbff862b70e3553.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 9 2024 11 21 Assessment of environmental indices for soil lead contamination in a part of Shahr-e-Ray, Tehran Province Assessment of environmental indices for soil lead contamination in a part of Shahr-e-Ray, Tehran Province 1485 1503 99279 10.22059/ijswr.2024.378270.669735 FA Shahla Rahmani Siyalarz Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran Ali Keshavarzi Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran Fereydoon Sarmadian Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran Mohsen Farahbakhsh Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran Journal Article 2024 06 19 The rapid development of industry and economy has led to the entry of environmental pollutants, particularly heavy metals, into the soil, raising concerns among the global community regarding public health and food security. Consequently, the awareness and assessment of these elements have become significant in predicting hazards and related diseases, as well as establishing soil quality standards. This study aimed to quantify lead (Pb) contamination using various environmental indices in a part of Shahr-e-Ray, Tehran Province. To achieve this, 44 composite soil samples were collected from the 0-20 cm soil depth. After sample preparation, some physical and chemical properties were measured using standard methods, and the total concentration of lead in the soil was determined using the Aqua Regia method. Three environmental indices, including the Enrichment Factor, Geoaccumulation Index, and Contamination Factor, were employed to assess the potential risk of lead contamination. The results indicated that all examined samples exceeded the standard and recommended limit for lead concentration in Iran, with an average of 135.99 mg/kg. In term of the Geoaccumulation Index, the samples exhibited a range of (2.46-2.90), categorizing them in the moderately to heavily polluted class. For the Enrichment Factor, all samples fell into the high enrichment class, with a range of (6.48-9.31). The Contamination Factor also classified the samples as highly contaminated, with a range of (8.25-11.24) which is mainly influenced by human activities. Continuous monitoring and surveillance of lead concentration variations in the studied soils are essential for preserving production resources and achieving food security. The rapid development of industry and economy has led to the entry of environmental pollutants, particularly heavy metals, into the soil, raising concerns among the global community regarding public health and food security. Consequently, the awareness and assessment of these elements have become significant in predicting hazards and related diseases, as well as establishing soil quality standards. This study aimed to quantify lead (Pb) contamination using various environmental indices in a part of Shahr-e-Ray, Tehran Province. To achieve this, 44 composite soil samples were collected from the 0-20 cm soil depth. After sample preparation, some physical and chemical properties were measured using standard methods, and the total concentration of lead in the soil was determined using the Aqua Regia method. Three environmental indices, including the Enrichment Factor, Geoaccumulation Index, and Contamination Factor, were employed to assess the potential risk of lead contamination. The results indicated that all examined samples exceeded the standard and recommended limit for lead concentration in Iran, with an average of 135.99 mg/kg. In term of the Geoaccumulation Index, the samples exhibited a range of (2.46-2.90), categorizing them in the moderately to heavily polluted class. For the Enrichment Factor, all samples fell into the high enrichment class, with a range of (6.48-9.31). The Contamination Factor also classified the samples as highly contaminated, with a range of (8.25-11.24) which is mainly influenced by human activities. Continuous monitoring and surveillance of lead concentration variations in the studied soils are essential for preserving production resources and achieving food security.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_99279_67a5a771f59573ad3abadac48b16792a.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 9 2024 11 21 Effects of application of Azospirillum bacteria and sulfur spraying on yield and photosynthetic pigments of wheat cultivars Effects of application of Azospirillum bacteria and sulfur spraying on yield and photosynthetic pigments of wheat cultivars 1505 1520 99280 10.22059/ijswr.2024.379146.669753 FA Zohreh Karimi Department of Agronomy and Crop Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran Mohammad Javad Zarea Department of Agronomy and Crop Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran Arash Fazeli Department of Agronomy and Crop Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran. Batool Zarei Department of Agronomy and Crop Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran. Journal Article 2024 07 11 Wheat is one of the primary cereals in most countries, and in recent decades, its cultivation has been significantly impacted by environmental conditions due to climate change. Therefore, an experiment was conducted during the 2020-2021 agricultural year to examine the response of photosynthetic pigments and the yield of different wheat cultivars to the combined application of bacteria and sulfur under rainfed conditions. This factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental factors included four wheat cultivars: Eivan, Sardari, Homa, and Azar 2, sulfur treatment at two levels: foliar spray with distilled water as a control and foliar spray with sulfur and bacterial treatment at two levels: without inoculation (control) and inoculation with Azospirillum bacteria. The results showed that the highest grain yield (3030 kg/ha) was observed in the Eivan cultivar with the application of Azospirillum bacteria. Inoculation with Azospirillum bacteria increased the grain yield of the Eivan and Sardari cultivars by 17.9% and 42%, respectively, while no statistically significant effect was observed on the grain yield of the Homa and Azar 2 cultivars. The results indicated that sulfur spraying and bacterial application improved photosynthesis. Under rainfed conditions, the Eivan cultivar had significantly higher grain yield compared to the Sardari, Homa, and Azar 2 cultivars and produced a higher yield with bacterial application. Azospirillum bacteria increased leaf photosynthesis. Plant nutrition management and the use of growth-promoting bacteria, with their physiological effects, can be considered strategies for improving yield under rainfed conditions. Wheat is one of the primary cereals in most countries, and in recent decades, its cultivation has been significantly impacted by environmental conditions due to climate change. Therefore, an experiment was conducted during the 2020-2021 agricultural year to examine the response of photosynthetic pigments and the yield of different wheat cultivars to the combined application of bacteria and sulfur under rainfed conditions. This factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental factors included four wheat cultivars: Eivan, Sardari, Homa, and Azar 2, sulfur treatment at two levels: foliar spray with distilled water as a control and foliar spray with sulfur and bacterial treatment at two levels: without inoculation (control) and inoculation with Azospirillum bacteria. The results showed that the highest grain yield (3030 kg/ha) was observed in the Eivan cultivar with the application of Azospirillum bacteria. Inoculation with Azospirillum bacteria increased the grain yield of the Eivan and Sardari cultivars by 17.9% and 42%, respectively, while no statistically significant effect was observed on the grain yield of the Homa and Azar 2 cultivars. The results indicated that sulfur spraying and bacterial application improved photosynthesis. Under rainfed conditions, the Eivan cultivar had significantly higher grain yield compared to the Sardari, Homa, and Azar 2 cultivars and produced a higher yield with bacterial application. Azospirillum bacteria increased leaf photosynthesis. Plant nutrition management and the use of growth-promoting bacteria, with their physiological effects, can be considered strategies for improving yield under rainfed conditions.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_99280_72dfd266577fad55e4ab2365de3e48a3.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 9 2024 11 21 Modified biochar application effects on soil chemical properties and nutrients uptake in sugarcane cv. CP73-21 Modified biochar application effects on soil chemical properties and nutrients uptake in sugarcane cv. CP73-21 1521 1536 99332 10.22059/ijswr.2024.374316.669683 FA Safieh Sorkheh Department of Soil Science, Faculty of agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Abdolamir Moezzi Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Neda Moradi Department of soil science, faculty of agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Akbar Karimi Department of Agronomy, Khuzestan Sugarcane Research and Training Institute, Ahvaz, Iran. Journal Article 2024 03 24 One of the major problems of soils in arid and semi-arid regions is the lack of organic matter. Chemical fortification of biochar is effective in increasing biochar's efficiency to improve the chemical properties and fertility of the soil and plant growth. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of biochar and modified sugarcane bagasse biochar on the nutrient status, soil chemical properties, nutritional status and sugarcane yield. Sugarcane bagasse biochar was prepared and modified and its properties were measured. This research was done in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments, including 1- control (without the use of biochar), 2- sugarcane bagasse biochar, 3- sulfuric acid modified biochar, 4- citric acid modified biochar and 4 replications in pots and greenhouse condition. The biochar treatments were applied before plantantion at 1% w/w level. At the end of the experiment period, plant biomass yield and soil chemical properties were measured. The results showed that the application of all treatments caused a decrease in soil pH (0.24-0.64 units), but increase cation exchange capacity (1.55 to 1.84-fold), organic carbon (2.2 to 2.6-fold) and available concentration of phosphorus (1.7 to 2.2-fold), potassium (1.29 to 1.85-fold), iron (1.65 to 1.78-fold) and zinc (1.41 to 1.69-fold) in the soil. The use of citric acid modified biochar had the greatest effect in increasing the height (19.4%) and the dry weight of the shoot (10.8%) and nutrient uptake in shoot compared to the control treatment. In general, biochar prepared from sugarcane bagasse and modified with citric acid could be effective in improving soil chemical properties, nutrient availability and sugarcane growth and nutrition under the studied soil conditions. One of the major problems of soils in arid and semi-arid regions is the lack of organic matter. Chemical fortification of biochar is effective in increasing biochar's efficiency to improve the chemical properties and fertility of the soil and plant growth. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of biochar and modified sugarcane bagasse biochar on the nutrient status, soil chemical properties, nutritional status and sugarcane yield. Sugarcane bagasse biochar was prepared and modified and its properties were measured. This research was done in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments, including 1- control (without the use of biochar), 2- sugarcane bagasse biochar, 3- sulfuric acid modified biochar, 4- citric acid modified biochar and 4 replications in pots and greenhouse condition. The biochar treatments were applied before plantantion at 1% w/w level. At the end of the experiment period, plant biomass yield and soil chemical properties were measured. The results showed that the application of all treatments caused a decrease in soil pH (0.24-0.64 units), but increase cation exchange capacity (1.55 to 1.84-fold), organic carbon (2.2 to 2.6-fold) and available concentration of phosphorus (1.7 to 2.2-fold), potassium (1.29 to 1.85-fold), iron (1.65 to 1.78-fold) and zinc (1.41 to 1.69-fold) in the soil. The use of citric acid modified biochar had the greatest effect in increasing the height (19.4%) and the dry weight of the shoot (10.8%) and nutrient uptake in shoot compared to the control treatment. In general, biochar prepared from sugarcane bagasse and modified with citric acid could be effective in improving soil chemical properties, nutrient availability and sugarcane growth and nutrition under the studied soil conditions.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_99332_31f56ff809e1255715a052f2cb8e370e.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 9 2024 11 21 Evaluation of sediment pollution by heavy elements using geochemical data and pollution indicators (case study: Eraghi basin in Esfaryen city) Evaluation of sediment pollution by heavy elements using geochemical data and pollution indicators (case study: Eraghi basin in Esfaryen city) 1537 1564 99333 10.22059/ijswr.2024.379138.669752 FA Mohammad Motamedirad Department of Geography Education, Farhangian University,Tehran, Iran. Gholamabbas Fallah Ghalhari Professor of Climatology, Department of Geography and Tourism, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran Hasan Rezaei Assistant Professor of Climatology at Imam Ali Officer University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 07 09 Due to various activities, heavy metals can be released in the environment and endanger the health of people in the society. Considering the importance of the subject, the present research has investigated the contamination of Araghi catchment basin sediments with heavy elements. For this purpose, 24 sediment samples were collected and the concentration of 11 heavy elements, including arsenic(As), cadmium(Cd), cobalt(Co), chromium(Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), Molibden(Mo), nickel (Ni), lead(Pb), vanadium (V)and aluminium(Al), were studied and pollution indicators were used to measure pollution. Based on the calculation of the enrichment index and according to the classification of Chen (2007), Mo (with an average of 0.91), Cu (with an average of 0.92) and Fe (with an average of 0.96) are among the elements without enrichment (less than 1) and the elements of Pb, Cr, As, Ni, Co and V are in the slightly enriched range in the region. Based on this index and the Anthropogenic Percent, the origin of all the studied elements is in the lithogenic area, which is caused by the weathering and erosion of the rock units of the area. The results of examining the Contamination factor, Modify Contamination Degree, Pollution Load Index and Geoaccumulation Index showed that the sediment samples in the study basin did not show any specific pollution and were classified as non-polluted. The average Ecological Risk index and Modified ecological risk index were obtained as 50.38 and 114.07, respectively, which according to Hakanson's classification, the state of Ecological Risk index and Modified ecological risk index of sediments in the studied area are low for heavy elements. Due to various activities, heavy metals can be released in the environment and endanger the health of people in the society. Considering the importance of the subject, the present research has investigated the contamination of Araghi catchment basin sediments with heavy elements. For this purpose, 24 sediment samples were collected and the concentration of 11 heavy elements, including arsenic(As), cadmium(Cd), cobalt(Co), chromium(Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), Molibden(Mo), nickel (Ni), lead(Pb), vanadium (V)and aluminium(Al), were studied and pollution indicators were used to measure pollution. Based on the calculation of the enrichment index and according to the classification of Chen (2007), Mo (with an average of 0.91), Cu (with an average of 0.92) and Fe (with an average of 0.96) are among the elements without enrichment (less than 1) and the elements of Pb, Cr, As, Ni, Co and V are in the slightly enriched range in the region. Based on this index and the Anthropogenic Percent, the origin of all the studied elements is in the lithogenic area, which is caused by the weathering and erosion of the rock units of the area. The results of examining the Contamination factor, Modify Contamination Degree, Pollution Load Index and Geoaccumulation Index showed that the sediment samples in the study basin did not show any specific pollution and were classified as non-polluted. The average Ecological Risk index and Modified ecological risk index were obtained as 50.38 and 114.07, respectively, which according to Hakanson's classification, the state of Ecological Risk index and Modified ecological risk index of sediments in the studied area are low for heavy elements.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_99333_2ae983948c6a897a0c55b39ee52704da.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 9 2024 11 21 Investigating sustainable groundwater withdrawal potential of Tabriz Plain for irrigation use with an emphasize on protection of water resources Investigating sustainable groundwater withdrawal potential of Tabriz Plain for irrigation use with an emphasize on protection of water resources 1565 1583 99334 10.22059/ijswr.2024.373731.669676 FA Reza Delirhasannia Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Sahar Kamrani Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Saeid Samadianfard Associate Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran Fatemeh Mikaili Ph.D. Student, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2024 03 09 The amount of underground water discharge by identified wells and aqueducts in Tabriz plain is 134 MCM per year. According to the hydrograph drawn for Tabriz plain, the groundwater level has dropped by 1.394 meters for 16 statistical years (2006-2021) and 0.088 meters in the wet year (2020-2021). The results of the water balance calculation of the region showed that the plain is in a state of imbalance and the reservoir deficit was estimated at 22.74 MCM. The results of this study showed that one of the important factors of water shortage is to turn to crops with a high water requirement. So, the sustainable perception of the seven scenarios on the dominant crop pattern applied in the region which four scenarios (1) providing 80% of the water requirement of the products instead of providing full water requirement, (2) providing full water requirement while reducing the 20% cultivated area, (3) providing 90% of the water requirement of the products simultaneously with 10% reduction in their cropping area, (4) onion production due to high water requirement removal from the cropping pattern and reduction of 10% of the alfalfa cultivar and 10% Chickpea and vegetable cultivars were accepted, which are roughly proportionate to the sustainable harvesting value. The results showed that the most important solution for optimal water use is management of water use and in agricultural sector, changing the pattern of cultivation is a good way to reform the water use pattern. The amount of underground water discharge by identified wells and aqueducts in Tabriz plain is 134 MCM per year. According to the hydrograph drawn for Tabriz plain, the groundwater level has dropped by 1.394 meters for 16 statistical years (2006-2021) and 0.088 meters in the wet year (2020-2021). The results of the water balance calculation of the region showed that the plain is in a state of imbalance and the reservoir deficit was estimated at 22.74 MCM. The results of this study showed that one of the important factors of water shortage is to turn to crops with a high water requirement. So, the sustainable perception of the seven scenarios on the dominant crop pattern applied in the region which four scenarios (1) providing 80% of the water requirement of the products instead of providing full water requirement, (2) providing full water requirement while reducing the 20% cultivated area, (3) providing 90% of the water requirement of the products simultaneously with 10% reduction in their cropping area, (4) onion production due to high water requirement removal from the cropping pattern and reduction of 10% of the alfalfa cultivar and 10% Chickpea and vegetable cultivars were accepted, which are roughly proportionate to the sustainable harvesting value. The results showed that the most important solution for optimal water use is management of water use and in agricultural sector, changing the pattern of cultivation is a good way to reform the water use pattern.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_99334_e5143e188770b67344aebecd61b976c3.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 9 2024 11 21 The application of biosurfactant producing bacterial consortium as a petroleum degrader in increasing the hydraulic conductivity coefficient of TPH-contaminated soil The application of biosurfactant producing bacterial consortium as a petroleum degrader in increasing the hydraulic conductivity coefficient of TPH-contaminated soil 1585 1599 99412 10.22059/ijswr.2024.376847.669716 FA Komeil Zeynali Department of Soil Science Engineering, College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Shayan Shariati Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Ahmad Ali Pourbabaei Department of Soil Science Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran MEDI SHORAFA Department of Soil Science Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2024 05 23 Oil pollution is recognized as one of the significant threat to soil fertility and plant production. Pollution caused by petroleum hydrocarbons, reduces the hydraulic conductivity of soils, leading to increased erosion and runoff, and decreased plant growth. One practical approach for remediating soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons is using biosurfactant-producing microorganisms that can degrade these compounds. This study examined the efficacy of a microbial consortium comprising the bacterial strains Dietzia aerolata PS14B1, Kocuria salina PS12B2, and Mesobacillus harenae PS9D12 in altering the permeability coefficient of soil contaminated with high pollution (TPH). In the hydrocarbon growth and degradation test in the mineral base medium after seven days of incubation, the results showed that strains PS14B1, PS12B2, and PS9D12 were successful in reducing Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) by 25.63%, 24.11%, and 22.83%, respectively, which was significantly different from the control (P<0.05). The inoculation of the bacterial strains into the soil and subsequent 30-day incubation demonstrated a significant increase in soil hydraulic conductivity, from 1.18 cm h-1 to 9.12 cm h-1, compared to the control treatment (3.24 cm h-1). These findings suggest that the bacterial consortium holds potential for the sustainable remediation of oil-contaminated sites and the enhancement of soil permeability in polluted areas. Oil pollution is recognized as one of the significant threat to soil fertility and plant production. Pollution caused by petroleum hydrocarbons, reduces the hydraulic conductivity of soils, leading to increased erosion and runoff, and decreased plant growth. One practical approach for remediating soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons is using biosurfactant-producing microorganisms that can degrade these compounds. This study examined the efficacy of a microbial consortium comprising the bacterial strains Dietzia aerolata PS14B1, Kocuria salina PS12B2, and Mesobacillus harenae PS9D12 in altering the permeability coefficient of soil contaminated with high pollution (TPH). In the hydrocarbon growth and degradation test in the mineral base medium after seven days of incubation, the results showed that strains PS14B1, PS12B2, and PS9D12 were successful in reducing Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) by 25.63%, 24.11%, and 22.83%, respectively, which was significantly different from the control (P<0.05). The inoculation of the bacterial strains into the soil and subsequent 30-day incubation demonstrated a significant increase in soil hydraulic conductivity, from 1.18 cm h-1 to 9.12 cm h-1, compared to the control treatment (3.24 cm h-1). These findings suggest that the bacterial consortium holds potential for the sustainable remediation of oil-contaminated sites and the enhancement of soil permeability in polluted areas.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_99412_7e56a113aa2156bfb02792b4eafbd70b.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 9 2024 11 21 The combination of dimensionality reduction methods and machine learning algorithms in the optimization of Maroon River water quality prediction The combination of dimensionality reduction methods and machine learning algorithms in the optimization of Maroon River water quality prediction 1601 1615 99413 10.22059/ijswr.2024.376275.669708 FA Fereshteh Sayahi Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. Laleh Divband Hafshejani Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. Parvaneh Tishehzan Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. Hamid Abdolabadi Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. 0000-0003-2589-2773 Journal Article 2024 05 07 Water resources face challenges such as climate change and human activities. Sustainable water management is extremely important to solve this problem. More and more people are using artificial intelligence, especially machine learning, to predict and manage water quality. These AI methods are excellent at identifying patterns in water data and improving water quality management. This study examines the water quality of the Maroon River using a combination of factor analysis and machine learning. Data on various water quality parameters were collected from three stations over a period of ten years and the water quality index was calculated. Then, different machine learning algorithms were used to predict the water quality index. In a further step, factor analysis was performed to extract the important features of the input for the optimal algorithm. The performance of the studied algorithms was determined at each step using evaluation criteria. The results showed that in the first step, the Random Forest algorithm (R2 (0.78), RMSE (2.65)) had the best performance in predicting water quality index. It was also found that among the three algorithms studied, nitrate is the most important input parameter, while acidity is the least important. By reducing the number of inputs to 3 important parameters, the performance of the Random Forest algorithm (R2 (0.74), RMSE (2.86)) almost reached the level of 8 input parameters. Combining insights from factor analysis and feature importance analysis can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the complex relationships among water quality parameters and help develop more effective water management. Water resources face challenges such as climate change and human activities. Sustainable water management is extremely important to solve this problem. More and more people are using artificial intelligence, especially machine learning, to predict and manage water quality. These AI methods are excellent at identifying patterns in water data and improving water quality management. This study examines the water quality of the Maroon River using a combination of factor analysis and machine learning. Data on various water quality parameters were collected from three stations over a period of ten years and the water quality index was calculated. Then, different machine learning algorithms were used to predict the water quality index. In a further step, factor analysis was performed to extract the important features of the input for the optimal algorithm. The performance of the studied algorithms was determined at each step using evaluation criteria. The results showed that in the first step, the Random Forest algorithm (R2 (0.78), RMSE (2.65)) had the best performance in predicting water quality index. It was also found that among the three algorithms studied, nitrate is the most important input parameter, while acidity is the least important. By reducing the number of inputs to 3 important parameters, the performance of the Random Forest algorithm (R2 (0.74), RMSE (2.86)) almost reached the level of 8 input parameters. Combining insights from factor analysis and feature importance analysis can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the complex relationships among water quality parameters and help develop more effective water management.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_99413_bc8a36b440bc67eac6066269bf03527e.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 9 2024 11 21 Estimation of actual evapotranspiration of agricultural and horticultural products using satellite processing Estimation of actual evapotranspiration of agricultural and horticultural products using satellite processing 1617 1632 99437 10.22059/ijswr.2024.370619.669641 FA Zakarya Ebrahimi Water Engineering Department, Agriculture Faculty, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Javad Behmanesh Water Engineering Department, Agriculture Faculty, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Vahid Rezaverdinejad Water Engineering Department, Agriculture Faculty, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Journal Article 2024 01 06 This study was conducted to determine the actual evapotranspiration values and water supply status of different cultivation pattern in 341 hectares of agricultural lands of Deryas and Tut-Aghaj of Mahabad plain in West Azarbaijan, with pressurized irrigation systems using remote sensing tools and SEBAL algorithms. To carry out this research, 7 different images of Landsat 8 satellite were downloaded in the period from May to September of 2022 (plant growth season) and the amount of crop water requirement on the basis of the cultivation pattern was estimated in the study area and compared to the amount of water consumed in the irrigation network. On the basis of obtained results, the highest amounts of evapotranspiration in the growth season relates to apple, Peach, alfalfa, cherry, sour cherry, apricot, plum stencil, grape and wheat, respectively. Also, the amount of water consumption during the growing season on the 341 hectares of the study area was estimated to be 2060000 m3, while the water input into the network in the previous agricultural year was more than 2500000 m3, representing an 82% efficiency of the pressurized irrigation network in Daryas. It is mentioned that in most of the study area, unauthorized wells are also used for land irrigation. Based on the obtained results in this study, it is inevitable to control the condition of the irrigation network and the amount and method of water distribution. This study was conducted to determine the actual evapotranspiration values and water supply status of different cultivation pattern in 341 hectares of agricultural lands of Deryas and Tut-Aghaj of Mahabad plain in West Azarbaijan, with pressurized irrigation systems using remote sensing tools and SEBAL algorithms. To carry out this research, 7 different images of Landsat 8 satellite were downloaded in the period from May to September of 2022 (plant growth season) and the amount of crop water requirement on the basis of the cultivation pattern was estimated in the study area and compared to the amount of water consumed in the irrigation network. On the basis of obtained results, the highest amounts of evapotranspiration in the growth season relates to apple, Peach, alfalfa, cherry, sour cherry, apricot, plum stencil, grape and wheat, respectively. Also, the amount of water consumption during the growing season on the 341 hectares of the study area was estimated to be 2060000 m3, while the water input into the network in the previous agricultural year was more than 2500000 m3, representing an 82% efficiency of the pressurized irrigation network in Daryas. It is mentioned that in most of the study area, unauthorized wells are also used for land irrigation. Based on the obtained results in this study, it is inevitable to control the condition of the irrigation network and the amount and method of water distribution.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_99437_c277021aa5fcd480d051ae406a0e9d67.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 9 2024 11 21 Effect of mycorrhizal inoculation, different amounts of zeolite and phosphorus chemical fertilizer on mung bean yield (Vigna radiate L.) Effect of mycorrhizal inoculation, different amounts of zeolite and phosphorus chemical fertilizer on mung bean yield (Vigna radiate L.) 1633 1645 99441 10.22059/ijswr.2024.374430.669684 FA Muhanad Najim Abdul Reda International Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Mohammad Mirzaei Heydari Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Journal Article 2024 03 27 This study was conducted to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation and different amounts of sheep manure on the quantitative and qualitative yield of mung bean cultivars in Isfahan. Factors included inoculation with mycorrhizae in non-inoculation) and sheep manure at three levels of 0, 7.5 and 15 tons/ha and cultivars at 5 levels (Parto, Gohar, Sakhawat, Zarbakhsh and Mehr). The results showed that the cultivar effect was significant on all traits except the main effects of mycorrhiza and manure on all measured traits except seed nitrogen and seed potassium were significant. The results of the interaction effect showed that the highest amount of grain yield was observed in the treatment of 15 tons/ha of manure and mycorrhiza consumption at the rate of 947.4 kg/ha, and the lowest in the case of no manure consumption and nomycorrhiza consumption at the rate of 667.6 kg/ha was obtained. The results of the interaction effect showed that the highest yield of seed protein was observed in the treatment of 7.5 tons/ha of manure and 171.84 kg/ha, which was compared to the treatment of 7.5 tons/ha of manure and no use. Mycorrhiza showed an increase of about 44.5. In this experiment, Gohar cultivar showed a better reaction than other investigated cultivars. In this study, the use of 7.5 tons/ha of sheep manure in combination with mycorrhiza had the greatest effect on mung bean yield and protein. Finally, the results of this research showed that in order to produce high yield and quality of mung bean, it is possible to benefit from the combination of animal and biological fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation and different amounts of sheep manure on the quantitative and qualitative yield of mung bean cultivars in Isfahan. Factors included inoculation with mycorrhizae in non-inoculation) and sheep manure at three levels of 0, 7.5 and 15 tons/ha and cultivars at 5 levels (Parto, Gohar, Sakhawat, Zarbakhsh and Mehr). The results showed that the cultivar effect was significant on all traits except the main effects of mycorrhiza and manure on all measured traits except seed nitrogen and seed potassium were significant. The results of the interaction effect showed that the highest amount of grain yield was observed in the treatment of 15 tons/ha of manure and mycorrhiza consumption at the rate of 947.4 kg/ha, and the lowest in the case of no manure consumption and nomycorrhiza consumption at the rate of 667.6 kg/ha was obtained. The results of the interaction effect showed that the highest yield of seed protein was observed in the treatment of 7.5 tons/ha of manure and 171.84 kg/ha, which was compared to the treatment of 7.5 tons/ha of manure and no use. Mycorrhiza showed an increase of about 44.5. In this experiment, Gohar cultivar showed a better reaction than other investigated cultivars. In this study, the use of 7.5 tons/ha of sheep manure in combination with mycorrhiza had the greatest effect on mung bean yield and protein. Finally, the results of this research showed that in order to produce high yield and quality of mung bean, it is possible to benefit from the combination of animal and biological fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_99441_65c4a9e92b6a3adb781694bec8856cb4.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 55 9 2024 11 21 Smart irrigation based on the IoT Smart irrigation based on the IoT 1647 1678 99567 10.22059/ijswr.2024.378114.669734 FA Masoud Pourgholam-Amiji Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. Iman Hajirad Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Khaled Ahmadaali Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. Abdolmajid Liaghat Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2024 06 16 Today, despite the idea that people may have about agriculture, it is a complex, time-consuming, and expensive process. Still, the reality is that today's agriculture industry is data-driven, accurate, smarter, and even easier. It has changed more compared to the past. All these cases have been formed with the help of a new concept called the Internet of Things in the agricultural industry. The Internet of Things is a huge network of people and things and the increasing expansion of the Internet and the reduction of its costs have provided the ground for the creation of the Internet of Things. Such changes have caused a great revolution in the field of agricultural industry, which has shaken the existing agricultural methods and can create new opportunities in the present and future. Determining the users of the Internet of Things will play an effective role in determining its prospects. However, the implementation of the Internet of Things is associated with challenges, and the Internet of Things needs standards to continue its work. So far, a lot of research has been done on the challenges of the Internet of Things and ways to solve them. Also, standards have been defined for the Internet of Things. In this article, we intend to examine the concept and applications of the Internet of Things in agriculture and irrigation, then the challenges and ways to solve them, and the architectures and standards proposed in the field of the Internet of Things. Also, this paper highlights the potential of wireless sensors and IoT in agriculture, as well as the challenges that are expected to be faced when integrating this technology with traditional agricultural practices. On the other hand, IoT devices and communication techniques related to wireless sensors encountered in agricultural applications and sensors available for specific agricultural applications, such as soil preparation, crop status, irrigation, insect and pest detection, as well as How to use this technology by the producers, which will help them to carry out the stages of cultivation, from planting to harvesting, packaging and transportation, has been explained. Advanced IoT-based architectures and platforms used in smart irrigation are also highlighted wherever appropriate. Finally, based on this comprehensive review, we identify the current and future trends of the Internet of Things in smart irrigation and highlight potential research challenges. Today, despite the idea that people may have about agriculture, it is a complex, time-consuming, and expensive process. Still, the reality is that today's agriculture industry is data-driven, accurate, smarter, and even easier. It has changed more compared to the past. All these cases have been formed with the help of a new concept called the Internet of Things in the agricultural industry. The Internet of Things is a huge network of people and things and the increasing expansion of the Internet and the reduction of its costs have provided the ground for the creation of the Internet of Things. Such changes have caused a great revolution in the field of agricultural industry, which has shaken the existing agricultural methods and can create new opportunities in the present and future. Determining the users of the Internet of Things will play an effective role in determining its prospects. However, the implementation of the Internet of Things is associated with challenges, and the Internet of Things needs standards to continue its work. So far, a lot of research has been done on the challenges of the Internet of Things and ways to solve them. Also, standards have been defined for the Internet of Things. In this article, we intend to examine the concept and applications of the Internet of Things in agriculture and irrigation, then the challenges and ways to solve them, and the architectures and standards proposed in the field of the Internet of Things. Also, this paper highlights the potential of wireless sensors and IoT in agriculture, as well as the challenges that are expected to be faced when integrating this technology with traditional agricultural practices. On the other hand, IoT devices and communication techniques related to wireless sensors encountered in agricultural applications and sensors available for specific agricultural applications, such as soil preparation, crop status, irrigation, insect and pest detection, as well as How to use this technology by the producers, which will help them to carry out the stages of cultivation, from planting to harvesting, packaging and transportation, has been explained. Advanced IoT-based architectures and platforms used in smart irrigation are also highlighted wherever appropriate. Finally, based on this comprehensive review, we identify the current and future trends of the Internet of Things in smart irrigation and highlight potential research challenges.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_99567_75134d8774770dea7c72dee8eb7ce583.pdf