University of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X52820211023Effect of Various Spur Dikes Arrangement on Water Depth Changes in Gradually Varied Flow ConditionEffect of Various Spur Dikes Arrangement on Water Depth Changes in Gradually Varied Flow Condition200120178484910.22059/ijswr.2021.319429.668903FAShabnamMoghispourIrrigation and Reclamation Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering and Technology, Tehran Universitiy, Karaj, Iran0000-0002-7154-7850SalahKouchakzadehProf. Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering Dept.
Faculty of Agriculture Engineering and TechnologyJournal Article20210224River spur dikes are constructed for achieving different goals and researches are concentrated on investigation of their performances regarding the desired goals. While they show drastic impact on the flow hydraulic conditions in waterways including water surface elevation which still need further investigation and should be treated seriously. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of spur dikes on water surface elevation variation. For this purpose, 18 different arrangements of spur dikes installation were experimentally studied. The tests were run for seven discharges in the range of 12 to 70 liters per second and by measuring and recording the longitudinal and transverse water depth along the channel. The spur dikes arrangement consists of eight unilateral arrangements and ten two-way symmetrical and asymmetrical arrangements. The results indicated that the water level increased in the upstream while it decreased at the downstream down to a specific length. The increment of the upstream water level was associated to the exerted drag force on the spur dike; accordingly, a nonlinear equation was proposed to estimate the drag coefficient of the single spur dike. The data also showed that the rate of upstream water level increment has increased by increasing flow discharge for all arrangements, while the length of the downstream, which is affected by the spur dikes, in two-way arrangement is depended on discharge while it is independed in one-way arrangement. The effect of spur dikes arrangement and flow conditions on the transverse water level has also been presented.River spur dikes are constructed for achieving different goals and researches are concentrated on investigation of their performances regarding the desired goals. While they show drastic impact on the flow hydraulic conditions in waterways including water surface elevation which still need further investigation and should be treated seriously. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of spur dikes on water surface elevation variation. For this purpose, 18 different arrangements of spur dikes installation were experimentally studied. The tests were run for seven discharges in the range of 12 to 70 liters per second and by measuring and recording the longitudinal and transverse water depth along the channel. The spur dikes arrangement consists of eight unilateral arrangements and ten two-way symmetrical and asymmetrical arrangements. The results indicated that the water level increased in the upstream while it decreased at the downstream down to a specific length. The increment of the upstream water level was associated to the exerted drag force on the spur dike; accordingly, a nonlinear equation was proposed to estimate the drag coefficient of the single spur dike. The data also showed that the rate of upstream water level increment has increased by increasing flow discharge for all arrangements, while the length of the downstream, which is affected by the spur dikes, in two-way arrangement is depended on discharge while it is independed in one-way arrangement. The effect of spur dikes arrangement and flow conditions on the transverse water level has also been presented.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_84849_2e5d49fe7aae6200e44c27cd08b34931.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X52820211023The Effect of Zinc and Phosphorus Foliar Application on Morphological Characters, Grain Yield and Yield Components of Two Rice Varieties (Hashemi (Local) and Shiroodi (Improved))The Effect of Zinc and Phosphorus Foliar Application on Morphological Characters, Grain Yield and Yield Components of Two Rice Varieties (Hashemi (Local) and Shiroodi (Improved))201920338485010.22059/ijswr.2021.313450.668799FAShahramMahmoudSoltaniAcademic member of rice research institute of IranMohammad TaghiKarbalaei AghamalekiRice Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organisation (AREEO), Amol, Iran.MehrzadAllagholipoorAssistant Professor of Rice Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and extension, rasht, Iran ,MasoodKavoosiAssociate professor rice research institute of IranAbbasShahdi KumelhAssistant Professor of Rice Research Institute of IranJournal Article20201117Phosphorus (P) as the second most important macronutrients and zinc (Zn) as the most important micronutrient that the effects due their deficiency causes the most widespread nutrienal disorders in the world paddy fields. The current study conducted to invetstigate the effect of Zn and P foliar application on the morphological characters, yield and yield component of two rice varieties (Hashemi and Shiroudi). The three factors factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized blocks design with three replications at rice research institute of Iran (Deputy of Amol) in 2017-2018. The reults indicated that the highest rate and the percentage increase through the applied treatments (Zn and P foliar application at the start of the booting and (or) the ripening stages increasd the traits of Hashemi and Shirioodi cultivars as follows: grain yield, 4020 (17.5%) and 6571 (9%) kg ha<sup>-1</sup>; biological yield, 9884 (16%) and 12640 (20%); harvest index, 45 (8%) and 54 20) present; filled grain number, and 114 (10) and 156 (6%). Also the maximum number of filled grain was recorded for Hashemi and Shirioodiat by about 114 (10% increase) and 156 (6% increase), respectively, and the highest number of unfilled grain was observed around 5 (10% reduce) and 14 (40% reduce) in the Hashemi and Shiroudi varieties, respectively due to foliar application of Zn at the grain filling stages. It can be concluded that the foliar application of Zn and P at the start of the booting and the grain filling stages might be the proper treatment to enhance the studied rice cultivars yield and yield component.Phosphorus (P) as the second most important macronutrients and zinc (Zn) as the most important micronutrient that the effects due their deficiency causes the most widespread nutrienal disorders in the world paddy fields. The current study conducted to invetstigate the effect of Zn and P foliar application on the morphological characters, yield and yield component of two rice varieties (Hashemi and Shiroudi). The three factors factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized blocks design with three replications at rice research institute of Iran (Deputy of Amol) in 2017-2018. The reults indicated that the highest rate and the percentage increase through the applied treatments (Zn and P foliar application at the start of the booting and (or) the ripening stages increasd the traits of Hashemi and Shirioodi cultivars as follows: grain yield, 4020 (17.5%) and 6571 (9%) kg ha<sup>-1</sup>; biological yield, 9884 (16%) and 12640 (20%); harvest index, 45 (8%) and 54 20) present; filled grain number, and 114 (10) and 156 (6%). Also the maximum number of filled grain was recorded for Hashemi and Shirioodiat by about 114 (10% increase) and 156 (6% increase), respectively, and the highest number of unfilled grain was observed around 5 (10% reduce) and 14 (40% reduce) in the Hashemi and Shiroudi varieties, respectively due to foliar application of Zn at the grain filling stages. It can be concluded that the foliar application of Zn and P at the start of the booting and the grain filling stages might be the proper treatment to enhance the studied rice cultivars yield and yield component.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_84850_d5c995fd7f7732df19f0f0edfeac3f0c.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X52820211023GIS-based Groundwater Spring Potential Modelling and Assessment Mapping in the the Omarak WatershedGIS-based Groundwater Spring Potential Modelling and Assessment Mapping in the the Omarak Watershed203520478485110.22059/ijswr.2021.320753.668919FAHamedKarimiPh.D. Candidate, Department of Water Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, IranFariborzYosefvandwater Dept., kermanshah branch, islamic azad university, kermanshah, iranSaeidShabanlouDepartment of Water Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran0000-0001-9107-9233AhmadRajabiDepartment of Water Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, IranJournal Article20210316Nowadays, in most countires, water supply in order to achieve the objectives of sustainable development is one of the most important challenges. Because of this, one of the important tools in the protection, management and exploitation of water resources, is to determin groundwater areas. Therefore, the purpose of this study, is to prepare the potential map of groundwater springs, using a well-known machine-learning model (i.e. random forest) and a statistical model (i.e. frequency ratio model) and comparing the efficiency of these methods in the Omarak watershed, Tehran Province. First, 18 factors influencing the emergence of springs including: lithological formations, the distance from the fault, fault density, elevation classes, slope percentage, slope direction, slope length factor, curvature maps, distance from the stream, stream density, maximum height, wetness index, relative slope position, soil texture, terrain roughness index, flow convergence index and land use cover were selected and their maps were prepared in the ArcGIS10.5 and SAGA systems. After the Multicollinearity test and classification of the effective layers, using the natural fracture method, then, the percentage of groundwater potential frequency in each layer obtained using the overlap of the distribution map of the springs with each of the layers. The relative operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the performance of the mentioned models and the area under the curve (AUC) of the random forest models and the frequency ratio were 88 and 72%, respectively. The results indicated that both methods are suitable to estimators to prepare the groundwater source potential map in the studied area. However, the random forest model with a higher area under the curve was introduced as a better method to identify and zoning the potential of groundwater springs.Nowadays, in most countires, water supply in order to achieve the objectives of sustainable development is one of the most important challenges. Because of this, one of the important tools in the protection, management and exploitation of water resources, is to determin groundwater areas. Therefore, the purpose of this study, is to prepare the potential map of groundwater springs, using a well-known machine-learning model (i.e. random forest) and a statistical model (i.e. frequency ratio model) and comparing the efficiency of these methods in the Omarak watershed, Tehran Province. First, 18 factors influencing the emergence of springs including: lithological formations, the distance from the fault, fault density, elevation classes, slope percentage, slope direction, slope length factor, curvature maps, distance from the stream, stream density, maximum height, wetness index, relative slope position, soil texture, terrain roughness index, flow convergence index and land use cover were selected and their maps were prepared in the ArcGIS10.5 and SAGA systems. After the Multicollinearity test and classification of the effective layers, using the natural fracture method, then, the percentage of groundwater potential frequency in each layer obtained using the overlap of the distribution map of the springs with each of the layers. The relative operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the performance of the mentioned models and the area under the curve (AUC) of the random forest models and the frequency ratio were 88 and 72%, respectively. The results indicated that both methods are suitable to estimators to prepare the groundwater source potential map in the studied area. However, the random forest model with a higher area under the curve was introduced as a better method to identify and zoning the potential of groundwater springs.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_84851_74be14c70ad79d2381979ba9f790f76f.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X52820211023Investigation of Water and Nitrogen Management on yield and yield components of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in Bajgah (Fars Province)Investigation of Water and Nitrogen Management on yield and yield components of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in Bajgah (Fars Province)204920598485310.22059/ijswr.2021.320412.668913FAMaryamBahramiWater Engineering Department and Drought Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranRezvanTallebnejadWater Engineering Department and Drought Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranAli RezaSepaskhahWater Engineering Department and Drought Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranJournal Article20210309Todays in agriculture, the effective use of limited soil and water resources and cultivation of new crops, resistant to environmental challenges, such as quinoa have been considered. In order to investigate the <span style="color: black;">interaction effect of different </span>levels of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of quinoa (cv. Titicaca), a field experiment was conducted on March 2017 during four months at Shiraz University in the Bajgah area of Fars province. A factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with twelve treatments and three replications. Experimental Factors include: Nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments in four levels of zero, 125, 250, 375 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> and the irrigation water strategies in three levels of full irrigation (FI), 75% and 50% full irrigation (0.75FI and 0.5FI. After tillage operations, quinoa seeds planted with a density of 20 plants per square meter. After plant establishment, irrigation treatments applied with basin irrigation method. Nitrogen fertilizer was given to the field in two steps of vegetation and grain filling.). Reduction Irrigation level up to 25% had no significant effect on seed yield in zero, 125 to 250 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> nitrogen fertilizer application levels. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer application levels from 250 to 375 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> under deficit irrigation (0.75FI and 0.5FI) did not make a significant difference in grain yield and the total dry matter of quinoa. Generally, the recommended <span style="color: black;">irrigation regime and </span>optimum nitrogen fertilizer application rate in the study area (Bajgah) for quinoa, based on the yield, total dry matter, harvest index, 1000-seed weight, water productivity were 0.75FI and 250 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> nitrogen fertilizer. Moreover, the chlorophyll index (SPAD) threshold value was 55 for the optimum nitrogen fertilizer application rate.Todays in agriculture, the effective use of limited soil and water resources and cultivation of new crops, resistant to environmental challenges, such as quinoa have been considered. In order to investigate the <span style="color: black;">interaction effect of different </span>levels of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of quinoa (cv. Titicaca), a field experiment was conducted on March 2017 during four months at Shiraz University in the Bajgah area of Fars province. A factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with twelve treatments and three replications. Experimental Factors include: Nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments in four levels of zero, 125, 250, 375 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> and the irrigation water strategies in three levels of full irrigation (FI), 75% and 50% full irrigation (0.75FI and 0.5FI. After tillage operations, quinoa seeds planted with a density of 20 plants per square meter. After plant establishment, irrigation treatments applied with basin irrigation method. Nitrogen fertilizer was given to the field in two steps of vegetation and grain filling.). Reduction Irrigation level up to 25% had no significant effect on seed yield in zero, 125 to 250 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> nitrogen fertilizer application levels. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer application levels from 250 to 375 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> under deficit irrigation (0.75FI and 0.5FI) did not make a significant difference in grain yield and the total dry matter of quinoa. Generally, the recommended <span style="color: black;">irrigation regime and </span>optimum nitrogen fertilizer application rate in the study area (Bajgah) for quinoa, based on the yield, total dry matter, harvest index, 1000-seed weight, water productivity were 0.75FI and 250 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> nitrogen fertilizer. Moreover, the chlorophyll index (SPAD) threshold value was 55 for the optimum nitrogen fertilizer application rate.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_84853_fffde1f89ea67dac540593e4bfcbc67d.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X52820211023Investigation of Antibiotic Resistant Coliform Bacteria in Zarjoub RiverInvestigation of Antibiotic Resistant Coliform Bacteria in Zarjoub River206120768485410.22059/ijswr.2021.322755.668946FAMohammad BagherFarhangiSoil Science Department, Faculty of agricultural Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
Rasht, P.O. Box 41635-1314, Iran.NasrinGhorbanzadehSoil Science Department, Faculty of agricultural Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.MiladAminiSoil Science Department, Faculty of agricultural Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.ShahrokhGhovvatiAnimal Science Department, Faculty of agricultural Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.Journal Article20210426Contamination of rivers to antibiotic-resistant bacteria causes these bacteria to spread in the environment and enter the food chain, which is a serious threat to public health. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of antibiotic resistant coliforms in the Zarjoub River. To explore the source of contamination, water sampling was carried out in three points along the river course; entry, middle and exit of Rasht city, in August 2017 and February 2018. Plate count method was adopted to enumerate coliform bacteria number in Eosin-Methylene Blue agar medium with 100 µg mL<sup>-1</sup> of cephalexin, gentamicin, doxycycline and ciprofloxacin antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance of <em>Escherichia coli</em>, as an indicator bacterium, was tested based on Kirby-Bauer method and Zone of Inhibition was measured (ZOI). The mean highest number of antibiotic-resistant coliforms was against ciprofloxacin in August samples (6.66 Log CFU mL<sup>-1</sup>) and the lowest mean number of those was against gentamicin in February samples (3.44 Log CFU mL<sup>-1</sup>). Also, the highest number of antibiotic-resistant coliforms was obtained at the sampling point in the middle of the city in August. The trend of antibiotic-resistant coliforms showed that while their number increased as the river passed through the city in February, it was more than two other sampling points in the middle of the city in August. <em>E. coli</em> resistance pattern, based on the ZOI, showed that this bacterium was resistant to all tested antibiotics except doxycycline in all three sampling points and also was resistant to cephalexin in both months of sampling. Overall, 35% of culturable coliforms of Zarjoub River were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and <em>E. coli</em> strains isolated from the river water (three sampling points and two months) were resistant to cephalexin. Therefore, downstream use of Zarjoub River water is not suitable for agriculture and aquaculture, especially in the warm season.Contamination of rivers to antibiotic-resistant bacteria causes these bacteria to spread in the environment and enter the food chain, which is a serious threat to public health. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of antibiotic resistant coliforms in the Zarjoub River. To explore the source of contamination, water sampling was carried out in three points along the river course; entry, middle and exit of Rasht city, in August 2017 and February 2018. Plate count method was adopted to enumerate coliform bacteria number in Eosin-Methylene Blue agar medium with 100 µg mL<sup>-1</sup> of cephalexin, gentamicin, doxycycline and ciprofloxacin antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance of <em>Escherichia coli</em>, as an indicator bacterium, was tested based on Kirby-Bauer method and Zone of Inhibition was measured (ZOI). The mean highest number of antibiotic-resistant coliforms was against ciprofloxacin in August samples (6.66 Log CFU mL<sup>-1</sup>) and the lowest mean number of those was against gentamicin in February samples (3.44 Log CFU mL<sup>-1</sup>). Also, the highest number of antibiotic-resistant coliforms was obtained at the sampling point in the middle of the city in August. The trend of antibiotic-resistant coliforms showed that while their number increased as the river passed through the city in February, it was more than two other sampling points in the middle of the city in August. <em>E. coli</em> resistance pattern, based on the ZOI, showed that this bacterium was resistant to all tested antibiotics except doxycycline in all three sampling points and also was resistant to cephalexin in both months of sampling. Overall, 35% of culturable coliforms of Zarjoub River were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and <em>E. coli</em> strains isolated from the river water (three sampling points and two months) were resistant to cephalexin. Therefore, downstream use of Zarjoub River water is not suitable for agriculture and aquaculture, especially in the warm season.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_84854_2ed6a22152c391840ee85ccee8b44f31.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X52820211023Evaluation of Outflow Relationships from Sluice GatesEvaluation of Outflow Relationships from Sluice Gates207720918485610.22059/ijswr.2021.325160.668991FAAminSeyedzadehPhD Student, Irrigation and Reclamation Eng. Dept., University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of TehranMehdiYasiDepartment of Irrigation &amp; Reclamation Engineering,
University of Tehran, Karaj Campus, Karaj 3158777871, IRANJavadFarhoudiDepartment of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranAndreasMalcherekDepartment of Hydromechanics and Hydraulic Engineering, Bundeswehr University Munich, Munich, GermanyJournal Article20210608One of the structures for controlling and measuring flow in open channels are the sluice gates. In this study, to estimate the outflow from the sluice gates, the existing relationships for orifices evaluated theoretically and experimentally. A new method was established for estimating the contraction coefficient and energy loss coefficient under free-flow condition. Some equations proposed to estimate the outflow from sluice gates under submerged flow conditions using the energy-moment principles and relationships for orifices. In order to evaluate the accuracy of recommended relationships, the outflow from the sluice gates was experimentally tested in a channel of 18 meters long and one meter wide. Comparison of the results showed that all the presented orifice relationships have similarly good capabilities to estimate the outflow from the sluice gates under free-flow conditions. It was concluded that the applying of Henry relationship would be the simplest one in determining the contraction coefficient. Under submerged flow conditions, all the orifice relationships have competent accuracy in estimating the flow rate, with an order of errors less than 10 percent. Under full ranges of free to submerged flow conditions, the discharge coefficient can be determined by the relationship of Rajaratnam and Subramanya as a function of the head loss coefficient, the contraction coefficient and the opening-to-depth ratio.One of the structures for controlling and measuring flow in open channels are the sluice gates. In this study, to estimate the outflow from the sluice gates, the existing relationships for orifices evaluated theoretically and experimentally. A new method was established for estimating the contraction coefficient and energy loss coefficient under free-flow condition. Some equations proposed to estimate the outflow from sluice gates under submerged flow conditions using the energy-moment principles and relationships for orifices. In order to evaluate the accuracy of recommended relationships, the outflow from the sluice gates was experimentally tested in a channel of 18 meters long and one meter wide. Comparison of the results showed that all the presented orifice relationships have similarly good capabilities to estimate the outflow from the sluice gates under free-flow conditions. It was concluded that the applying of Henry relationship would be the simplest one in determining the contraction coefficient. Under submerged flow conditions, all the orifice relationships have competent accuracy in estimating the flow rate, with an order of errors less than 10 percent. Under full ranges of free to submerged flow conditions, the discharge coefficient can be determined by the relationship of Rajaratnam and Subramanya as a function of the head loss coefficient, the contraction coefficient and the opening-to-depth ratio.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_84856_7d5e60738b3e67b406ba3b2263f2825e.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X52820211023Comparison of the Performance of Artificial Neural Networks and Gene Expression Programming in Estimating the Forest Soil Water Characteristic CurveComparison of the Performance of Artificial Neural Networks and Gene Expression Programming in Estimating the Forest Soil Water Characteristic Curve209321098485710.22059/ijswr.2021.322879.668952FAMohammad MahdiJafariDepartment of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IranHassanOjaghlouAssistant professor-Department of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IranMasoudKarbasiAssociate professor - Department of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IranJournal Article20210429One of the most important and practical physical parameters in studies of soil water flow is Soil Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC). Measuring the soil moisture characteristic curve through the direct method is expensive and time-consuming. For this reason, a variety of indirect methods including intelligent models have been developed. In this study, the performance of three models included multilayer perceptron neural networks (MLP), cascade neural network (Cascade-NN) and gene expression programming (GEP) were evaluated and compared to estimate of SWCC. The measured data from 108 soil samples, including soil particle size distribution, soil moisture in different suctions and the bulk density were used. In all models, three different input data combinations were used. Comparison of predicted and observed values of soil moisture showed acceptable performance of all three models, however, the Cascade-NN neural network model was relatively superior. The R<sup>2</sup> values of test phase for the best structure of the neural networks (MLP), neural networks (Cascade-NN) and gene expression programming (GEP) were 0.95, 0.96 and 0.93, respectively, and the RMSE values were 3.74, 3.25 and 4.10 %, respectively. Comparison of the results of different input data scenarios indicated the low accuracy and difference between the results of the models in the first scenario, but adding the parameters of porosity and moisture at field capacity point to the input data in the second and third scenarios, increased the accuracy and difference between the results achieved by the models. Finally, it can be emphasized that the cascade-NN model was introduced as the superior option, using all the mentioned physical data.One of the most important and practical physical parameters in studies of soil water flow is Soil Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC). Measuring the soil moisture characteristic curve through the direct method is expensive and time-consuming. For this reason, a variety of indirect methods including intelligent models have been developed. In this study, the performance of three models included multilayer perceptron neural networks (MLP), cascade neural network (Cascade-NN) and gene expression programming (GEP) were evaluated and compared to estimate of SWCC. The measured data from 108 soil samples, including soil particle size distribution, soil moisture in different suctions and the bulk density were used. In all models, three different input data combinations were used. Comparison of predicted and observed values of soil moisture showed acceptable performance of all three models, however, the Cascade-NN neural network model was relatively superior. The R<sup>2</sup> values of test phase for the best structure of the neural networks (MLP), neural networks (Cascade-NN) and gene expression programming (GEP) were 0.95, 0.96 and 0.93, respectively, and the RMSE values were 3.74, 3.25 and 4.10 %, respectively. Comparison of the results of different input data scenarios indicated the low accuracy and difference between the results of the models in the first scenario, but adding the parameters of porosity and moisture at field capacity point to the input data in the second and third scenarios, increased the accuracy and difference between the results achieved by the models. Finally, it can be emphasized that the cascade-NN model was introduced as the superior option, using all the mentioned physical data.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_84857_1208c177e66b5344fb595e0712f602a9.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X52820211023Optimization of ANFIS Network to Simulate Long Term Rainfall in Babolsar CityOptimization of ANFIS Network to Simulate Long Term Rainfall in Babolsar City211121238485810.22059/ijswr.2021.323558.668970FAAliJamalvandiPh.D. Candidate, Department of Water Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, IranBehrouzYaghoubiDepartment of Water Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, IranMohammad AliIzadbakhshDepartment of Water Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, IranSaeidShabanlouDepartment of Water Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran0000-0001-9107-9233Journal Article20210509In this study, the long-term rainfall in Babolsar city was simulated using an optimized hybrid artificial intelligence (AI) model over a 68 years period during 1951 to 2019. The ANFIS network and the wavelet transform combined to develop the hybrid model. Firstly, the effective lags of time series data were identified by using the autocorrelation function (ACF). Six ANFIS models were defined through these lags, Subsequently. The best ANFIS model was detected by conducting a sensitivity analysis. For testing the best ANFIS model, the value of correlation coefficient (R), variance accounted for (VAF), and scatter index (SI) were respectively computed to be 0.612, 37.029, and 0.761. In Addition, results of the models analysis showed that the (t-1), (t-2), (t-12), and (t-36) were identified as the most significant lags. Finally, the superior hybrid model was examined in three decomposition level (DL), revealing that the best results were obtained from the second decomposition level (DL2). In testing mode of the model, the R, VAF, and SI were calculated to be 0.972, 94.455, and 0.266, respectively. Therefore, the simulation results showed that the wavelet transform enhanced the performance of the ANFIS network significantly.In this study, the long-term rainfall in Babolsar city was simulated using an optimized hybrid artificial intelligence (AI) model over a 68 years period during 1951 to 2019. The ANFIS network and the wavelet transform combined to develop the hybrid model. Firstly, the effective lags of time series data were identified by using the autocorrelation function (ACF). Six ANFIS models were defined through these lags, Subsequently. The best ANFIS model was detected by conducting a sensitivity analysis. For testing the best ANFIS model, the value of correlation coefficient (R), variance accounted for (VAF), and scatter index (SI) were respectively computed to be 0.612, 37.029, and 0.761. In Addition, results of the models analysis showed that the (t-1), (t-2), (t-12), and (t-36) were identified as the most significant lags. Finally, the superior hybrid model was examined in three decomposition level (DL), revealing that the best results were obtained from the second decomposition level (DL2). In testing mode of the model, the R, VAF, and SI were calculated to be 0.972, 94.455, and 0.266, respectively. Therefore, the simulation results showed that the wavelet transform enhanced the performance of the ANFIS network significantly.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_84858_9267fd96707612c02913a99508c199f2.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X52820211023Life Cycle Assessment of Sugarcane with Approach of Management Some Agricultural Inputs (Case study; Hakim Farabi Sugarcane Cultivation and Industry Company)Life Cycle Assessment of Sugarcane with Approach of Management Some Agricultural Inputs (Case study; Hakim Farabi Sugarcane Cultivation and Industry Company)212521418485910.22059/ijswr.2021.323968.668977FASaraMisaeeMaster student, Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IranMonaGolabiAssistance Professor, Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Ahvaz. IranAbd AliNaseriProfessor, Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz,. Ahvaz. IranSaeedBoroomandNasabProfessor, Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz.IranJournal Article20210517The purpose of this study was to investigate the environmental impacts of sugarcane production in Hakim Farabi Agro-Industry Company through life cycle assessment method in the 2019 crop year. The production of one ton of sugarcane considered as the functional unit. The required data was collected through face-to-face interviews with managers and experts. The results indicated that diesel fuel, electricity, urea fertilizer and direct field emissions from sugarcane cuttings had the greatest effect on all sectors in the studied effect groups. The evaluation showed that Marine aquatic Ecotoxicity released 103447.86 kg 1, 4-DB per one ton of sugarcane which has the highest potential for environmental damage. Therefore, three scenarios were defined to evaluate the effects of sugarcane cultivation on the impact categories in order to reduce water consumption, reduce fertilizers and chemical pesticides consumption and reduce electricity and diesel fuel consumption. The emission rate of this impact category after applying the first, second and third scenarios is estimated to be 99714.6, 95628.02 and 91894.77 kg 1, 4-DB per one ton of sugarcane, respectively. N<sub>2</sub>O, CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> greenhouse gas emissions were estimated to be 0.915, 261 and 0.506 kg, respectively. After applying the scenarios, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were estimated as follows: N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were 0.871, 0.827 and 0.784 kg, respectively, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions were 251, 240 and 230 kg, respectively and CH<sub>4</sub> emissions were 0.491, 0.475 and 0.460 kg, respectively.The purpose of this study was to investigate the environmental impacts of sugarcane production in Hakim Farabi Agro-Industry Company through life cycle assessment method in the 2019 crop year. The production of one ton of sugarcane considered as the functional unit. The required data was collected through face-to-face interviews with managers and experts. The results indicated that diesel fuel, electricity, urea fertilizer and direct field emissions from sugarcane cuttings had the greatest effect on all sectors in the studied effect groups. The evaluation showed that Marine aquatic Ecotoxicity released 103447.86 kg 1, 4-DB per one ton of sugarcane which has the highest potential for environmental damage. Therefore, three scenarios were defined to evaluate the effects of sugarcane cultivation on the impact categories in order to reduce water consumption, reduce fertilizers and chemical pesticides consumption and reduce electricity and diesel fuel consumption. The emission rate of this impact category after applying the first, second and third scenarios is estimated to be 99714.6, 95628.02 and 91894.77 kg 1, 4-DB per one ton of sugarcane, respectively. N<sub>2</sub>O, CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> greenhouse gas emissions were estimated to be 0.915, 261 and 0.506 kg, respectively. After applying the scenarios, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were estimated as follows: N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were 0.871, 0.827 and 0.784 kg, respectively, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions were 251, 240 and 230 kg, respectively and CH<sub>4</sub> emissions were 0.491, 0.475 and 0.460 kg, respectively.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_84859_da08d11be43f2e0705149e39515414e6.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X52820211023Development and Evaluation of a Practical Procedure to Pressure Losses Calculation in the Drip line LateralsDevelopment and Evaluation of a Practical Procedure to Pressure Losses Calculation in the Drip line Laterals214321538486010.22059/ijswr.2021.323389.668968FASaeidZamaniDepartment of Water Engineering; Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, IranRouhallahFatahiNafchiDepartment of Water Engineering; Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, IranJournal Article20210507In this study, a practical procedure was proposed for hydraulic analysis of flow in drip line lateral in the drip irrigation system to determine the major and minor losses of the driplines. In this method, the friction losses between the drippers and local head losses of the drippers were calculated step-by-step and the total pressure losses of the lateral were determined by summation of the head losses. To determine the minor losses of the emitters, the power relationship between the pipe discharge and the measured head losses related to simple and drip line pipes was determined by the nonlinear regression method. Then, the difference of the obtained head losses of these relationships in different discharges was calculated. Then, the power relationship between these results and discharge was determined by using nonlinear regression again. Also, Hazen–Williams equation and Darcy-Weisbach relationship used to determine the friction head losses. The friction coefficient (<em>f</em>) determined using Altshul, Blasius, and Moody diagram. Thus, four different methods of combining minor and friction head losses equations were obtained and evaluated using RE, MAE and RMAE indices. Experiments were conducted on three 60-meter samples of drip lines with emitter spacing of 0.20, 0.40 and 0.50 m and a simple sample with 16 mm diameter at 50, 100, 150, and 200 kPa pressures. The results indicated that the Darcy-Weisbach relationship based on the Blasius relationship was more accurate than the other methods. Also, the performance of the proposed experimental relationships were acceptable to estimate the local head losses. Therefore, the proposed method is recommended to calculate the head losses in the dripline laterals.In this study, a practical procedure was proposed for hydraulic analysis of flow in drip line lateral in the drip irrigation system to determine the major and minor losses of the driplines. In this method, the friction losses between the drippers and local head losses of the drippers were calculated step-by-step and the total pressure losses of the lateral were determined by summation of the head losses. To determine the minor losses of the emitters, the power relationship between the pipe discharge and the measured head losses related to simple and drip line pipes was determined by the nonlinear regression method. Then, the difference of the obtained head losses of these relationships in different discharges was calculated. Then, the power relationship between these results and discharge was determined by using nonlinear regression again. Also, Hazen–Williams equation and Darcy-Weisbach relationship used to determine the friction head losses. The friction coefficient (<em>f</em>) determined using Altshul, Blasius, and Moody diagram. Thus, four different methods of combining minor and friction head losses equations were obtained and evaluated using RE, MAE and RMAE indices. Experiments were conducted on three 60-meter samples of drip lines with emitter spacing of 0.20, 0.40 and 0.50 m and a simple sample with 16 mm diameter at 50, 100, 150, and 200 kPa pressures. The results indicated that the Darcy-Weisbach relationship based on the Blasius relationship was more accurate than the other methods. Also, the performance of the proposed experimental relationships were acceptable to estimate the local head losses. Therefore, the proposed method is recommended to calculate the head losses in the dripline laterals.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_84860_65d6c3b8e4fc2f512cf9e8ca99042228.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X52820211023The Effect of Rigid Vegetation on the Sediment Transport Rate on the CoastThe Effect of Rigid Vegetation on the Sediment Transport Rate on the Coast215521688486110.22059/ijswr.2021.325233.668994FAGolnazMirzakhaniMSC Graduated, Department of Water Science Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, IranElhamGhanbariAdiviDepartment of Water Science Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, IranRoohallaFattahiDepartment of Water Science Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.Journal Article20210607Sedimen load is one of the important factors affecting the hydraulic performance and morphological structure of the beach. One of the solutions to reduce sediment transportation is vegetation as a bio system for sediment trapping. Vegetation due to flow obstruction and turbulence change, affects sediment transport. In this study, the effect of vegetation density on sediment transport rate along the shoreline was investigated. To consider this effect, beach and vegetation models were embedded in a knife edge flume equipped with a load cell<span style="font-size: 8.0pt;"> </span>and an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter system (ADV). Experiments were performed in two triangular and rectangular layouts with a density of 12 to 273 stems per unit area. The results showed that by increasing the density of the vegetation and the number of tree rows, the sediment transfer rate decreases; So that in the highest density, the sediment transfer rate has increased up to 80% and in the lowest density this amount has reached 20%. Also, the triangular arrangement at the highest density was 25% and at the lowest density, it was 3% superior to the rectangular arrangement in reducing the sediment transfer rate. According to the variables studied in this investigation, density number changes have the greatest effect on sediment transfer rate, so that sediment transfer rate would decreases by increasing vegetation density. Through experimental formulas such as Kamphuis, Galvin, C.E.R.C and Van Der Meer, the obtained results were compared with the other studies.According to the statistical analyzes performed, the modified C.E.R.C formula would calculate the estimated sediment by a correlation coefficient of 92%.Sedimen load is one of the important factors affecting the hydraulic performance and morphological structure of the beach. One of the solutions to reduce sediment transportation is vegetation as a bio system for sediment trapping. Vegetation due to flow obstruction and turbulence change, affects sediment transport. In this study, the effect of vegetation density on sediment transport rate along the shoreline was investigated. To consider this effect, beach and vegetation models were embedded in a knife edge flume equipped with a load cell<span style="font-size: 8.0pt;"> </span>and an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter system (ADV). Experiments were performed in two triangular and rectangular layouts with a density of 12 to 273 stems per unit area. The results showed that by increasing the density of the vegetation and the number of tree rows, the sediment transfer rate decreases; So that in the highest density, the sediment transfer rate has increased up to 80% and in the lowest density this amount has reached 20%. Also, the triangular arrangement at the highest density was 25% and at the lowest density, it was 3% superior to the rectangular arrangement in reducing the sediment transfer rate. According to the variables studied in this investigation, density number changes have the greatest effect on sediment transfer rate, so that sediment transfer rate would decreases by increasing vegetation density. Through experimental formulas such as Kamphuis, Galvin, C.E.R.C and Van Der Meer, the obtained results were compared with the other studies.According to the statistical analyzes performed, the modified C.E.R.C formula would calculate the estimated sediment by a correlation coefficient of 92%.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_84861_bdd593bdb6f20e55dcdd2a1fcf10b568.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X52820211023Evaluation and Zoning of Agricultural Water Demand Supply Ratio Index (AGWS) using SWAT (Case Study: Gunbarchay basin)Evaluation and Zoning of Agricultural Water Demand Supply Ratio Index (AGWS) using SWAT (Case Study: Gunbarchay basin)216921808486210.22059/ijswr.2021.319508.668920FAAyyubAhmadinDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz,IranAli AshrafSadraddiniDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz City, IranAmir HosseinNazemiDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz City, IranSaeidSamadianfardAssociate Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Tabriz University, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20210318The agricultural water demand supply ratio (AGWS) is the actual evapotranspiration ratio to the potential evapotranspiration in an agricultural area during the crop growth period. Determination of this ratio is very important to planning and management properly in an area. In this regard, the index and its zoning in the agricultural areas of Gunbarchay basin were determined in this study. To achieve this purpose, the comprehensive SWAT hydrological-plant model for the basin was adjusted, calibrated and validated. Then, the actual runoff and evapotranspiration values were simulated for the sub-basins of the studied basin during the period 1987-2017. The results indicated that the volume of potential evapotranspiration, in all irrigated lands of the basin during the crop growth period in 2016 is 25.41 MCM. In addition, the simulations showed that the amount of actual evapotranspiration from the total irrigated agricultural lands of Gunbarchay basin during the crop growing season in 2016 is 19.1 MCM. Based on the results, the value of agricultural water supply ratio in Gunbarchay basin in 2016 varies between 0.63 and 0.79. So that the value of this index is more in the northern and western sub-basins of the basin than its eastern sub-basins. According to the results, in Gunbarchay basin, the amount of water supply in the agricultural sector is much less than the amount of demand, especially in the eastern sub-basins, which should be addressed with proper management of agricultural water demand and consumption.The agricultural water demand supply ratio (AGWS) is the actual evapotranspiration ratio to the potential evapotranspiration in an agricultural area during the crop growth period. Determination of this ratio is very important to planning and management properly in an area. In this regard, the index and its zoning in the agricultural areas of Gunbarchay basin were determined in this study. To achieve this purpose, the comprehensive SWAT hydrological-plant model for the basin was adjusted, calibrated and validated. Then, the actual runoff and evapotranspiration values were simulated for the sub-basins of the studied basin during the period 1987-2017. The results indicated that the volume of potential evapotranspiration, in all irrigated lands of the basin during the crop growth period in 2016 is 25.41 MCM. In addition, the simulations showed that the amount of actual evapotranspiration from the total irrigated agricultural lands of Gunbarchay basin during the crop growing season in 2016 is 19.1 MCM. Based on the results, the value of agricultural water supply ratio in Gunbarchay basin in 2016 varies between 0.63 and 0.79. So that the value of this index is more in the northern and western sub-basins of the basin than its eastern sub-basins. According to the results, in Gunbarchay basin, the amount of water supply in the agricultural sector is much less than the amount of demand, especially in the eastern sub-basins, which should be addressed with proper management of agricultural water demand and consumption.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_84862_850db4502439ce4a579013f8da3af7b9.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X52820211023Estimation of Different Water Stress Indices of Forage Maize for Deficit Irrigation ManagementEstimation of Different Water Stress Indices of Forage Maize for Deficit Irrigation Management218121908486310.22059/ijswr.2021.324536.668985FAMohadesehKordiMaster student, Department of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.Ali HedarNasrollahiAssistant Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Department of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.MehriSaeidiniaAssistant Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Department of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.Journal Article20210526One of the effective ways to increase water productivity in arid and semi-arid regions is Irrigation management. Due to the fact that the plant is exposed to water stress in low irrigation, so it is necessary to study the water stress status of the plant. The purpose of this study is to investigate the water stress status of forage maize in different irrigation levels using different soil and plant indices. Hence a study in the form of a randomized complete block design with four levels of irrigation; (I<sub>50</sub>, I<sub>75</sub>, I<sub>100</sub> and I<sub>125</sub>) were performed in the Faculty of Agriculture of Lorestan University. The results indicated that different levels of irrigation on CWSI, RWC, K<sub>S</sub> and residual soil moisture, crop yield and water productivity affect significantly at confidence level of one percent. The CWSI index increased from 0.18 in I<sub>125</sub> treatment to 0.47 in I<sub>50</sub> treatment. Decrease in soil moisture content from 68% in I<sub>125</sub> treatment to 42% in I<sub>50</sub> treatment, decreased the value of relative leaf water content index (RWC). The highest and lowest mean values of water stress coefficient (K<sub>S</sub>) during the growth period related to I<sub>50 </sub>and I<sub>125</sub> treatments were 0.32 and 0.94 respectively. Also, with a 50% reduction in plant water requirement, the yield compared to full irrigation conditions decreased by about 42% and treatments I<sub>100</sub> and I<sub>50</sub> with values of 2.75 and 2.53 kg / m<sup>3</sup>, respectively, had the highest and lowest water productivity. In this study, the relationship between crop yield and indices of CWSI, RWC, KS and residual soil moisture () was obtained with a high correlation.Finally, it can be said that in water stress in forage maize can be investigated through water stress indices.One of the effective ways to increase water productivity in arid and semi-arid regions is Irrigation management. Due to the fact that the plant is exposed to water stress in low irrigation, so it is necessary to study the water stress status of the plant. The purpose of this study is to investigate the water stress status of forage maize in different irrigation levels using different soil and plant indices. Hence a study in the form of a randomized complete block design with four levels of irrigation; (I<sub>50</sub>, I<sub>75</sub>, I<sub>100</sub> and I<sub>125</sub>) were performed in the Faculty of Agriculture of Lorestan University. The results indicated that different levels of irrigation on CWSI, RWC, K<sub>S</sub> and residual soil moisture, crop yield and water productivity affect significantly at confidence level of one percent. The CWSI index increased from 0.18 in I<sub>125</sub> treatment to 0.47 in I<sub>50</sub> treatment. Decrease in soil moisture content from 68% in I<sub>125</sub> treatment to 42% in I<sub>50</sub> treatment, decreased the value of relative leaf water content index (RWC). The highest and lowest mean values of water stress coefficient (K<sub>S</sub>) during the growth period related to I<sub>50 </sub>and I<sub>125</sub> treatments were 0.32 and 0.94 respectively. Also, with a 50% reduction in plant water requirement, the yield compared to full irrigation conditions decreased by about 42% and treatments I<sub>100</sub> and I<sub>50</sub> with values of 2.75 and 2.53 kg / m<sup>3</sup>, respectively, had the highest and lowest water productivity. In this study, the relationship between crop yield and indices of CWSI, RWC, KS and residual soil moisture () was obtained with a high correlation.Finally, it can be said that in water stress in forage maize can be investigated through water stress indices.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_84863_e7c8534976de51b694cb9a834236e8a1.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X52820211023The Effect of Irrigation with Magnetically Treated Effluent on Chemical Properties and Soil Heavy MetalsThe Effect of Irrigation with Magnetically Treated Effluent on Chemical Properties and Soil Heavy Metals219122038486510.22059/ijswr.2021.325136.668990FAMojtabaKhoshravesh1- Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.Seyedeh MahsaHosseiniDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.MasoudPourgholam-AmijiDepartment of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.Journal Article20210609Increase in population and limitation of food resources, leads to decline accessing to agricultural water and soil resources and faced human beings with the great challenge of food security and regional and international crises. Disorders in the plant due to heavy metal toxicity in plants may eventually reduce plant growth. One of the methods that can be applyed to remediate the soil is using of magnetic water. In this study, the effect of using magnetically treated effluent on the chemical properties and traceability of soil heavy metals was investigated. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2020 at Babolsar city. Treatments include: irrigation with well water (W<sub>1</sub>), irrigation with mixing 25% of effluent and 75% of well water (W<sub>2</sub>), irrigation with the mixing of 50% of effluent and 50% of well water (W<sub>3</sub>), irrigation with mixing of 75% of effluent and 25% of water Well (W<sub>4</sub>), irrigation with 100% effluent (W<sub>5</sub>) under magnetic field (I<sub>1</sub>) and without magnetic field (I<sub>2</sub>). The results showed that the effect of irrigation type and water and effluent mixing on electrical conductivity, solutes, and heavy metals in the soil at different depths was significant at 1% probability level. On average, irrigation with magnetic water reduced electrical conductivity by 30.43%, lead by 35.25%, and cadmium by 56.11% in the soil profile. In treatments with higher effluent mixing percentages, the number of solutes increased in different soil depths, which was due to higher amounts of elements, especially heavy metals in the effluent. Therefore, by using magnetic technology to reduce the solutes and heavy metals in the soil, provided the conditions for better cultivation in terms of reducing the toxicity of plants due to less absorbtion of heavy metals.Increase in population and limitation of food resources, leads to decline accessing to agricultural water and soil resources and faced human beings with the great challenge of food security and regional and international crises. Disorders in the plant due to heavy metal toxicity in plants may eventually reduce plant growth. One of the methods that can be applyed to remediate the soil is using of magnetic water. In this study, the effect of using magnetically treated effluent on the chemical properties and traceability of soil heavy metals was investigated. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2020 at Babolsar city. Treatments include: irrigation with well water (W<sub>1</sub>), irrigation with mixing 25% of effluent and 75% of well water (W<sub>2</sub>), irrigation with the mixing of 50% of effluent and 50% of well water (W<sub>3</sub>), irrigation with mixing of 75% of effluent and 25% of water Well (W<sub>4</sub>), irrigation with 100% effluent (W<sub>5</sub>) under magnetic field (I<sub>1</sub>) and without magnetic field (I<sub>2</sub>). The results showed that the effect of irrigation type and water and effluent mixing on electrical conductivity, solutes, and heavy metals in the soil at different depths was significant at 1% probability level. On average, irrigation with magnetic water reduced electrical conductivity by 30.43%, lead by 35.25%, and cadmium by 56.11% in the soil profile. In treatments with higher effluent mixing percentages, the number of solutes increased in different soil depths, which was due to higher amounts of elements, especially heavy metals in the effluent. Therefore, by using magnetic technology to reduce the solutes and heavy metals in the soil, provided the conditions for better cultivation in terms of reducing the toxicity of plants due to less absorbtion of heavy metals.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_84865_6c2064b8a0f50b7e5921f972c0a44048.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X52820211023The Effect of Different Land Use Age on Dynamic of Different forms of Soil Organic Carbon (Case Study: Chardangeh Area of Kiasar City)The Effect of Different Land Use Age on Dynamic of Different forms of Soil Organic Carbon (Case Study: Chardangeh Area of Kiasar City)220522168486610.22059/ijswr.2021.313258.668794FALeilaZandiRangeland management Department, Faculty of natural resources, Sari agricultural sciences and natural resources university, sari, IranZeinabJafarianRangeland management Department, Faculty of natural resources, Sari agricultural sciences and natural resources university, sari, IranAtaollahKavianWatershed management Department, Faculty of natural resources, Sari agricultural sciences and natural resources university, sari, IranYahyaKoochRanghend management Department, , Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Nour, IranJournal Article20201123The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of land use age on dynamic of different forms of soil organic carbon in Chahar Dangeh region of Kiasar, Mazandaran province. In this area, the studied habitats include pastures conversion to agricultural lands (barley) and orchards (apples and walnuts) in three different ages (more than 30 years, more than 20 years and less than 10 years) in Era, Erost and Vavsar villages. In each land use, soil sampling was performed systematic- randomly from 0-15 and 15-30 cm depths. In total, ten soil samples from land uses were transferred to the laboratory for analysis of soil organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, labile organic carbon. The variance analysis results indicated that the higher values of soil organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, labile organic carbon found in orchard use during 30 years old, which was located at a depth of 0-15 cm. Due to the conversion of rangeland to orchard use (age more than 30 years), soil organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, labile organic carbon increased in 86.18%, 68.42%, 61.13% and 66.94% respectively. Also, the highest amount of EC was found in orchard use older than 30 years. But pH in barley land use older than 30 years at a depth of 15-30 cm had the highest value. In general, the results of this study indicated that the effects of the studied factors on different forms of soil organic carbon depend on the time. Therefore, soil organic carbon management strategies should be adjusted according to the time period.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of land use age on dynamic of different forms of soil organic carbon in Chahar Dangeh region of Kiasar, Mazandaran province. In this area, the studied habitats include pastures conversion to agricultural lands (barley) and orchards (apples and walnuts) in three different ages (more than 30 years, more than 20 years and less than 10 years) in Era, Erost and Vavsar villages. In each land use, soil sampling was performed systematic- randomly from 0-15 and 15-30 cm depths. In total, ten soil samples from land uses were transferred to the laboratory for analysis of soil organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, labile organic carbon. The variance analysis results indicated that the higher values of soil organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, labile organic carbon found in orchard use during 30 years old, which was located at a depth of 0-15 cm. Due to the conversion of rangeland to orchard use (age more than 30 years), soil organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, labile organic carbon increased in 86.18%, 68.42%, 61.13% and 66.94% respectively. Also, the highest amount of EC was found in orchard use older than 30 years. But pH in barley land use older than 30 years at a depth of 15-30 cm had the highest value. In general, the results of this study indicated that the effects of the studied factors on different forms of soil organic carbon depend on the time. Therefore, soil organic carbon management strategies should be adjusted according to the time period.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_84866_fc6a0b0354a672260e9aee4134196b03.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X52820211023Comparison of Yield and Water Productivity in Surface and Subsurface Irrigation in PotsComparison of Yield and Water Productivity in Surface and Subsurface Irrigation in Pots221722268486710.22059/ijswr.2021.323055.668958FAHasanKarimiWater Engineering Department -., College of Aburaihan - University of Tehran- Tehran- IranMahmoudMashalWater Engineering Department -., College of Aburaihan - University of Tehran- Tehran- IranSeyyed EbrahimHashemi GarmdarehWater Engineering Department -., College of Aburaihan - University of Tehran- Tehran- IranJournal Article20210518It’s so important to conducting research on improving productivity and performance due to the reduction of water resources and need for optimal use of water resources, in recent years. One of the suitable methods is potted subsurface irrigation that its effectiveness has been proven in recent researches. Due to less studied the effect of subsurface irrigation in greenhouses, in this study, the productivity of two methods of surface and subsurface irrigation in pots for basil in the greenhouse was compared. Also, two different culture media (soil-cocopeat-perlite and cocopeat-perlite) and two-bed depths in pots (30 and 50 cm) were used. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two irrigation methods at the level of five percent in wet and dry crop yield. However, the yield values were 25% higher in the soil-cocopeat-perlite bed than the cocopeat-perlite bed. According to the amount of water used, the water productivity increased 13 % in the soil-cocopeat-perlite bed. The results also showed that the water productivity of potted subsurface irrigation and surface irrigation were 10.84 and 5.86 g/l, respectively, which were significantly differ from each other at the level of one percent.It’s so important to conducting research on improving productivity and performance due to the reduction of water resources and need for optimal use of water resources, in recent years. One of the suitable methods is potted subsurface irrigation that its effectiveness has been proven in recent researches. Due to less studied the effect of subsurface irrigation in greenhouses, in this study, the productivity of two methods of surface and subsurface irrigation in pots for basil in the greenhouse was compared. Also, two different culture media (soil-cocopeat-perlite and cocopeat-perlite) and two-bed depths in pots (30 and 50 cm) were used. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two irrigation methods at the level of five percent in wet and dry crop yield. However, the yield values were 25% higher in the soil-cocopeat-perlite bed than the cocopeat-perlite bed. According to the amount of water used, the water productivity increased 13 % in the soil-cocopeat-perlite bed. The results also showed that the water productivity of potted subsurface irrigation and surface irrigation were 10.84 and 5.86 g/l, respectively, which were significantly differ from each other at the level of one percent.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_84867_caa6d83d9fcca5b872a0c5ac89bc2795.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X52820211023Evaluation of Nitrate Leaching from the Soil with the Application of Sugarcane Bagasse Biochar and Slow-release FertilizerEvaluation of Nitrate Leaching from the Soil with the Application of Sugarcane Bagasse Biochar and Slow-release Fertilizer222722368486810.22059/ijswr.2021.324437.668984FAYasharShahbaziDepartment of Water Management and Engineering, Collage of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranSeyed MajidMirlatifiWater Management and Engineering Department, Collage of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranAlirezaHassanoghliScientific Staff Member (Associate Professor), Agricultural Engineering Research Institute; Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, IranJournal Article20210526Nitrate is one of pollutants which is mainly caused by agricultural activities which contaminates groundwater and surface water and threatens human health. Chemical fertilizers which are used in large quantities in agriculture are one of the sources of nitrate in the soil. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the application of different levels of sugarcane bagasse biochar (SBB) and slow-release fertilizer (sulfur-coated urea) on nitrate leaching through a soil profile. A greenhouse experiment with tomato crop grown on a soil mixed with four concentration levels of SBB treatments, including zero percent of soil weight (0B), one percent of soil weight (1B), two percent of soil weight (2B), and three percent of soil weight (3B) and two types of nitrogen fertilizer including conventional urea (CU) and sulfur-coated urea (SCU) fertilizers was performed with three replications. The crop was grown in drained lysimeters and irrigated by surface method. The amount of nitrate was monitored at 5 different times during the tomato growing season. The results showed that nitrate leaching from the lysimeters decreased as the percentage of biochar levels increased. Leaching nitrogen from treatments with biochar levels of 1B, 2B and 3B and with the application of CU fertilizer were 6.2%, 10.1% and 18.3%, respectively and with the application of SCU fertilizer were 8.6%, 22.7% and 24.14%, respectively, less than that of the zero level biochar treatments. The highest and lowest levels of nitrate leaching occurred from lysimeters filled with soil without biochar (0B) and with the application of CU (2307 mg), and from treatment 3B with the application of SCU (1659 mg), respectively. According to the results obtained, application of SBB reduced nitrate leaching from the soil profile and as a result of using SCU fertilizer instead of CU fertilizer, this reduction effect was significant.Nitrate is one of pollutants which is mainly caused by agricultural activities which contaminates groundwater and surface water and threatens human health. Chemical fertilizers which are used in large quantities in agriculture are one of the sources of nitrate in the soil. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the application of different levels of sugarcane bagasse biochar (SBB) and slow-release fertilizer (sulfur-coated urea) on nitrate leaching through a soil profile. A greenhouse experiment with tomato crop grown on a soil mixed with four concentration levels of SBB treatments, including zero percent of soil weight (0B), one percent of soil weight (1B), two percent of soil weight (2B), and three percent of soil weight (3B) and two types of nitrogen fertilizer including conventional urea (CU) and sulfur-coated urea (SCU) fertilizers was performed with three replications. The crop was grown in drained lysimeters and irrigated by surface method. The amount of nitrate was monitored at 5 different times during the tomato growing season. The results showed that nitrate leaching from the lysimeters decreased as the percentage of biochar levels increased. Leaching nitrogen from treatments with biochar levels of 1B, 2B and 3B and with the application of CU fertilizer were 6.2%, 10.1% and 18.3%, respectively and with the application of SCU fertilizer were 8.6%, 22.7% and 24.14%, respectively, less than that of the zero level biochar treatments. The highest and lowest levels of nitrate leaching occurred from lysimeters filled with soil without biochar (0B) and with the application of CU (2307 mg), and from treatment 3B with the application of SCU (1659 mg), respectively. According to the results obtained, application of SBB reduced nitrate leaching from the soil profile and as a result of using SCU fertilizer instead of CU fertilizer, this reduction effect was significant.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_84868_ac0fd7a877a2ed8593b324c1a6ed9dbd.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X52820211023Effect of Some Petroleum Products on Water Repellency of Texturally Different SoilsEffect of Some Petroleum Products on Water Repellency of Texturally Different Soils223722518486910.22059/ijswr.2021.322001.668935FARaziyehDaryaeeDepartment of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranAli AkbarMoosaviDepartment of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranRezaGhasemiDepartment of soil science, faculty of agriculture, shiraz university, shiraz, iranMasoudRiaziDepartment of Petroleum Engineering, College of Chemical, Petroleum, and Gas Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranJournal Article20210413One of the most important soil and environmental pollutants, particularly around refineries and oil pipelines are oil pollutants which can affect on soil properties. Water repellency, as one of the important soil physical properties, can also be affected by different pollutants in different soils. Therefore, the aim of this study aimed is to evaluate the effect of 0, 1.5, 3, and 4.5% levels of crude oil, kerosene and gasoline on the static (soil-water contact angle) and dynamic (water droplet penetration time) water repellency in clay loam, loamy sand, and sandy loam soils. The results showed that the mean value of dynamic water repellency in loamy sand soil was significantly more than of clay loam and sandy loam soils by 27 times and the mean value of static water repellency in loamy sand and sandy loam soils was significantly more than of clay loam soil by 7% and 1%, respectively. Furthermore, the mean value of dynamic water repellency in soils treated with kerosene and gasoline were significantly lower than crude oil-treated soils by 100% and 96%, respectively and were respectively lower by 19% and 15% for the mean value of static water repellency. In general, petroleum products caused a significant increase in water repellency and the maximum value of water repellency was observed in the crude oil-treated soils.One of the most important soil and environmental pollutants, particularly around refineries and oil pipelines are oil pollutants which can affect on soil properties. Water repellency, as one of the important soil physical properties, can also be affected by different pollutants in different soils. Therefore, the aim of this study aimed is to evaluate the effect of 0, 1.5, 3, and 4.5% levels of crude oil, kerosene and gasoline on the static (soil-water contact angle) and dynamic (water droplet penetration time) water repellency in clay loam, loamy sand, and sandy loam soils. The results showed that the mean value of dynamic water repellency in loamy sand soil was significantly more than of clay loam and sandy loam soils by 27 times and the mean value of static water repellency in loamy sand and sandy loam soils was significantly more than of clay loam soil by 7% and 1%, respectively. Furthermore, the mean value of dynamic water repellency in soils treated with kerosene and gasoline were significantly lower than crude oil-treated soils by 100% and 96%, respectively and were respectively lower by 19% and 15% for the mean value of static water repellency. In general, petroleum products caused a significant increase in water repellency and the maximum value of water repellency was observed in the crude oil-treated soils.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_84869_9331bf9655e5c1cb6e68618d40564e47.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X52820211023Phthalic Acid Esters as Pervasive Emerging Pollutants in the Environment and Their Role in Threatening Food Security and Human Health: A ReviewPhthalic Acid Esters as Pervasive Emerging Pollutants in the Environment and Their Role in Threatening Food Security and Human Health: A Review225322778487010.22059/ijswr.2021.323985.668980FAShayanShariatiDepartment of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.Ahmad AliPourbabaeiDepartment of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.Hossein AliAlikhaniDepartment of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.Keramat AllahRezaeiDepartment of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.FatemehShariatiDepartment of Environmental Science, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, IranJournal Article20210522Plasticizers are compounds that are widely used to increase the softness of plastic compounds and related derivatives.The largest group of emollients in the world are phthalic acid esters. These compounds consumption is about 10 million tons per year in the world, which covers an annual turnover of $ 20000 million. These compounds are semi-volatile and have carcinogenic, mutagenic, and endocrine-disrupting properties. In this study, phthalic acid ester types and structures, entry paths into different ecosystems and the human body, measurement methods in environmental samples, and studies conducted in the world and Iran are introduced. Due to the weak bond between these compounds and plastics, they can enter the environment and the human food chain easily, and cause many diseases such as breast, thyroid, and testicular cancer, reproductive problems, obesity, asthma, diabetes, and etc. Regarding these properties, the phthalic acid esters are concluded in the list of most dangerous pollutants of the U.S.EPA, China, and the European Union. Unfortunately, very little research has been performed in this field in Iran. Research in the sediments of Anzali wetland, Chabahar Bay water, and the soil downstream Saravan landfill have shown that the concentration of phthalic acid esters, especially diethyl hexyl phthalate (the most widely used plasticizer in the world) has gone beyound the environmental risk limit of these pollutants. It is hoped that the information in this review will help to understand these compounds better and investigating their dangers in Iran environment.Plasticizers are compounds that are widely used to increase the softness of plastic compounds and related derivatives.The largest group of emollients in the world are phthalic acid esters. These compounds consumption is about 10 million tons per year in the world, which covers an annual turnover of $ 20000 million. These compounds are semi-volatile and have carcinogenic, mutagenic, and endocrine-disrupting properties. In this study, phthalic acid ester types and structures, entry paths into different ecosystems and the human body, measurement methods in environmental samples, and studies conducted in the world and Iran are introduced. Due to the weak bond between these compounds and plastics, they can enter the environment and the human food chain easily, and cause many diseases such as breast, thyroid, and testicular cancer, reproductive problems, obesity, asthma, diabetes, and etc. Regarding these properties, the phthalic acid esters are concluded in the list of most dangerous pollutants of the U.S.EPA, China, and the European Union. Unfortunately, very little research has been performed in this field in Iran. Research in the sediments of Anzali wetland, Chabahar Bay water, and the soil downstream Saravan landfill have shown that the concentration of phthalic acid esters, especially diethyl hexyl phthalate (the most widely used plasticizer in the world) has gone beyound the environmental risk limit of these pollutants. It is hoped that the information in this review will help to understand these compounds better and investigating their dangers in Iran environment.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_84870_365adebfad423dbcb5178296b0346d4a.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Soil and Water Research2008-479X52820211023Recent Advances and Research Trends in the Eco-friendly Lignin-based Fertilizers: Production Technologies, Process Mechanisms and Performance AppraisalRecent Advances and Research Trends in the Eco-friendly Lignin-based Fertilizers: Production Technologies, Process Mechanisms and Performance Appraisal227923018487110.22059/ijswr.2021.323230.668961FAEhsanSarlakiPh.D. Student, Department of Agrotechnology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Mohammad HosseinKianmehrFull Professor, Department of Agrotechnology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Ali MashaallahKermaniAssistant Professor , Department of Agrotechnology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20210504In circular bioeconomy viewpoint, sustainable development of biorefineries requires to use the lignocellulosic biomass completely to produce high value-added bioproducts. The lignin products market was 750 million US$ in 2018 and is predicted to reach 1460 million US$ by the end of 2025. In industrial processes, the large amounts of industrial lignins as technical lignins or biorefinery lignins are formed as by‐products. Annually, about 150-180 million tons of industrial lignins is generated in worldwide. Most of industrial lignins are directly combusted to obtain heat, which not only is a loss of organic matter but also leads to environmental pollution issues. Therefore, developing the lignin-based fertilizers has become an important research topic for eco-friendly agricultural practices. Interestingly, lignin can be used as slow‐release carriers, coating materials, soil conditioners and chelated micro-fertilizers due to its excellent slow-release properties, chelating and other functionalities. Lignin-based fertilizers have several specific properties including the slow dissolution, adsorptivity, biocompatibility, controlled-release, biodegradability, nonvolatility, long-term stability, anti-leaching, low pollution, high fertilizer efficiency, low price and higher biological activity. Lignin can delay the dissolution of the nutrients (nitrogen, phosphate, etc.) in the modified fertilizer to improve the slow-release performance and also delay hydrolysis of urea by inhibiting the soil urease activity and inhibit the conversion of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N to NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>-N, thereby increasing the utilization of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N. Lignin‐based fertilizers prepared by sustainable chemical, coating and micro-chelation modifications. This review, exhaustively scrutinizes and reports the recent research advances in the lignin extraction methods, underlying mechanisms, characterization and applications of the above methods for preparing lignin‐based fertilizers.In circular bioeconomy viewpoint, sustainable development of biorefineries requires to use the lignocellulosic biomass completely to produce high value-added bioproducts. The lignin products market was 750 million US$ in 2018 and is predicted to reach 1460 million US$ by the end of 2025. In industrial processes, the large amounts of industrial lignins as technical lignins or biorefinery lignins are formed as by‐products. Annually, about 150-180 million tons of industrial lignins is generated in worldwide. Most of industrial lignins are directly combusted to obtain heat, which not only is a loss of organic matter but also leads to environmental pollution issues. Therefore, developing the lignin-based fertilizers has become an important research topic for eco-friendly agricultural practices. Interestingly, lignin can be used as slow‐release carriers, coating materials, soil conditioners and chelated micro-fertilizers due to its excellent slow-release properties, chelating and other functionalities. Lignin-based fertilizers have several specific properties including the slow dissolution, adsorptivity, biocompatibility, controlled-release, biodegradability, nonvolatility, long-term stability, anti-leaching, low pollution, high fertilizer efficiency, low price and higher biological activity. Lignin can delay the dissolution of the nutrients (nitrogen, phosphate, etc.) in the modified fertilizer to improve the slow-release performance and also delay hydrolysis of urea by inhibiting the soil urease activity and inhibit the conversion of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N to NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>-N, thereby increasing the utilization of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N. Lignin‐based fertilizers prepared by sustainable chemical, coating and micro-chelation modifications. This review, exhaustively scrutinizes and reports the recent research advances in the lignin extraction methods, underlying mechanisms, characterization and applications of the above methods for preparing lignin‐based fertilizers.https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_84871_596e487450fc608dadd5f9c3b38a0bce.pdf