University of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X53520220723Solid-phase humification of Lignite for activation of nitro-humified substances via ozone oxidation: humification efficiency and nitrogen transformationSolid-phase humification of Lignite for activation of nitro-humified substances via ozone oxidation: humification efficiency and nitrogen transformation9179368978910.22059/ijswr.2022.340128.669223FAEhsanSarlakiPh.D. Student, Department of Agrotechnology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-0158-5579Mohammad HosseinKianmehrFull Professor,, Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-8169-3803Ali MashaallahKermaniAssistant Professor , Department of Agrotechnology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20220306This study is the first attempt to solid-phase humification of Lignite for activation of nitro-humified substances<strong> </strong>(NHSs)<strong> </strong>towards improve the cleaner application of lignites in agriculture and the environment. Ozone oxidation and additives of urea and KOH were used as accelerator of humification process, nitrogen enrichment and humic acid activating agent, respectively. In order to elucidate the solid-phase humification performance of lignite, indicators such as total humic acids (THA) and the water-soluble humic acids (WHA), nitrogen/oxygen content, C/N ratio, degree of oxidation (O/C) obtained from CHNOS elemental analysis, and carboxylic and phenolic functional groups content were evaluated. Toward the confirmation of changes of the oxygen-nitrogen containing functional groups as well as effective nitrogen transformation in the humification process, FT-IR spectroscopy and analysis of distribution percentage of incorporated bonded nitrogen forms were studied. Experiments and data collection of this research were completely conducted in 2021-year in the college of Abouraihan-University of Tehran and in the laboratories located in department of biosystems engineering. In continuation, response surface methodology based on the central composite design (CCD-RSM) was used to determine the optimal conditions, and mathematical models were developed to accurately predict the changes of THAs and the WHAs. Under the optimal conditions of 8 g/h of ozonation rate, 15 min of oxidation time, 14.85 %wt. of KOH and 30 %wt. of urea, the yield of THA and WHA were 69.02% and 53.32%, respectively which were significantly higher than the control samples (30% and 7%, respectively). The uniform distribution of binded nitrogen forms in the NHSs showed that 47% of the total nitrogen content in the NHSs was in the form of ammonium nitrogen, 16% in the form of amide nitrogen and 37% in the form of highly bonded organic nitrogen with very strong bonds. By assist of ozone humification, the content of phenolic and carboxylic acid groups increased by 85.71% and 215.87%, respectively. The optimized process resulted in superior quality indicators, including less carbon, more nitrogen and consequently lower C/N ratio, higher O/C ratio, lower aromatic carbon, and more aliphatic and carboxylic carbon for developed NHSs.This study is the first attempt to solid-phase humification of Lignite for activation of nitro-humified substances<strong> </strong>(NHSs)<strong> </strong>towards improve the cleaner application of lignites in agriculture and the environment. Ozone oxidation and additives of urea and KOH were used as accelerator of humification process, nitrogen enrichment and humic acid activating agent, respectively. In order to elucidate the solid-phase humification performance of lignite, indicators such as total humic acids (THA) and the water-soluble humic acids (WHA), nitrogen/oxygen content, C/N ratio, degree of oxidation (O/C) obtained from CHNOS elemental analysis, and carboxylic and phenolic functional groups content were evaluated. Toward the confirmation of changes of the oxygen-nitrogen containing functional groups as well as effective nitrogen transformation in the humification process, FT-IR spectroscopy and analysis of distribution percentage of incorporated bonded nitrogen forms were studied. Experiments and data collection of this research were completely conducted in 2021-year in the college of Abouraihan-University of Tehran and in the laboratories located in department of biosystems engineering. In continuation, response surface methodology based on the central composite design (CCD-RSM) was used to determine the optimal conditions, and mathematical models were developed to accurately predict the changes of THAs and the WHAs. Under the optimal conditions of 8 g/h of ozonation rate, 15 min of oxidation time, 14.85 %wt. of KOH and 30 %wt. of urea, the yield of THA and WHA were 69.02% and 53.32%, respectively which were significantly higher than the control samples (30% and 7%, respectively). The uniform distribution of binded nitrogen forms in the NHSs showed that 47% of the total nitrogen content in the NHSs was in the form of ammonium nitrogen, 16% in the form of amide nitrogen and 37% in the form of highly bonded organic nitrogen with very strong bonds. By assist of ozone humification, the content of phenolic and carboxylic acid groups increased by 85.71% and 215.87%, respectively. The optimized process resulted in superior quality indicators, including less carbon, more nitrogen and consequently lower C/N ratio, higher O/C ratio, lower aromatic carbon, and more aliphatic and carboxylic carbon for developed NHSs.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_89789_7946aded6e566a57dbc4f9a2114aad76.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X53520220723Investigation of Biochar Application and Different Levels of Irrigation on Physico-chemical Properties and Microbial Respiration of Cadmium Contaminated Soil in Tomato CultivationInvestigation of Biochar Application and Different Levels of Irrigation on Physico-chemical Properties and Microbial Respiration of Cadmium Contaminated Soil in Tomato Cultivation9379568979010.22059/ijswr.2022.340509.669232FATaraJamiliFaculty of Agriculture, Soil Science Department,, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, IranAfsanehAlinejadian BidabadiAssistant Professor, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran0000-0001-5669-2489AbbasMalekiAssistant Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Iran0000-0001-6367-2793MohmmadFeizianAssociate Professor, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Iran0000-0002-3206-4434Omid AliAkbarpourAssistant Professor, Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, IranJournal Article20220314Soil pollution with heavy metals and moisture stress are the main threats to food security in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of biochar on physico-chemical properties and soil microbial respiration in reducing cadmium (Cd) stress in tomatoes, and to determine the optimal irrigation level for plant growth. A factorial-based experiment in a randomized complete block design using three levels of rice bran (0 (B<sub>0</sub>), 3 (B<sub>3</sub>), and 6 (B<sub>6</sub>) ton/ha) and seven irrigation levels (50 (L<sub>50</sub>), 60 (L<sub>60</sub>), 70 (L<sub>70</sub>), 80 (L<sub>80</sub>), 90 (L<sub>90</sub>), 100 (L<sub>100</sub>), and 110 (L<sub>110</sub>) percent of full irrigation (L<sub>100</sub>) based on soil moisture depletion, respectively were performed on tomato cultivation in the research greenhouse, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, in 2019. The results showed that the best treatments in improving soil physical properties (bulk density, total porosity, mean weight diameter, water-stable aggregates, and stability index), soil nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper), and increasing soil microbial respiration, were L<sub>90</sub>B<sub>6</sub>, L<sub>100</sub>B<sub>6</sub>, and L<sub>110</sub>B<sub>6</sub> treatments. The best tomato fruit yield with 1459.00, 1588.70, and 1610.30 g plant<sup>-1</sup> was observed in L<sub>90</sub>B<sub>6</sub>, L<sub>100</sub>B<sub>6</sub>, and L<sub>110</sub>B<sub>6</sub> treatments, respectively, which have not significantly different. In addition, Cd concentration in tomato fruit in these treatments was 0.02 mg/kg, which is lower than that of the global average (FAO/WHO), while in treatments B<sub>0</sub> and B<sub>3</sub>, severe toxicity of tomato fruit and reduced yield were observed. Therefore, in the irrigation level of %90 percent of soil moisture depletion (L<sub>100</sub>) with the application of 6 ton/ha rice husk biochar (B<sub>6</sub>), minimum Cd stress and maximum yield for the plant were observed, and more water consumption was prevented.Soil pollution with heavy metals and moisture stress are the main threats to food security in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of biochar on physico-chemical properties and soil microbial respiration in reducing cadmium (Cd) stress in tomatoes, and to determine the optimal irrigation level for plant growth. A factorial-based experiment in a randomized complete block design using three levels of rice bran (0 (B<sub>0</sub>), 3 (B<sub>3</sub>), and 6 (B<sub>6</sub>) ton/ha) and seven irrigation levels (50 (L<sub>50</sub>), 60 (L<sub>60</sub>), 70 (L<sub>70</sub>), 80 (L<sub>80</sub>), 90 (L<sub>90</sub>), 100 (L<sub>100</sub>), and 110 (L<sub>110</sub>) percent of full irrigation (L<sub>100</sub>) based on soil moisture depletion, respectively were performed on tomato cultivation in the research greenhouse, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, in 2019. The results showed that the best treatments in improving soil physical properties (bulk density, total porosity, mean weight diameter, water-stable aggregates, and stability index), soil nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper), and increasing soil microbial respiration, were L<sub>90</sub>B<sub>6</sub>, L<sub>100</sub>B<sub>6</sub>, and L<sub>110</sub>B<sub>6</sub> treatments. The best tomato fruit yield with 1459.00, 1588.70, and 1610.30 g plant<sup>-1</sup> was observed in L<sub>90</sub>B<sub>6</sub>, L<sub>100</sub>B<sub>6</sub>, and L<sub>110</sub>B<sub>6</sub> treatments, respectively, which have not significantly different. In addition, Cd concentration in tomato fruit in these treatments was 0.02 mg/kg, which is lower than that of the global average (FAO/WHO), while in treatments B<sub>0</sub> and B<sub>3</sub>, severe toxicity of tomato fruit and reduced yield were observed. Therefore, in the irrigation level of %90 percent of soil moisture depletion (L<sub>100</sub>) with the application of 6 ton/ha rice husk biochar (B<sub>6</sub>), minimum Cd stress and maximum yield for the plant were observed, and more water consumption was prevented.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_89790_f2826e42e97a0aa876684aaeb9103f63.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X53520220723Estimation of Soil Surface Moisture in Agricultural Lands Using Satellite Images and Remote Sensing Indicators (Case Study: Shushtar County)Estimation of Soil Surface Moisture in Agricultural Lands Using Satellite Images and Remote Sensing Indicators (Case Study: Shushtar County)9579708979110.22059/ijswr.2022.341981.669251FAMohammadAbiyatMSc in Natural Resources Engineering- Environment, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran (Khuzestan), Ahvaz, Iran0000-0002-2041-0272MostefaAbiyatPhD Student in Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran0000-0002-8040-6291MortezaAbiyatPhD Student in Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran0000-0002-1649-9673Journal Article20220421Estimation of soil moisture is essential for optimal management of water and soil resources. Landsat images with appropriate spatial and temporal resolution are good tools for these studies. The purpose of this study is to estimate and zoning the soil surface moisture in agricultural lands of Shushtar County in Khuzestan province using remote sensing indicators. To do this, first 25 soil samples of agricultural lands were taken from a depth of 0-15 cm and their moisture was measured. Then, normalized vegetation difference index (NDVI), soil reflection adjustment index (SAVI), surface temperature (LST), normalized moisture difference index (NDMI), normalized agricultural differential index (NDTI) and soil moisture index Infrared short band (SM<sub>SWIR</sub>) were applied to the Landsat 8 Image. In the next step, the values of these indices were transferred to SPSS software for statistical regression and the soil moisture estimation functions were obtained by multivariate linear regression. The results showed; Due to the high coefficient of determination (0.73) and the low root mean square error (1.31) in the simultaneous method (Enter Method), this model was considered suitable for estimating and zoning the surface moisture of agricultural lands in the region. According to the research results, soil surface moisture was directly related to NDVI, SAVI, NDMI, NDTI and SM<sub>SWIR</sub> indices and inversely related to LST index. Also, LST index has a better estimate of soil moisture, which indicates a significant effect of this factor on the amount of soil surface moisture.Estimation of soil moisture is essential for optimal management of water and soil resources. Landsat images with appropriate spatial and temporal resolution are good tools for these studies. The purpose of this study is to estimate and zoning the soil surface moisture in agricultural lands of Shushtar County in Khuzestan province using remote sensing indicators. To do this, first 25 soil samples of agricultural lands were taken from a depth of 0-15 cm and their moisture was measured. Then, normalized vegetation difference index (NDVI), soil reflection adjustment index (SAVI), surface temperature (LST), normalized moisture difference index (NDMI), normalized agricultural differential index (NDTI) and soil moisture index Infrared short band (SM<sub>SWIR</sub>) were applied to the Landsat 8 Image. In the next step, the values of these indices were transferred to SPSS software for statistical regression and the soil moisture estimation functions were obtained by multivariate linear regression. The results showed; Due to the high coefficient of determination (0.73) and the low root mean square error (1.31) in the simultaneous method (Enter Method), this model was considered suitable for estimating and zoning the surface moisture of agricultural lands in the region. According to the research results, soil surface moisture was directly related to NDVI, SAVI, NDMI, NDTI and SM<sub>SWIR</sub> indices and inversely related to LST index. Also, LST index has a better estimate of soil moisture, which indicates a significant effect of this factor on the amount of soil surface moisture.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_89791_4e36efaafa7bdb96cc5633a5bea37055.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X53520220723Simulating soil organic carbon dynamics using RothC in grasslands range and croplands Saral Research Center Kurdistan ProvinceSimulating soil organic carbon dynamics using RothC in grasslands range and croplands Saral Research Center Kurdistan Province9719928979210.22059/ijswr.2022.339220.669211FAPouriaShahsavariDepartment of soil science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IranMohammad AmirDelavarDepartment of Soil Science and Engineering Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran0000-0002-2128-4933ParvizKaramiRangeland Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran0000-0002-0486-6780KamalNabiollahiDepartment of Soil Science and Engineering Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran0000-0001-8616-6084Journal Article20220216RothC is among the most successful models in terms of simulating the impacts of climate change and management activities in natural ecosystems on local and global scales. The current research was carried out to assess and validate RothC in studying SOC content from 1990 to 2020 and defining the scenarios of maintaining the current situations (scenario 1), climate change (scenario 2), manure fertilizing till 2100 (scenario 3), and climate change with manure fertilizing till 2100 (scenario 4) in grasslands, range, and croplands in Saral Research Center, Kurdistan Province, under rotations of wheat-uncultivation and wheat-pea. The parameters of the model were determined by using the measured data from the soils sampled at two years (2018 and 2019) from Saral Research Center and the local weather data, Next, the model was validated by comparison of the predicted values with the measured SOC data. Assessment of the measured and simulated data through validation for different land uses revealed that RothC could satisfactorily predict the changes in SOC contents under different fertilizing and climate change scenarios so that root mean square error (RMSE) and the simulation efficiency were calculated as 8.92% and 74.0%, respectively. The simulation results indicated that compared to scenario1, climate change in the studied land uses will cause a decrease in SOC contents till 2100. Manure fertilizing (scenario3) would be the best scenario so that by using this strategy the grassland, with 59.83 ton SOC per hectare until the end of the current century. According to the results predicted by the model, the highest SOCrate (32.9%) and the most change in SOC sequestration (ΔSOCs) (0.16 t/h) during the next 80 years were calculated in the range under scenario 3; whereas the lowest values (-32.0% and -0.11 t/h, respectively), were achieved in croplands under rotations of wheat-uncultivation under scenario2.RothC is among the most successful models in terms of simulating the impacts of climate change and management activities in natural ecosystems on local and global scales. The current research was carried out to assess and validate RothC in studying SOC content from 1990 to 2020 and defining the scenarios of maintaining the current situations (scenario 1), climate change (scenario 2), manure fertilizing till 2100 (scenario 3), and climate change with manure fertilizing till 2100 (scenario 4) in grasslands, range, and croplands in Saral Research Center, Kurdistan Province, under rotations of wheat-uncultivation and wheat-pea. The parameters of the model were determined by using the measured data from the soils sampled at two years (2018 and 2019) from Saral Research Center and the local weather data, Next, the model was validated by comparison of the predicted values with the measured SOC data. Assessment of the measured and simulated data through validation for different land uses revealed that RothC could satisfactorily predict the changes in SOC contents under different fertilizing and climate change scenarios so that root mean square error (RMSE) and the simulation efficiency were calculated as 8.92% and 74.0%, respectively. The simulation results indicated that compared to scenario1, climate change in the studied land uses will cause a decrease in SOC contents till 2100. Manure fertilizing (scenario3) would be the best scenario so that by using this strategy the grassland, with 59.83 ton SOC per hectare until the end of the current century. According to the results predicted by the model, the highest SOCrate (32.9%) and the most change in SOC sequestration (ΔSOCs) (0.16 t/h) during the next 80 years were calculated in the range under scenario 3; whereas the lowest values (-32.0% and -0.11 t/h, respectively), were achieved in croplands under rotations of wheat-uncultivation under scenario2.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_89792_5a636752d4349020c9aa3e87f2674f96.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X53520220723The impact of climate change on groundwater level changes in future periods based on fifth report of ICCP (Case study: Razan Aquifer)The impact of climate change on groundwater level changes in future periods based on fifth report of ICCP (Case study: Razan Aquifer)99310088979310.22059/ijswr.2022.337121.669179FAMohammad MoeinFallahiPh.D. Candidate, Department of Water Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, IranSaeidShabanlouDepartment of Water Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.0000-0001-9107-9233AhmadRajabiDepartment of Water Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran0000-0002-9332-8114FariborzYosefvandDepartment of Water Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran0000-0002-1240-9036Mohammad AliIzadbakhshDepartment of Water Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran0000-0002-8533-9876Journal Article20220109Climate change is one of the major challenges affecting the environment especially groundwater resources. In this study, the effect of the climate change on the Razan plain groundwater level in two 20-year periods is investigated. To simulate the aquifer, the GMS groundwater model is validated and verified for two 18-year period, respectively. To examine the climate change impact on groundwater level variations in the upcoming periods, the CMIP5 models are utilized by three scenarios including Rcp, Rcp 8.5, Rcp 4.5 and Rcp 2.6. To consider the uncertainty of the prediction of the climate change models, the probability level method for precipitation and temperature changes are used. In the probability level method, the combination of 6 climate change models and three mentioned scenarios for each month, 18 values of predictions for ∆T and ∆P changes in the next year are estimated. Then, using the proper distribution in each month, the next ∆T and ∆P are estimated in the probability levels of 90 and 50 percent and the general circulation uncertainties are evaluated in these two probability levels to forecast climate variables including precipitation and temperature. The results of forecasting climatic variables for the Rcp 2.6, Rcp 4.5, Rcp 8.5 scenarios and two levels of probability of 90 and 50%, respectively, display changes in the average temperature of + 0.65, + 0.653, + 0.653, - 0.04 and +6.6 ° C and changes in average precipitation are -0.15, -0.06, +2.25, -30.2 and -0.095 percent during the period 2045-2018. Finally, using the GMS model, the effect of climate change on aquifer level changes under these scenarios are determined. The results show that the groundwater level under the combined scenarios Rcp 2.6, Rcp 4.5, Rcp 8.5 and two probability levels of 90 and 50% for the next period 2018-2045 compared to the base period of 1991-1998 will drop between -55.5 to -1.83 meters on average.Climate change is one of the major challenges affecting the environment especially groundwater resources. In this study, the effect of the climate change on the Razan plain groundwater level in two 20-year periods is investigated. To simulate the aquifer, the GMS groundwater model is validated and verified for two 18-year period, respectively. To examine the climate change impact on groundwater level variations in the upcoming periods, the CMIP5 models are utilized by three scenarios including Rcp, Rcp 8.5, Rcp 4.5 and Rcp 2.6. To consider the uncertainty of the prediction of the climate change models, the probability level method for precipitation and temperature changes are used. In the probability level method, the combination of 6 climate change models and three mentioned scenarios for each month, 18 values of predictions for ∆T and ∆P changes in the next year are estimated. Then, using the proper distribution in each month, the next ∆T and ∆P are estimated in the probability levels of 90 and 50 percent and the general circulation uncertainties are evaluated in these two probability levels to forecast climate variables including precipitation and temperature. The results of forecasting climatic variables for the Rcp 2.6, Rcp 4.5, Rcp 8.5 scenarios and two levels of probability of 90 and 50%, respectively, display changes in the average temperature of + 0.65, + 0.653, + 0.653, - 0.04 and +6.6 ° C and changes in average precipitation are -0.15, -0.06, +2.25, -30.2 and -0.095 percent during the period 2045-2018. Finally, using the GMS model, the effect of climate change on aquifer level changes under these scenarios are determined. The results show that the groundwater level under the combined scenarios Rcp 2.6, Rcp 4.5, Rcp 8.5 and two probability levels of 90 and 50% for the next period 2018-2045 compared to the base period of 1991-1998 will drop between -55.5 to -1.83 meters on average.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_89793_927d8b4eea2d5b91b9b13a65fd8fa25e.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X53520220723Effect of Foliar Application of Nano and Conventional Zinc Oxide and Silica Fertilizers on Yield and Yield Components of Millet in Deficit Irrigation ConditionsEffect of Foliar Application of Nano and Conventional Zinc Oxide and Silica Fertilizers on Yield and Yield Components of Millet in Deficit Irrigation Conditions100910218979410.22059/ijswr.2022.341546.669244FAHamedJavadiDepartment of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-5213-0232Mohammad JavadSeghatolslamiDepartment of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran0000-0003-3826-5074GholamrezaMoosaviDepartment of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran0000-0002-5602-4007AhmadMossaviDepartment of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20220413In order to study the effect of foliar application of nano and conventional zinc oxide and silica fertilizers on yield and yield components of millet Pishhang cultivar, an experiment was conducted in 2017 in the research farm of Birjand branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand as split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Two levels of irrigation (irrigation based on 50% and 100% of water requirement by FAO method) were as the main plots. Also seven treatment of fertilizer foliar application (no foliar application (control), zinc oxide, silica oxide, nano zinc oxide, nano Silica, zinc oxide + silica and nano-zinc + nano-silica) were as the sub-plots. The results showed that deficit irrigation reduced plant height (36.2%), panicle length (21.2%), stomata conductance (14.2%), number of panicles per square meter (39.6%), number of seeds per panicle (33%), grain yield (62.8%), biological yield (38.4%) and harvest index (45.7%) compared to the control (100% water requirement). The effect of fertilizer foliar application was significant on chlorophyll index, stomata conductance, number of panicles per square meter, grain yield and biological yield. The highest grain yield was obtained from the application of common zinc oxide, nano-silica and zinc oxide+silica, which increased by 27.7, 26.8 and 15.9%, respectively, compared to the control. Also, the highest biological yield was obtained from the application of zinc + silica, ordinary zinc and nano-silica, which had an increase of 16.3%, 8.8% and 6.6%, respectively, compared to the control. Based on the results of this experiment, in order to preserve the environment and achieve maximum grain yield of millet in Birjand region, optimal irrigation and foliar application of nano-silica can be used.In order to study the effect of foliar application of nano and conventional zinc oxide and silica fertilizers on yield and yield components of millet Pishhang cultivar, an experiment was conducted in 2017 in the research farm of Birjand branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand as split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Two levels of irrigation (irrigation based on 50% and 100% of water requirement by FAO method) were as the main plots. Also seven treatment of fertilizer foliar application (no foliar application (control), zinc oxide, silica oxide, nano zinc oxide, nano Silica, zinc oxide + silica and nano-zinc + nano-silica) were as the sub-plots. The results showed that deficit irrigation reduced plant height (36.2%), panicle length (21.2%), stomata conductance (14.2%), number of panicles per square meter (39.6%), number of seeds per panicle (33%), grain yield (62.8%), biological yield (38.4%) and harvest index (45.7%) compared to the control (100% water requirement). The effect of fertilizer foliar application was significant on chlorophyll index, stomata conductance, number of panicles per square meter, grain yield and biological yield. The highest grain yield was obtained from the application of common zinc oxide, nano-silica and zinc oxide+silica, which increased by 27.7, 26.8 and 15.9%, respectively, compared to the control. Also, the highest biological yield was obtained from the application of zinc + silica, ordinary zinc and nano-silica, which had an increase of 16.3%, 8.8% and 6.6%, respectively, compared to the control. Based on the results of this experiment, in order to preserve the environment and achieve maximum grain yield of millet in Birjand region, optimal irrigation and foliar application of nano-silica can be used.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_89794_e3574304f95291ef80d174fa087b6634.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X53520220723Experimental study of the effect of wall slope on the discharge coefficient of labyrinth weirsExperimental study of the effect of wall slope on the discharge coefficient of labyrinth weirs102310348979510.22059/ijswr.2022.336840.669176FAMahdiMajedi AslAssocite Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran.0000-0002-9998-8017RasoulDaneshfarazProfessor , Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Iran.0000-0003-1012-8342MeysamShahbazi MarsaM.Sc. Student. Water and hydraulic structures, Univ. of Maragheh, IranJournal Article20220104The advantages of labyrinth weirs include high discharge coeficient and low water fluctuations, when flowing through the weir. The main objective of the present study is to experimentally investigate the variations of labyrinth weirs discharge coefficient (Cd) through altering the geometric parameters as the wall slope and the length of upstream and downstream apexes of each cycle. A total of 135 experiments were performed on 9 physical models in contracted canal (20 cm on each side). All models have been compared with the control sample (normal labyrinth weir,80A). The results showed that the trapezoidal labyrinth weir with an upstream apex of 5 cm with a wall slope of 10 degrees in the state of convergence (U10A) has a higher discharge coefficient and efficiency than the model without a wall slope. Their maximum difference is more than 12%. Also, the trapozidal labyrinth weir with an upstream apex of 8 cm with a wall slope of 10 degrees in the state of divergence (D10A) at the ratio of h<sub>t</sub>/p lower than 0.37, has a higher performance than the 80A model. By increasing this ratio and discharge, its superiority decreases. Finally, the results showed that by changing the slope of the walls by 10 degrees, the performance of the trapezoidal labyrinth weir increases compared to the non-sloping walls (verticall walls).The advantages of labyrinth weirs include high discharge coeficient and low water fluctuations, when flowing through the weir. The main objective of the present study is to experimentally investigate the variations of labyrinth weirs discharge coefficient (Cd) through altering the geometric parameters as the wall slope and the length of upstream and downstream apexes of each cycle. A total of 135 experiments were performed on 9 physical models in contracted canal (20 cm on each side). All models have been compared with the control sample (normal labyrinth weir,80A). The results showed that the trapezoidal labyrinth weir with an upstream apex of 5 cm with a wall slope of 10 degrees in the state of convergence (U10A) has a higher discharge coefficient and efficiency than the model without a wall slope. Their maximum difference is more than 12%. Also, the trapozidal labyrinth weir with an upstream apex of 8 cm with a wall slope of 10 degrees in the state of divergence (D10A) at the ratio of h<sub>t</sub>/p lower than 0.37, has a higher performance than the 80A model. By increasing this ratio and discharge, its superiority decreases. Finally, the results showed that by changing the slope of the walls by 10 degrees, the performance of the trapezoidal labyrinth weir increases compared to the non-sloping walls (verticall walls).https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_89795_12b2a9da77470dbd9a98ccb349a25b17.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X53520220723The Effects of Modifying the Geometric Shapes of steps in Stepped Spillway on Hydraulic Parameters and Energy DissipationThe Effects of Modifying the Geometric Shapes of steps in Stepped Spillway on Hydraulic Parameters and Energy Dissipation103510558979610.22059/ijswr.2022.342428.669257FAAmirGhaderiDepartment of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 537138791, Iran0000-0002-8661-6302SaeedAbbasiDepartment of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 537138791, Iran.0000-0003-1847-2105Journal Article20220501Stepped spillways are a common structure for energy dissipation since they create turbulence and frictional resistance to flow through the steps, which increases energy dissipation along the structure. In this study, by performing a series of tests, the effect of modifying the shape of steps by simultaneously applying elements on the steps and their edge on the flow pattern, inception point on the spillway, hydraulic jump characteristics in the downstream, and energy dissipation were investigated. The pool edge elements were of two types (height and notch), and the elements placed on the steps were different arrangements. Their results were compared to the flat stepped spillway. Finally, by applying these elements on an operational spillway, the effect of step modifications on the flow characteristic was evaluated. The results showed that the simultaneous application of elements on the steps and the edge caused some turbulence and instabilities on the flow surface with fluctuations and had little effect on the flow regime. Turbulence flow due to colliding with elements affects the inception point, causing it to be transferred upstream of the stepped spillway. Step modification reduces the sequent depth and jump length by 26.29 and 34.24%, respectively, and increases the energy dissipation rate by 14.38%. The effect of additional elements on the performance of the stepped spillway is high at low discharges. Modification of Siah-Bisheh stepped spillway by applying elements on the steps reduces the flow velocity by 9.8% downstream of the spillway, increases turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) by 63%, and enhances the energy dissipation rate by 11.32%.Stepped spillways are a common structure for energy dissipation since they create turbulence and frictional resistance to flow through the steps, which increases energy dissipation along the structure. In this study, by performing a series of tests, the effect of modifying the shape of steps by simultaneously applying elements on the steps and their edge on the flow pattern, inception point on the spillway, hydraulic jump characteristics in the downstream, and energy dissipation were investigated. The pool edge elements were of two types (height and notch), and the elements placed on the steps were different arrangements. Their results were compared to the flat stepped spillway. Finally, by applying these elements on an operational spillway, the effect of step modifications on the flow characteristic was evaluated. The results showed that the simultaneous application of elements on the steps and the edge caused some turbulence and instabilities on the flow surface with fluctuations and had little effect on the flow regime. Turbulence flow due to colliding with elements affects the inception point, causing it to be transferred upstream of the stepped spillway. Step modification reduces the sequent depth and jump length by 26.29 and 34.24%, respectively, and increases the energy dissipation rate by 14.38%. The effect of additional elements on the performance of the stepped spillway is high at low discharges. Modification of Siah-Bisheh stepped spillway by applying elements on the steps reduces the flow velocity by 9.8% downstream of the spillway, increases turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) by 63%, and enhances the energy dissipation rate by 11.32%.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_89796_e13c2e94480119b25cd0d5a94bc6159e.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X53520220723Analytical solution of pollutant transport equation in different types of river networks considering distributed source termAnalytical solution of pollutant transport equation in different types of river networks considering distributed source term105710778979710.22059/ijswr.2022.341884.669250FAMohammad JavadFardadi ShilsarDepartment of Water Engineering and Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranMehdiMazaheriDepartment of Water Engineering and Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-8670-1710Ja,malMohammad Vali SamaniDepartment of Water Engineering and Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-2547-0821Journal Article20220420In this study, the analytical solution of the pollution transport equation considering distributed source term and initial condition was performed by Laplace transform method for a general river network in a finite domain with constant coefficients for upstream and downstream using Dirichlet boundary conditions. Existence of the source term and initial condition increases the computational complexity to find the particular solution of the ordinary differential equation. To evaluate the existing analytical solution, two hypothetical examples were presented, that in each, modeling was performed on two branch and loop networks types considering a distributed source of pollution. Input data for modeling each of the desired river networks include values of velocity, dispersion coefficient, branch lengths, flow area, and input concentrations from boundaries and distributed sources. By calculating the diffusion and Laplace mass balance matrices (by influencing the distributed source) in the river network based on the connection and data matrix, a nonlinear equations system is created according to the Laplace s variable, which by solving it, the pollution concentration matrix and consequently the pollution concentration in each node is calculated by numerical inverse Laplace algorithm. The numerical solution used to validate the proposed analytical solution. The results showed that the statistical indices of R<sup>2</sup>, root mean square error, and mean absolute error in the best case were 99.86%, 0.0099, and 0.0067 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for 1456 route and in the worst case were 95.20%, 0.0309 and 0.0194 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for 23456 route of the loop network, respectively. The results showed that the two proposed solutions are well compatible together, indicating the good performance of the existing analytical solution and its replacement instead of numerical solution due to higher accuracy in the river network.In this study, the analytical solution of the pollution transport equation considering distributed source term and initial condition was performed by Laplace transform method for a general river network in a finite domain with constant coefficients for upstream and downstream using Dirichlet boundary conditions. Existence of the source term and initial condition increases the computational complexity to find the particular solution of the ordinary differential equation. To evaluate the existing analytical solution, two hypothetical examples were presented, that in each, modeling was performed on two branch and loop networks types considering a distributed source of pollution. Input data for modeling each of the desired river networks include values of velocity, dispersion coefficient, branch lengths, flow area, and input concentrations from boundaries and distributed sources. By calculating the diffusion and Laplace mass balance matrices (by influencing the distributed source) in the river network based on the connection and data matrix, a nonlinear equations system is created according to the Laplace s variable, which by solving it, the pollution concentration matrix and consequently the pollution concentration in each node is calculated by numerical inverse Laplace algorithm. The numerical solution used to validate the proposed analytical solution. The results showed that the statistical indices of R<sup>2</sup>, root mean square error, and mean absolute error in the best case were 99.86%, 0.0099, and 0.0067 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for 1456 route and in the worst case were 95.20%, 0.0309 and 0.0194 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for 23456 route of the loop network, respectively. The results showed that the two proposed solutions are well compatible together, indicating the good performance of the existing analytical solution and its replacement instead of numerical solution due to higher accuracy in the river network.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_89797_0ac936c403c9ba1449bf789d7433f29e.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X53520220723The Effect of Irrigation with Magnetically Treated Effluent on Uptake of Some Heavy Metals in Maize CultivationThe Effect of Irrigation with Magnetically Treated Effluent on Uptake of Some Heavy Metals in Maize Cultivation107910918979810.22059/ijswr.2022.340774.669237FAMasoudPourgholam-AmijiDepartment of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.0000-0002-8691-000XMojtabaKhoshravesh1- Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.0000-0001-8635-3322Journal Article20220322At present, due to the severe crisis of water resources, the reuse of treated effluent and wastewater in the agricultural sector is of great importance. Heavy metals in wastewater are the most important types of environmental pollutants. The goal of this research is to investigate the effect of using magnetically treated effluent on the uptake of heavy metals in maize. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2020 at Babolsar city. Treatments included irrigation with well water (W<sub>1</sub>), irrigation with mixed water (25% of effluent and 75% of well water, W<sub>2</sub>), irrigation with the mixed water (50% of effluent and 50% of well water, W<sub>3</sub>), irrigation with mixed water (75% of effluent and 25% of well water (W<sub>4</sub>), irrigation with 100% effluent (W<sub>5</sub>) under magnetic field (I<sub>1</sub>) and without magnetic field effect (I<sub>2</sub>). At the end of the period, the elements of lead, cadmium, zinc and nickel were measured in aerial parts and seeds of maize. The results showed that the effect of irrigation type and mixed water on the concentration of all elements in aerial parts and seeds of maize was significant at the level of one percent probability. By applying a magnetic field, the concentrations of lead, cadmium, zinc and nickel in the aerial parts of plant decreased by 17.84, 15.9, 14.22 and 13.92% compared to non-magnetic treatment, respectively. With increasing the percentage of effluent in the mixed water for irrigation, the concentration of all elements increased significantly. The maximum concentration of elements in aerial parts and seeds of maize was related to zinc, which was 93.19 and 74.32 mg/kg respectively. The lowest concentrations of heavy metal uptake in aerial parts and seeds of maize were cadmium (0.73 mg/kg) and nickel (3.61 mg/kg), which were corresponded to W<sub>5</sub> treatment. Therefore, by using magnetic effluent as irrigation, the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil can be reduced and its absorption by maize can be prevented. Due to the high uptake of elements by the maize plant, when irrigating with effluents, it is advisable to select plants that have less potential for the accumulation of heavy metals.At present, due to the severe crisis of water resources, the reuse of treated effluent and wastewater in the agricultural sector is of great importance. Heavy metals in wastewater are the most important types of environmental pollutants. The goal of this research is to investigate the effect of using magnetically treated effluent on the uptake of heavy metals in maize. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2020 at Babolsar city. Treatments included irrigation with well water (W<sub>1</sub>), irrigation with mixed water (25% of effluent and 75% of well water, W<sub>2</sub>), irrigation with the mixed water (50% of effluent and 50% of well water, W<sub>3</sub>), irrigation with mixed water (75% of effluent and 25% of well water (W<sub>4</sub>), irrigation with 100% effluent (W<sub>5</sub>) under magnetic field (I<sub>1</sub>) and without magnetic field effect (I<sub>2</sub>). At the end of the period, the elements of lead, cadmium, zinc and nickel were measured in aerial parts and seeds of maize. The results showed that the effect of irrigation type and mixed water on the concentration of all elements in aerial parts and seeds of maize was significant at the level of one percent probability. By applying a magnetic field, the concentrations of lead, cadmium, zinc and nickel in the aerial parts of plant decreased by 17.84, 15.9, 14.22 and 13.92% compared to non-magnetic treatment, respectively. With increasing the percentage of effluent in the mixed water for irrigation, the concentration of all elements increased significantly. The maximum concentration of elements in aerial parts and seeds of maize was related to zinc, which was 93.19 and 74.32 mg/kg respectively. The lowest concentrations of heavy metal uptake in aerial parts and seeds of maize were cadmium (0.73 mg/kg) and nickel (3.61 mg/kg), which were corresponded to W<sub>5</sub> treatment. Therefore, by using magnetic effluent as irrigation, the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil can be reduced and its absorption by maize can be prevented. Due to the high uptake of elements by the maize plant, when irrigating with effluents, it is advisable to select plants that have less potential for the accumulation of heavy metals.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_89798_4237fbd58d47b5929b4f631f024effb5.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X53520220723Determining the relationship between temperature extreme variables and the frequency of environmental dust and evaluating the best model for predicting the FDSD index in the west of the countryDetermining the relationship between temperature extreme variables and the frequency of environmental dust and evaluating the best model for predicting the FDSD index in the west of the country109311098979910.22059/ijswr.2022.342666.669261FAHaniyehMohammadiIrrigation and Development Engineering Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj.0009-0001-2200-7129JavadBazrafshanAssociate Professor, Department of Irrigation and Development Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.0000-0002-6721-8990Journal Article20220507Dust has always been one of the most important environmental hazards and has adverse environmental consequences. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between temperature extreme variables and dust storms and evaluate the best model for predicting the FDSD index in the west of the country. We used hourly visibility data, World Meteorological Organization codes and temperature extreme indices including maximum temperature (TXx) and minimum temperature (TNn) on a monthly basis for 14 meteorological stations located in the west of the country with a statistical period of 25 years (1990-2014) and correlation between them were considered using Tau-Kendall and Pearson correlation coefficients. Map of correlation coefficients to better display the results was prepared by spline method (base radius method) in ArcGIS software. Also, three artificial intelligence models including best neighbor algorithm (KNN), gene expression programming (GEP) and Bayesian network (BN) were evaluated to predict dust. The results showed that dust storms have a positive and significant correlation with temperature extreme indices in 14 studied stations, so that the highest Tau-Kendall correlation coefficient with FDSD index is related to the maximum temperature variable in Dogonbadan station with a value of 0.202 and with the minimum temperature at Sare-Pole-Zahab station with the correlation coefficient 0.242. Also, the highest Pearson correlation coefficient with FDSD index for the maximum temperature variable in Dogonbadan station was 0.415 and that of the minimum temperature in Islamabad station 0.211. Also, the results of the forecast indicated the proper performance of the KNN method, which is ranked first in 13 stations and the BN method had the best performance in Islamabad station. The results of this study can help to better understand the occurrence of dust storms and to studying their climatic relations, as well as to reducing the damage caused by this phenomenon in the study area.Dust has always been one of the most important environmental hazards and has adverse environmental consequences. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between temperature extreme variables and dust storms and evaluate the best model for predicting the FDSD index in the west of the country. We used hourly visibility data, World Meteorological Organization codes and temperature extreme indices including maximum temperature (TXx) and minimum temperature (TNn) on a monthly basis for 14 meteorological stations located in the west of the country with a statistical period of 25 years (1990-2014) and correlation between them were considered using Tau-Kendall and Pearson correlation coefficients. Map of correlation coefficients to better display the results was prepared by spline method (base radius method) in ArcGIS software. Also, three artificial intelligence models including best neighbor algorithm (KNN), gene expression programming (GEP) and Bayesian network (BN) were evaluated to predict dust. The results showed that dust storms have a positive and significant correlation with temperature extreme indices in 14 studied stations, so that the highest Tau-Kendall correlation coefficient with FDSD index is related to the maximum temperature variable in Dogonbadan station with a value of 0.202 and with the minimum temperature at Sare-Pole-Zahab station with the correlation coefficient 0.242. Also, the highest Pearson correlation coefficient with FDSD index for the maximum temperature variable in Dogonbadan station was 0.415 and that of the minimum temperature in Islamabad station 0.211. Also, the results of the forecast indicated the proper performance of the KNN method, which is ranked first in 13 stations and the BN method had the best performance in Islamabad station. The results of this study can help to better understand the occurrence of dust storms and to studying their climatic relations, as well as to reducing the damage caused by this phenomenon in the study area.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_89799_68ac892f6001b44dad81165d3a651ca3.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X53520220723Investigation of the effect of drought stress on bioavailability and bioaccumulation of cadmium, copper, and iron in the BarleyInvestigation of the effect of drought stress on bioavailability and bioaccumulation of cadmium, copper, and iron in the Barley111111258980010.22059/ijswr.2022.340204.669226FAMohsenMadahinasabDepartment of agricultural science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran & Ph.D Student, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, IRAN0000-0001-6402-5459Seyed MohsenMousavi NikProfessors, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, IRANSeyed AhmadGhanbariProfessors, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, IRANAlirezaSirousmehrAssociate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, IRANShapourKouhestaniAssistant Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Kerman, IRANJournal Article20220308The entry of heavy metals into the soil through fertilizers increases the risk of their transfer to the food chain by changing the pattern of cation accumulation in the plant under the water deficiency. In order to investigate the accumulation of cadmium, copper, and iron by barley, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three water deficiency levels (irrigation at 100 (control), 75, and 50% of field capacity) and four sampling stages (each 15 days) in three repetitions in Jiroft region in 2018 and 2019. After harvest, the reduction of soil cadmium, copper, and iron concentrations were 52, 63, and 23%, respectively. Their concentrations in plant shoots were 66, 85, and 96% lower than the ones in roots, respectively. With increasing water deficit, the concentration of residual iron in the soil and shoots increased, and the concentration of copper in soil decreased and increased in roots and shoots, while the cadmium decreased in plant and soil. Copper root accumulation index was higher than one and increased with increasing water deficiency levels, with a significant difference of 6.82 times compared to the control. In the multivariate regression model of growth rate in growth periods, the largest share in explaining the variance of indices belonged to growth rates in the third and fourth fifteen-day periods. According to the regression between growth rate and the indices, with increasing growth rate, the copper accumulation index of roots (β = -0.97) decreased and the translocation index for cadmium (β = 0.83) and copper (β =0.86) increased and for iron (β = -0.94) decreased linearly. In conclusion, under drought stress, none of the studied metals accumulated in the shoots. Although, the concentration of copper in the roots increased 3.31 times as compared to the soil, this increase did not lead any toxicity risk in the shoots.The entry of heavy metals into the soil through fertilizers increases the risk of their transfer to the food chain by changing the pattern of cation accumulation in the plant under the water deficiency. In order to investigate the accumulation of cadmium, copper, and iron by barley, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three water deficiency levels (irrigation at 100 (control), 75, and 50% of field capacity) and four sampling stages (each 15 days) in three repetitions in Jiroft region in 2018 and 2019. After harvest, the reduction of soil cadmium, copper, and iron concentrations were 52, 63, and 23%, respectively. Their concentrations in plant shoots were 66, 85, and 96% lower than the ones in roots, respectively. With increasing water deficit, the concentration of residual iron in the soil and shoots increased, and the concentration of copper in soil decreased and increased in roots and shoots, while the cadmium decreased in plant and soil. Copper root accumulation index was higher than one and increased with increasing water deficiency levels, with a significant difference of 6.82 times compared to the control. In the multivariate regression model of growth rate in growth periods, the largest share in explaining the variance of indices belonged to growth rates in the third and fourth fifteen-day periods. According to the regression between growth rate and the indices, with increasing growth rate, the copper accumulation index of roots (β = -0.97) decreased and the translocation index for cadmium (β = 0.83) and copper (β =0.86) increased and for iron (β = -0.94) decreased linearly. In conclusion, under drought stress, none of the studied metals accumulated in the shoots. Although, the concentration of copper in the roots increased 3.31 times as compared to the soil, this increase did not lead any toxicity risk in the shoots.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_89800_9805eb4937d069c38aa9e8178cf0302d.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X53520220723Investigating Capabilities of Machine Learning Techniques in Forecasting Daily Streamflow Using Some Meteorological Data and Normalized Difference Snow Index (Case Study: Latian and Navroud Basins)Investigating Capabilities of Machine Learning Techniques in Forecasting Daily Streamflow Using Some Meteorological Data and Normalized Difference Snow Index (Case Study: Latian and Navroud Basins)112711448980110.22059/ijswr.2022.338986.669207FAMahboobehFallahDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, IranHosseinaliBahramiDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran;HosseinAsadiDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-2333-4938Journal Article20220211Accurate prediction of streamflow is crucial for water resources management, especially for the prediction of floods and soil erosion. In the current study, the capability of three machine learning (ML) methods, including Support Vector Regression (SVR), Artificial Neural Network with Backpropagation (ANN-BP), and Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR) was investigated using meteorological observations and MODIS snow cover data to forecast daily streamflow in two different basins, namely Latian and Navroud. For model development, four major predictors, including daily rainfall (P), maximum temperature (T<sub>max</sub>), minimum temperature (T<sub>min</sub>), and the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) from the MODIS satellite were used from 2000 to 2018. The performance of these models was evaluated using statistical indices. Simulation results revealed that all models presented satisfactory results in simulating daily streamflow using meteorological predictors, and the efficiency of all applied models was improved when the NDSI index was applied as an additional predictor. The best performance was observed in GBR among all studied models in both basins, whereas SVR revealed the lowest performance in forecasting streamflow for both validation and calibration steps in most cases. In general, the simulation results demonstrated higher accuracy in Latian basin than Navroud basin in both calibration and validation steps. The best performance among all models was observed using GBR with R = 0.85, NS=0.72, and RMSE = 3.43 m<sup>3</sup>/s using the NDSI index in Latian basin indicating the significant effect of snowmelt on streamflow generation in snowmelt-dominated regions.Accurate prediction of streamflow is crucial for water resources management, especially for the prediction of floods and soil erosion. In the current study, the capability of three machine learning (ML) methods, including Support Vector Regression (SVR), Artificial Neural Network with Backpropagation (ANN-BP), and Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR) was investigated using meteorological observations and MODIS snow cover data to forecast daily streamflow in two different basins, namely Latian and Navroud. For model development, four major predictors, including daily rainfall (P), maximum temperature (T<sub>max</sub>), minimum temperature (T<sub>min</sub>), and the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) from the MODIS satellite were used from 2000 to 2018. The performance of these models was evaluated using statistical indices. Simulation results revealed that all models presented satisfactory results in simulating daily streamflow using meteorological predictors, and the efficiency of all applied models was improved when the NDSI index was applied as an additional predictor. The best performance was observed in GBR among all studied models in both basins, whereas SVR revealed the lowest performance in forecasting streamflow for both validation and calibration steps in most cases. In general, the simulation results demonstrated higher accuracy in Latian basin than Navroud basin in both calibration and validation steps. The best performance among all models was observed using GBR with R = 0.85, NS=0.72, and RMSE = 3.43 m<sup>3</sup>/s using the NDSI index in Latian basin indicating the significant effect of snowmelt on streamflow generation in snowmelt-dominated regions.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_89801_112f328e28378691a9607f88c2eb95f6.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X53520220723Effect of Zinc application on Arsenic Dynamics in Contaminated Soil and Agronomic traits of Three Rice (Oryza sativa L.) CultivarsEffect of Zinc application on Arsenic Dynamics in Contaminated Soil and Agronomic traits of Three Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars114511618980210.22059/ijswr.2022.341841.669248FATayebehShojaPhD student in Agriculture,Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding,Faculty of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesMohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, IranAliEbadiDepartment of Agriculture and Plant Breeding,Faculty of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesMohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, IranMasoudEsfahaniProfessor,Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture,University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran0000-0003-2288-7944ShahramMahmoudSoltaniAcademic member of rice research institute of Iran0000-0002-1300-9536Journal Article20220419Arsenic as aheavy metal, is one of the most important pollutant in the environment that has a detrimental effect on the morphological, physiological and biochemical properties of rice. Zinc application is one of the way to reduce negative effects of arsenic. For this purpose, an outdoor experiment was performed in the form of three-factor factorial experiment based on complete randomized design with three replications at the Rice Research Institute of Iran (Rasht) during growing season in 2019. The proposed factors were zinc at three levels (0, 10 and 20 mgkg-1) as zinc sulfate, arsenic at three levels (0, 1 and 2 mg kg-1) as Arsenic oxide, and three rice cultivars (Hashemi, Gilaneh, Ghodsi). The results indicated that all factors had significant effect on the amount of zinc uptake in the soil, straw and grain, amount of arsenic in the soil, straw and grain, plant height, total and fertile tiller number, panicle length, 1000-seed weight, biomass and grain yield. The uppermost increase in plant height, total tiller number, fertile tillers, panicle length, 1000-seed weight and grain yield were recorded 1.5, 68.4, 85.05, 31.5, 6.6 and 58.5 percent, respectively due to soil application of 20 mg zinc per kg-1. In terms of zinc uptake by straw and grain, Hashemi cultivar> Ghodsi cultivar> Gilaneh cultivar showed the highest zinc content, respectively, which Hashemi and Ghodsi cultivars are more efficient in terms of zinc uptake and are more tolerant to arsenic. The highest amount of arsenic in straw and grain was observed in Gilaneh> Ghodsi> Hashemi cultivars, respectively. Therefore, due to the interaction of zinc with arsenic, the use of zinc and cultivars with high zinc uptake capacity might be a good way to reduce arsenic toxicity in rice plants.Arsenic as aheavy metal, is one of the most important pollutant in the environment that has a detrimental effect on the morphological, physiological and biochemical properties of rice. Zinc application is one of the way to reduce negative effects of arsenic. For this purpose, an outdoor experiment was performed in the form of three-factor factorial experiment based on complete randomized design with three replications at the Rice Research Institute of Iran (Rasht) during growing season in 2019. The proposed factors were zinc at three levels (0, 10 and 20 mgkg-1) as zinc sulfate, arsenic at three levels (0, 1 and 2 mg kg-1) as Arsenic oxide, and three rice cultivars (Hashemi, Gilaneh, Ghodsi). The results indicated that all factors had significant effect on the amount of zinc uptake in the soil, straw and grain, amount of arsenic in the soil, straw and grain, plant height, total and fertile tiller number, panicle length, 1000-seed weight, biomass and grain yield. The uppermost increase in plant height, total tiller number, fertile tillers, panicle length, 1000-seed weight and grain yield were recorded 1.5, 68.4, 85.05, 31.5, 6.6 and 58.5 percent, respectively due to soil application of 20 mg zinc per kg-1. In terms of zinc uptake by straw and grain, Hashemi cultivar> Ghodsi cultivar> Gilaneh cultivar showed the highest zinc content, respectively, which Hashemi and Ghodsi cultivars are more efficient in terms of zinc uptake and are more tolerant to arsenic. The highest amount of arsenic in straw and grain was observed in Gilaneh> Ghodsi> Hashemi cultivars, respectively. Therefore, due to the interaction of zinc with arsenic, the use of zinc and cultivars with high zinc uptake capacity might be a good way to reduce arsenic toxicity in rice plants.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_89802_e25849b32f474e66f68c8e61078b19a3.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X53520220723Investigation of the status of heavy metals in soils of Iran: A comprehensive and critical review of reported studiesInvestigation of the status of heavy metals in soils of Iran: A comprehensive and critical review of reported studies116312128980310.22059/ijswr.2022.341586.669245FAKarimShahbaziProfessor, Soil and Water Research Institute, AREEO, Karaj, Iran0000-0001-7994-2559ArzhangFathi-GerdelidaniDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Iran0000-0002-8840-2009MostafaMarziSoil and Water Research Institute, AREEO, Karaj, Iran0000-0002-0262-0313Journal Article20220414In the world, attention to the content of heavy metals in the soil has increased due to their potential risks to the environment and human health. In recent decades, many studies have been reported on soil contamination by heavy metals in Iran, but most studies do not show heavy metal status in soils on a national scale. On the other hand, despite the importance of background concentration of heavy metals for the assessment of pollution and environmental risks of these metals, no study has yet been published for soils of Iran at the national scale. In this study, an attempt was made to provide a comprehensive understanding of the status of heavy metals in soils of Iran on a national scale based on quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results of studies reported. To conduct this research, a total of 247 studies (both articles and final reports of research projects on field monitoring of heavy metals in soils of Iran that were published until November 2021 were collected. The required information (analysis results of about 21,400 soil samples) were extracted from the studies and first evaluated in terms of quality assurance and quality control criteria. Then, studies were classified into agricultural, urban and industrial based on the type of land use, and after screening and selecting studies that had the minimums required in terms of quality control, various statistics such as weighted average, median, background concentration and pollution index for heavy metals As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn were calculated and analyzed....In the world, attention to the content of heavy metals in the soil has increased due to their potential risks to the environment and human health. In recent decades, many studies have been reported on soil contamination by heavy metals in Iran, but most studies do not show heavy metal status in soils on a national scale. On the other hand, despite the importance of background concentration of heavy metals for the assessment of pollution and environmental risks of these metals, no study has yet been published for soils of Iran at the national scale. In this study, an attempt was made to provide a comprehensive understanding of the status of heavy metals in soils of Iran on a national scale based on quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results of studies reported. To conduct this research, a total of 247 studies (both articles and final reports of research projects on field monitoring of heavy metals in soils of Iran that were published until November 2021 were collected. The required information (analysis results of about 21,400 soil samples) were extracted from the studies and first evaluated in terms of quality assurance and quality control criteria. Then, studies were classified into agricultural, urban and industrial based on the type of land use, and after screening and selecting studies that had the minimums required in terms of quality control, various statistics such as weighted average, median, background concentration and pollution index for heavy metals As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn were calculated and analyzed....https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_89803_73d6597b4f1ef979cf7e607b6a5cc3c5.pdf