University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 52 6 2021 08 23 Evaluation and Validation of Models for Estimating Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient in Different Soil Texture Classes Evaluation and Validation of Models for Estimating Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient in Different Soil Texture Classes 1437 1445 83077 10.22059/ijswr.2021.318639.668887 FA Panah Mohammadi Department of Soil Science, faculty of agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz. Iran Mohammad Reza Neyshaburi Department of Soil Science, faculty of agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz. Iran Hossein Beyrami National Salinity Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Yazd, Iran Journal Article 2021 02 08 The diffusion of gas in the soil, which is usually expressed in terms of its diffusion in the atmosphere (D_p⁄D_0 ), varies based on the characteristics of shape, size, pores distortion, ventilation porosity and soil moisture content (Ɵ), and its direct measurement is generally difficult and time consuming. In this study, while preparing soil samples from different texture classes, oxygen gas diffusion (D_p) was measured in various ventilation porosity (ɛ) and moisture (Ɵ) by non-sustainable methods. Then its changes with ɛ and Ɵ were investigated as a regression equation. The results showed that with increasing ɛ and decreasing the amount of soils Ɵ, D_p⁄D_0 increased and its maximum and minimum values were obtained in low and high humidity (Equal to saturation), respectively. The results of estimating models that presented in resource and obtained regression model in this study (Equation 11) were evaluated and compared using RMSE, GMER and GSDER criteria. The results showed that the estimated D_p⁄D_0 with equation 11 had maximum agreement with the measured data (RMSE = 0.022) and had a minimum overestimation or underestimation (GMER = 1.019), compared with other models that used in this research. Due to the high correlation of the obtained data from this regression equation with the measured data (GSDER = 1.251), the degree of accuracy of this equation is higher than the previous five models and it can be a suitable alternative for them, if it is validated with a wider range of soils. The diffusion of gas in the soil, which is usually expressed in terms of its diffusion in the atmosphere (D_p⁄D_0 ), varies based on the characteristics of shape, size, pores distortion, ventilation porosity and soil moisture content (Ɵ), and its direct measurement is generally difficult and time consuming. In this study, while preparing soil samples from different texture classes, oxygen gas diffusion (D_p) was measured in various ventilation porosity (ɛ) and moisture (Ɵ) by non-sustainable methods. Then its changes with ɛ and Ɵ were investigated as a regression equation. The results showed that with increasing ɛ and decreasing the amount of soils Ɵ, D_p⁄D_0 increased and its maximum and minimum values were obtained in low and high humidity (Equal to saturation), respectively. The results of estimating models that presented in resource and obtained regression model in this study (Equation 11) were evaluated and compared using RMSE, GMER and GSDER criteria. The results showed that the estimated D_p⁄D_0 with equation 11 had maximum agreement with the measured data (RMSE = 0.022) and had a minimum overestimation or underestimation (GMER = 1.019), compared with other models that used in this research. Due to the high correlation of the obtained data from this regression equation with the measured data (GSDER = 1.251), the degree of accuracy of this equation is higher than the previous five models and it can be a suitable alternative for them, if it is validated with a wider range of soils.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_83077_80feb1f2d9c06dbd9ee4060066ace4c1.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 52 6 2021 08 23 The Dry and Wet Aggregates Stability Indices of Soils Covered by Lichen Dominated Biocrusts The Dry and Wet Aggregates Stability Indices of Soils Covered by Lichen Dominated Biocrusts 1447 1459 83078 10.22059/ijswr.2021.311872.668768 FA Leila Kashi Zenouzi Department of Desert and Arid Land Management, Faculty of Desert Studies, University of Semnan, IranExtension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran Seyed Hasan Kaboli Department of Desert and Arid Land Management, Faculty of Desert Studies, University of Semnan, Iran Kazem Khavazi Department of Soil Biology Soil and Water Research Institute. Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran Mohamad Sohrabi Biotechnology Department, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology Mohammad Khosroshahi Desert Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2020 10 14 Biological soil crusts play an important role to improve soil structure, aggregate formation and soil stability by increasing organic carbon. Aggregate stability determines its resistance to soil erosive agents. In this study, due to the severity of soil erosion of Sejzi plain of Isfahan province, the role of biological crusts as a soil erosion controller has been investigated in terms of stabilizing dry and wet aggregates. For this purpose, sampling was done from lichen dominated areas, both from the soil covered with biocrust also the soil without biological crusts. Soil physicochemical properties including pH, EC, Sodium Adsorption Ratio, bulk density, soil saturation percentage, soil texture, OC%, soil particles with d<0.84 mm, MWD and WESS indexes were measured. Classification of soil parameters affected by biocrust and without biocrust was performed by PCA method. After determining the role of biocrusts in increasing aggregate stability in the soil covered by biocrusts, in two cases (wet and dry), the effect of each soil parameters on increasing aggregate stability was investigated based on multivariate linear regression model using stepwise method. The results of stepwise modeling showed that the dry aggregate stability depends on five influential factors including pH, OC%, clay%, sand% and MWD, with R square value of 0.68. Also, the regression model for wet aggregate stability was established using three effective factors including pH, d<0.84mm and TNV%, and R square was estimated 0.667. Aggregate stability in both cases, dry and wet conditions, are affected by each other and it is depended on the amount of OC%. Biological soil crusts play an important role to improve soil structure, aggregate formation and soil stability by increasing organic carbon. Aggregate stability determines its resistance to soil erosive agents. In this study, due to the severity of soil erosion of Sejzi plain of Isfahan province, the role of biological crusts as a soil erosion controller has been investigated in terms of stabilizing dry and wet aggregates. For this purpose, sampling was done from lichen dominated areas, both from the soil covered with biocrust also the soil without biological crusts. Soil physicochemical properties including pH, EC, Sodium Adsorption Ratio, bulk density, soil saturation percentage, soil texture, OC%, soil particles with d<0.84 mm, MWD and WESS indexes were measured. Classification of soil parameters affected by biocrust and without biocrust was performed by PCA method. After determining the role of biocrusts in increasing aggregate stability in the soil covered by biocrusts, in two cases (wet and dry), the effect of each soil parameters on increasing aggregate stability was investigated based on multivariate linear regression model using stepwise method. The results of stepwise modeling showed that the dry aggregate stability depends on five influential factors including pH, OC%, clay%, sand% and MWD, with R square value of 0.68. Also, the regression model for wet aggregate stability was established using three effective factors including pH, d<0.84mm and TNV%, and R square was estimated 0.667. Aggregate stability in both cases, dry and wet conditions, are affected by each other and it is depended on the amount of OC%.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_83078_ba799a0f1b13288d953ea72c8215c9b0.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 52 6 2021 08 23 Evaluating Human Casualty Estimation Models for River Floods on a Regional and Global Scale (Case Study: Can Watershed) Evaluating Human Casualty Estimation Models for River Floods on a Regional and Global Scale (Case Study: Can Watershed) 1461 1476 83079 10.22059/ijswr.2021.306183.668668 FA Kimia Amirmoradi Graduated PhD. Student of Water Engineering Department, Imam Khomeini International University Alireza Shokoohi Professor, Water Engineering Department, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran Journal Article 2020 07 20 Flood is one of the most important types of natural disasters that lead to serious damage, especially in Iran. Despite the high number of human casualties in Iran, this phenomenon has not been sufficiently studied. A review of the relevant research conducted so far shows that the number of relationships is low and at the same time their accuracy is questionable. In this study, the developed regional and global models have been evaluated to determine human casualties in the catchment area of Kan River located in Tehran. In this research, HEC-HMS has been used for hydrological simulation and HEC-RAS two-dimensional model has been used for flood simulation and estimation of parameters such as velocity, depth, and rate of flood rise in an unstable state. The spatial distribution of all parameters of both regional and global models according to the structure of the models was obtained in the GIS environment. Finally, the short-term risk of flood losses in the study basin was calculated using the results of the regional model. The regional model which was developed based on the hydraulic and morphological parameters of the basin and the global model which was designed for mortality due to dam failure were able to simulate historical events well, however, the regional model in all high-risk to low-risk areas has better results. The global model, which is a parametric model, was found to be acceptable for estimating model losses in the range of low-risk and predicting instantaneous flood mortality, by changing the average distribution parameter by twice the standard deviation. The use of both regional and global calibrated models is recommended in risk management and instantaneous floods crisis. Flood is one of the most important types of natural disasters that lead to serious damage, especially in Iran. Despite the high number of human casualties in Iran, this phenomenon has not been sufficiently studied. A review of the relevant research conducted so far shows that the number of relationships is low and at the same time their accuracy is questionable. In this study, the developed regional and global models have been evaluated to determine human casualties in the catchment area of Kan River located in Tehran. In this research, HEC-HMS has been used for hydrological simulation and HEC-RAS two-dimensional model has been used for flood simulation and estimation of parameters such as velocity, depth, and rate of flood rise in an unstable state. The spatial distribution of all parameters of both regional and global models according to the structure of the models was obtained in the GIS environment. Finally, the short-term risk of flood losses in the study basin was calculated using the results of the regional model. The regional model which was developed based on the hydraulic and morphological parameters of the basin and the global model which was designed for mortality due to dam failure were able to simulate historical events well, however, the regional model in all high-risk to low-risk areas has better results. The global model, which is a parametric model, was found to be acceptable for estimating model losses in the range of low-risk and predicting instantaneous flood mortality, by changing the average distribution parameter by twice the standard deviation. The use of both regional and global calibrated models is recommended in risk management and instantaneous floods crisis.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_83079_59781681e08935be72abdaa18108f1b3.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 52 6 2021 08 23 Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Main Canal Cross-Section Shape on Flow Dynamic at the Rivers’ Junction Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Main Canal Cross-Section Shape on Flow Dynamic at the Rivers’ Junction 1477 1490 83080 10.22059/ijswr.2021.318648.668889 FA Navid Parchami Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Mohammad Hemmati Department of water engineering, Faculty of Agriculture , Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Negin MIRMORSALI Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Journal Article 2021 02 07 Studying and recognizing the flow dynamics at the junction and downstream of the junction is essential in designing the stable geometry of prismatic canals and providing a suitable protection solution for river systems. According to field data, the existence of different junction angles and bed discordance between the main and tributary canals is one of the most common physical characteristics of the most natural junction. The present research aims to numerically investigate the effect of main canal cross-section shapes (rectangular and trapezoidal) and junction angles (45° and 90°) on flow dynamics at river junctions of the concordance and discordance bed level. The results showed at the concordance bed level and junction with a angle, in both cross-section shapes, the flow separation zone is formed near the bed, with the difference that in a trapezoidal section, its dimension was bigger than the rectangular section. At the angle of the concordance bed level, this zone did not appear in any sections; but for unequal bed level junction, the separation zone was formed only on the water surface and for the trapezoidal section. In addition, the flow separation zone was not formed at the discordance junction near the bed, but at the water surface its dimension in trapezoidal shape was more than the rectangular. Besides, the backwater at the upstream of the junction in main canal decreased in trapezoidal shape and in junction angle. Studying and recognizing the flow dynamics at the junction and downstream of the junction is essential in designing the stable geometry of prismatic canals and providing a suitable protection solution for river systems. According to field data, the existence of different junction angles and bed discordance between the main and tributary canals is one of the most common physical characteristics of the most natural junction. The present research aims to numerically investigate the effect of main canal cross-section shapes (rectangular and trapezoidal) and junction angles (45° and 90°) on flow dynamics at river junctions of the concordance and discordance bed level. The results showed at the concordance bed level and junction with a angle, in both cross-section shapes, the flow separation zone is formed near the bed, with the difference that in a trapezoidal section, its dimension was bigger than the rectangular section. At the angle of the concordance bed level, this zone did not appear in any sections; but for unequal bed level junction, the separation zone was formed only on the water surface and for the trapezoidal section. In addition, the flow separation zone was not formed at the discordance junction near the bed, but at the water surface its dimension in trapezoidal shape was more than the rectangular. Besides, the backwater at the upstream of the junction in main canal decreased in trapezoidal shape and in junction angle.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_83080_94932c51cb41c95ba1d1f9012152c8d3.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 52 6 2021 08 23 The Effect of Waterlogging on Distribution of Different Forms of Zinc in Acidic and Alkaline Soils The Effect of Waterlogging on Distribution of Different Forms of Zinc in Acidic and Alkaline Soils 1491 1500 83082 10.22059/ijswr.2021.315931.668847 FA Haniyeh Fatehi Falahati Department of Soil Science, Faculty of agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Maryam Khalilirad Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Akbar Forghani Department of Soil Science, Faculty of agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Mahmood Fazeli Sangani Department of Soil Science, Faculty of agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Journal Article 2020 12 24 Due to the importance of zinc in rice plant nutrition, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of waterlogging period on the amount of plant available zinc in acidic and alkaline soils separately based on a completely randomized design. Variation in distribution of different forms of zinc before and after waterlogging was also compared. Soils were submerged for a period of 90 days and then the parameters of Eh, pH and plant available zinc were measured at 0, 7, 15, 30, 45 and 90 days after waterlogging. Different forms of zinc were also determined using sequential extraction method. Generally, the amount of plant available zinc decreased in both acidic and alkaline soils during the waterlogging period. Submergence condition led to a significant decrease in soluble + exchangeable and organic forms of zinc, while at the end of the submergence period, the carbonate form of zinc significantly increased in alkaline soil. In both acidic and alkaline soils, no significant changes were observed in the form of zinc bound to manganese oxide, while the amount of zinc bound to amorphous and crystalline iron oxides increased and the amount of residual zinc significantly decreased. In general, the results showed that the concentration of zinc in waterlogged soils is mainly affected by the changes in various forms of iron. Furthermore, plant available forms of zinc decreased in waterlogged condition which can lead to zinc deficiency in rice plants. Hence, it is recommended that the amount of plant available zinc in soil should be managed via soil or foliare application of zinc fertilizers in a way that its decline during waterlogging period has less negative impact on plant yield. Due to the importance of zinc in rice plant nutrition, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of waterlogging period on the amount of plant available zinc in acidic and alkaline soils separately based on a completely randomized design. Variation in distribution of different forms of zinc before and after waterlogging was also compared. Soils were submerged for a period of 90 days and then the parameters of Eh, pH and plant available zinc were measured at 0, 7, 15, 30, 45 and 90 days after waterlogging. Different forms of zinc were also determined using sequential extraction method. Generally, the amount of plant available zinc decreased in both acidic and alkaline soils during the waterlogging period. Submergence condition led to a significant decrease in soluble + exchangeable and organic forms of zinc, while at the end of the submergence period, the carbonate form of zinc significantly increased in alkaline soil. In both acidic and alkaline soils, no significant changes were observed in the form of zinc bound to manganese oxide, while the amount of zinc bound to amorphous and crystalline iron oxides increased and the amount of residual zinc significantly decreased. In general, the results showed that the concentration of zinc in waterlogged soils is mainly affected by the changes in various forms of iron. Furthermore, plant available forms of zinc decreased in waterlogged condition which can lead to zinc deficiency in rice plants. Hence, it is recommended that the amount of plant available zinc in soil should be managed via soil or foliare application of zinc fertilizers in a way that its decline during waterlogging period has less negative impact on plant yield.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_83082_65e529e74cea1a8bc75c496696478fd1.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 52 6 2021 08 23 Assessment of Surface Sealing Formation and Its Relationship with Soil Quality Indices Assessment of Surface Sealing Formation and Its Relationship with Soil Quality Indices 1501 1514 83083 10.22059/ijswr.2021.314247.668811 FA Ayoub Avizhgan Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Hossein Asadi Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Mohammad Hosein Mohammadi Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Manouchehr Gorji Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2020 12 05 Surface sealing is a special phenomenon in most arid and semi-arid regions with severe agricultural and environmental consequences that reduces the porosity of soil surface and infiltration, and increases runoff and soil erosion. The aim of this study was to evaluate formation of surface sealing and its effect on soil quality indices. In this study, 40 soil samples (0-10 cm) were collected from different land uses from eight provinces of Iran. The most important physical and chemical properties of the soil samples were measured. Also, surface sealing index (SI), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and air permeability coefficient (Ka) were evaluated before and after rainfall application. The results showed with the exception of four forest soil samples with mean organic carbon of 5.5% and SI>1, all soil samples were prone to seal formation. Also, due to seal formation, both Ks and Ka were reduced in average by 58%, and in terms of soil quality, the scores of these two indicators were reduced by 57% and 66%, respectively. Evaluation of soil quality by integrated and Nemero quality indices showed that the soil quality score is overestimated for most of the soils when SI and its effect on Ks and Ka were not accounted in evaluation. This overestimation was less than 5% for the soil samples with stable aggregates, and more than 20% for the soils with weak aggregates. Surface sealing is a special phenomenon in most arid and semi-arid regions with severe agricultural and environmental consequences that reduces the porosity of soil surface and infiltration, and increases runoff and soil erosion. The aim of this study was to evaluate formation of surface sealing and its effect on soil quality indices. In this study, 40 soil samples (0-10 cm) were collected from different land uses from eight provinces of Iran. The most important physical and chemical properties of the soil samples were measured. Also, surface sealing index (SI), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and air permeability coefficient (Ka) were evaluated before and after rainfall application. The results showed with the exception of four forest soil samples with mean organic carbon of 5.5% and SI>1, all soil samples were prone to seal formation. Also, due to seal formation, both Ks and Ka were reduced in average by 58%, and in terms of soil quality, the scores of these two indicators were reduced by 57% and 66%, respectively. Evaluation of soil quality by integrated and Nemero quality indices showed that the soil quality score is overestimated for most of the soils when SI and its effect on Ks and Ka were not accounted in evaluation. This overestimation was less than 5% for the soil samples with stable aggregates, and more than 20% for the soils with weak aggregates.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_83083_6f917ec32ebd163770d950374f843e97.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 52 6 2021 08 23 Investigation of Markov Chain Uncertainty for Forecasting Hydrological Status Based on Meteorological Status Investigation of Markov Chain Uncertainty for Forecasting Hydrological Status Based on Meteorological Status 1515 1525 83084 10.22059/ijswr.2021.319712.668905 FA Fahime Razei Water Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran Alireza Shokoohi Professor, Water Engineering Department, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran Journal Article 2021 03 08 Examining and quantifying the degree of uncertainty in the prediction results of the models is the most important step before using the results of the models in water resources decisions making. In this research, the Markov chain technique was used to predict the hydrological status of the basin according to the amount of precipitation in the previous time step. The present study aims to determine the degree of uncertainty of prediction using the confidence interval of the probability of occurrence of events in different meteorological and hydrological conditions. To assess the uncertainty of the predictions by the 2D Markov chain transfer probability matrix, 20 periods with similar characteristics to historical conditions were simulated by the Monte Carlo method. To determine the uncertainty in estimating the hydroclimatology transfer matrix components, the nonparametric method of ratios for large samples and the exact method based on the sign test for the median of the predicted matrix components were used. The results of the long-term hydroclimatology matrix showed that the hydrological conditions tended to remain normal. The results of uncertainty analysis also indicated that the sign test, as a non-parametric method, in assessing the uncertainty of the Markov Chain acts better, and because the range of probabilities of transfer from different meteorological states to hydrological states is almost the same for all stations, the study basin is considered meteorologically and hydrologically homogeneous. Examining and quantifying the degree of uncertainty in the prediction results of the models is the most important step before using the results of the models in water resources decisions making. In this research, the Markov chain technique was used to predict the hydrological status of the basin according to the amount of precipitation in the previous time step. The present study aims to determine the degree of uncertainty of prediction using the confidence interval of the probability of occurrence of events in different meteorological and hydrological conditions. To assess the uncertainty of the predictions by the 2D Markov chain transfer probability matrix, 20 periods with similar characteristics to historical conditions were simulated by the Monte Carlo method. To determine the uncertainty in estimating the hydroclimatology transfer matrix components, the nonparametric method of ratios for large samples and the exact method based on the sign test for the median of the predicted matrix components were used. The results of the long-term hydroclimatology matrix showed that the hydrological conditions tended to remain normal. The results of uncertainty analysis also indicated that the sign test, as a non-parametric method, in assessing the uncertainty of the Markov Chain acts better, and because the range of probabilities of transfer from different meteorological states to hydrological states is almost the same for all stations, the study basin is considered meteorologically and hydrologically homogeneous.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_83084_9ac9b60b660a1a107ef43c57856a8a75.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 52 6 2021 08 23 Groundwater Budget Estimation of an Over-exploited Aquifer Located in the Arid Climate of Iran (Part one: Comparative and Adaptive Analysis Between 1972 and 2019) Groundwater Budget Estimation of an Over-exploited Aquifer Located in the Arid Climate of Iran (Part one: Comparative and Adaptive Analysis Between 1972 and 2019) 1527 1542 83085 10.22059/ijswr.2021.321262.668923 FA Davood Mahmoodzadeh Researcher, Research Institute of Water Engineering and Management, Tarbiat Modares Univ., Tehran, Iran Hamed Ketabchi Assistant Professor, Dept. of Water Engineering and Management, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 03 31 The existence of uncertainties in the input and output components is one of the major challenges in the water budget estimation due to the limitations in measurement or inaccuracies in the selection of appropriate methods. This leads to fluctuations and multiple differences in the estimation of renewable and programmable water. In this study, comparative and adaptive studies have been performed to identify sources of error and uncertainty on the aquifer of Rafsanjan study area in Kerman province, between 1972 and 2019. A critical review of the approach and method of the groundwater budget estimation was presented by looking at the existing errors and uncertainties. It is presented in the technical analysis form by the perspective of approach estimation and budget estimation methods, infrastructure analysis, institutional and structural analysis, and also, software and hardware facilities. Solutions were presented at two levels to reduce errors and increase accuracy based on national and international experiences. In the first level, the new technologies and approaches such as the remote sensing have been recommended for the estimation of precipitation, evapotranspiration, and recharge rate components. Also, the field data can be used to estimate the recharge rate component. In the second level, the mathematical models as well as the development of decision-making systems are recommended as a combined tool to evaluate different decision-making options according to different requirements. The results of this evaluation can be helped managers to make optimal scientific and practical decisions. The existence of uncertainties in the input and output components is one of the major challenges in the water budget estimation due to the limitations in measurement or inaccuracies in the selection of appropriate methods. This leads to fluctuations and multiple differences in the estimation of renewable and programmable water. In this study, comparative and adaptive studies have been performed to identify sources of error and uncertainty on the aquifer of Rafsanjan study area in Kerman province, between 1972 and 2019. A critical review of the approach and method of the groundwater budget estimation was presented by looking at the existing errors and uncertainties. It is presented in the technical analysis form by the perspective of approach estimation and budget estimation methods, infrastructure analysis, institutional and structural analysis, and also, software and hardware facilities. Solutions were presented at two levels to reduce errors and increase accuracy based on national and international experiences. In the first level, the new technologies and approaches such as the remote sensing have been recommended for the estimation of precipitation, evapotranspiration, and recharge rate components. Also, the field data can be used to estimate the recharge rate component. In the second level, the mathematical models as well as the development of decision-making systems are recommended as a combined tool to evaluate different decision-making options according to different requirements. The results of this evaluation can be helped managers to make optimal scientific and practical decisions.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_83085_ab4fbb4cef578652f0060f32dc6a65b3.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 52 6 2021 08 23 Groundwater Budget Estimation of an Over-Exploited Aquifer Located in the Arid Climate of Iran (Part Two: Calculation of Different Water Budget Components) Groundwater Budget Estimation of an Over-Exploited Aquifer Located in the Arid Climate of Iran (Part Two: Calculation of Different Water Budget Components) 1543 1556 83086 10.22059/ijswr.2021.321263.668924 FA Hamed Ketabchi Assistant Professor, Dept. of Water Engineering and Management, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Davood Mahmoodzadeh Researcher, Research Institute of Water Engineering and Management, Tarbiat Modares Univ., Tehran, Iran Ehsan Jalilvand Researcher, Sharif Univ. of Technology, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 03 31 Groundwater resources are the most important sources of water supply for various uses in the Rafsanjan study area. Over-exploitation of these resources has resulted in a continuous groundwater level depletion in the last three decades. The possibility of sustainable exploitation of these resources in the coming years requires appropriate groundwater use management. Based on the groundwater budget estimation for the Rafsanjan aquifer with an area of 4236.5 km2 in the period from 2009 to 2016, the changes in groundwater storage are estimated to be -166.3 million cubic meters per year, which has led to a mean annual groundwater level depletion of 58 centimeters. Spatial estimation of evapotranspiration using the remote sensing data and simplified energy balance method of SSEB in this study, allows the calculation of groundwater recharge component while this approach stops the approximate estimates of this component by recommended coefficients for precipitation infiltration or return water from different uses. During this period, the value of evapotranspiration is estimated to be 581 million cubic meters, of which about 35 to 40 percent is evaporation from precipitation and the rest is evaporation and transpiration of irrigation (mainly from pistachio orchards). In the studied years, an average of 1157 hectares of land in the region is pistachio orchards, which has an average of 3071 cubic meters per hectare, water consumption, which indicates the conditions of low irrigation and water stress for pistachio orchards. Also, the assessments on the dominant conditions show that the condition of the aquifer is critical and indicates the need to attend to the appropriate management of groundwater use. Groundwater resources are the most important sources of water supply for various uses in the Rafsanjan study area. Over-exploitation of these resources has resulted in a continuous groundwater level depletion in the last three decades. The possibility of sustainable exploitation of these resources in the coming years requires appropriate groundwater use management. Based on the groundwater budget estimation for the Rafsanjan aquifer with an area of 4236.5 km2 in the period from 2009 to 2016, the changes in groundwater storage are estimated to be -166.3 million cubic meters per year, which has led to a mean annual groundwater level depletion of 58 centimeters. Spatial estimation of evapotranspiration using the remote sensing data and simplified energy balance method of SSEB in this study, allows the calculation of groundwater recharge component while this approach stops the approximate estimates of this component by recommended coefficients for precipitation infiltration or return water from different uses. During this period, the value of evapotranspiration is estimated to be 581 million cubic meters, of which about 35 to 40 percent is evaporation from precipitation and the rest is evaporation and transpiration of irrigation (mainly from pistachio orchards). In the studied years, an average of 1157 hectares of land in the region is pistachio orchards, which has an average of 3071 cubic meters per hectare, water consumption, which indicates the conditions of low irrigation and water stress for pistachio orchards. Also, the assessments on the dominant conditions show that the condition of the aquifer is critical and indicates the need to attend to the appropriate management of groundwater use.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_83086_316a27acc35d349a399b82e0a5651aec.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 52 6 2021 08 23 Estimation of Some Soil Properties Using Spectral Data Analysis (Vis-NIR) and Various Pre-Processing Methods Estimation of Some Soil Properties Using Spectral Data Analysis (Vis-NIR) and Various Pre-Processing Methods 1557 1569 83088 10.22059/ijswr.2021.320713.668918 FA Sahar Taghdis PhD Student, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Hady Farpoor Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Majid Fekri Department of soil science, Faculty of Agriculture. Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Majid Mahmoodabadi Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Journal Article 2021 03 15 Soil spectroscopy has overcome many limitations of conventional soil analysis methods due to its rapid, accurate, cost-effective, and non-destructive nature. This study was aimed to investigate the capability of soil spectral data in estimating some key soil properties and comparing different spectral preprocessing methods in determining the performance of the partial least squares regression (PLSR) model. For this purpose, 100 soil surface samples were collected from the study area which was located between Neyriz and Estahban regions in the east of Fars Province. The samples were analyzed for organic carbon (OC), electrical conductivity (EC), calcium carbonate equivalent (CaCO3) and gypsum using standard laboratory methods. Then, the spectral reflectance of the soil samples was recorded in the range of 350-2500 nm and various spectral pre-processing methods were applied to the data. Afterwards, the soil properties were estimated using PLSR. The results indicated the desirable capability of PLSR method in estimating the amount of gypsum (RPD >2, R2 = 0.81, RMSE = 3.87) and its acceptable ability for OC, EC and CaCO3 (2< RPD < 1.4). Also, the best modeling systems for OC, gypsum and EC were obtained as the first derivative with Savitzky-Golay smoothing method (FD-SG), the standard normal variate method (SNV), and the second derivative with SG smoothing method (SD-SG), respectively. Besides, non-preprocessing data of soil CaCO3 provided better estimations than various pre-processing methods. Overall, the results revealed that the visible spectrum range provided the best performance for estimating of OC and EC, and the NIR range for CaCO3 and gypsum. Soil spectroscopy has overcome many limitations of conventional soil analysis methods due to its rapid, accurate, cost-effective, and non-destructive nature. This study was aimed to investigate the capability of soil spectral data in estimating some key soil properties and comparing different spectral preprocessing methods in determining the performance of the partial least squares regression (PLSR) model. For this purpose, 100 soil surface samples were collected from the study area which was located between Neyriz and Estahban regions in the east of Fars Province. The samples were analyzed for organic carbon (OC), electrical conductivity (EC), calcium carbonate equivalent (CaCO3) and gypsum using standard laboratory methods. Then, the spectral reflectance of the soil samples was recorded in the range of 350-2500 nm and various spectral pre-processing methods were applied to the data. Afterwards, the soil properties were estimated using PLSR. The results indicated the desirable capability of PLSR method in estimating the amount of gypsum (RPD >2, R2 = 0.81, RMSE = 3.87) and its acceptable ability for OC, EC and CaCO3 (2< RPD < 1.4). Also, the best modeling systems for OC, gypsum and EC were obtained as the first derivative with Savitzky-Golay smoothing method (FD-SG), the standard normal variate method (SNV), and the second derivative with SG smoothing method (SD-SG), respectively. Besides, non-preprocessing data of soil CaCO3 provided better estimations than various pre-processing methods. Overall, the results revealed that the visible spectrum range provided the best performance for estimating of OC and EC, and the NIR range for CaCO3 and gypsum.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_83088_481ec40bbbebe760dbf1e5f2626177f7.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 52 6 2021 08 23 Improvement of Sand Dunes with Enzyme-Induced Treatment to Control Hydraulic Erosion Improvement of Sand Dunes with Enzyme-Induced Treatment to Control Hydraulic Erosion 1571 1584 83089 10.22059/ijswr.2021.315449.668906 FA Sodabeh Nikbakhat 1. Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University of Shiraz, Iran Hamideh Ghaffari Shiraz University, college of agriculture,, Water Eng. Seyed Mohammad Ali Zomorodian Associated Prof. Department of Water Engineering,, Faculty of Agriculture,, Shiraz University of Shiraz, Iran Marjan Majdinasab Associated Prof., Department of Food industry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University of Shiraz, Iran Journal Article 2021 03 15 Soil erosion is a destructive phenomenon that causes soil loss and the failure within structure built on it. Therefore, it is necessary to provide promising new approach to deal with it. In this paper, a new bio-inspired EICP technique has been used and the improvement of the erodibility parameters of silica sand has been evaluated using an erosion function apparatus device. Urease enzyme was extracted from watermelon seed kernel with an activity of 2.8 U/mL. In order to provide favorable environmental conditions and accelerate the deposition of calcium carbonate in the soil, a cementing solution containing 0.5, 0.75 and 1 M of calcium chloride and urea was used. Samples were treated with single and double injections (six days after the first injection) of enzyme and cementing solution with a treatment period of 14 days in an incubator at 50°C. The erodibility parameters of silica sand specimens treated with ten injection strategies were investigated. The best-performing treatment strategy produced a 98.55% reduction in erodibility and a six-fold increase in critical shear stress relative to untreated sand. These findings were confirmed by SEM, XRD and calcium carbonate titration tests. The results of titration test showed that in the best-performing treatment strategy, 18.7% of calcium carbonate was deposited in the soil compared to the control sample. Soil erosion is a destructive phenomenon that causes soil loss and the failure within structure built on it. Therefore, it is necessary to provide promising new approach to deal with it. In this paper, a new bio-inspired EICP technique has been used and the improvement of the erodibility parameters of silica sand has been evaluated using an erosion function apparatus device. Urease enzyme was extracted from watermelon seed kernel with an activity of 2.8 U/mL. In order to provide favorable environmental conditions and accelerate the deposition of calcium carbonate in the soil, a cementing solution containing 0.5, 0.75 and 1 M of calcium chloride and urea was used. Samples were treated with single and double injections (six days after the first injection) of enzyme and cementing solution with a treatment period of 14 days in an incubator at 50°C. The erodibility parameters of silica sand specimens treated with ten injection strategies were investigated. The best-performing treatment strategy produced a 98.55% reduction in erodibility and a six-fold increase in critical shear stress relative to untreated sand. These findings were confirmed by SEM, XRD and calcium carbonate titration tests. The results of titration test showed that in the best-performing treatment strategy, 18.7% of calcium carbonate was deposited in the soil compared to the control sample.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_83089_f902b5f3b9dfe25b3516a4ce1f2e12b1.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 52 6 2021 08 23 Numerical Investigation of Hydrodynamic Interaction of Outlet Discharge Process in Stratified Reservoirs Numerical Investigation of Hydrodynamic Interaction of Outlet Discharge Process in Stratified Reservoirs 1585 1597 83090 10.22059/ijswr.2021.320707.668917 FA Shervin Faghihirad Assistant Professor, Hydro-Environment Department, Water Research Institute, Ministry of Energy, Tehran, Iran 0009-0003-8768-8652 Hamidreza Hajiaghamir Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran Fouad Kilanehei Assistant professor, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin Hossein Ardalan Hydro-Environment Department, Water Research Institute, Ministry of Energy, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 03 15 The problem of flow discharge from outlet in stratified reservoirs and its interactions in the stratification environment is one of the most important problems in hydraulics of gates and conduits. Investigation and modeling of different behavior of the flow pattern during discharge from the outlet despite stratified reservoir is an objective of this paper. The use of numerical modeling makes it possible to approach optimal management in stratified reservoirs. In this paper, firstly, the evaluation of the numerical model was carried out by the result of a laboratory outlet model in a similar manner. By comparing the results between the two models, the ability of the mathematical model was acceptable. After that, the numerical model was run with six selected flow rates in real scale to investigate the hydrodynamic interaction of the discharge process in the stratified reservoir. According to the numerical results, three modes containing stable, poor and heavy mixing among layers was occurred. The results showed up to discharge rate of 10 CMS (cubic meters per second), only the layer in front of the outlet is evacuated and no mixture is formed among other layers. However, the start of instability and mixing layers found in the discharge rate of 40 CMS and by increasing up to 90 CMS, the intensive mixing among layers was observed and all dense layers were involved in the discharge process. In this case, flow will not feel stratification. The problem of flow discharge from outlet in stratified reservoirs and its interactions in the stratification environment is one of the most important problems in hydraulics of gates and conduits. Investigation and modeling of different behavior of the flow pattern during discharge from the outlet despite stratified reservoir is an objective of this paper. The use of numerical modeling makes it possible to approach optimal management in stratified reservoirs. In this paper, firstly, the evaluation of the numerical model was carried out by the result of a laboratory outlet model in a similar manner. By comparing the results between the two models, the ability of the mathematical model was acceptable. After that, the numerical model was run with six selected flow rates in real scale to investigate the hydrodynamic interaction of the discharge process in the stratified reservoir. According to the numerical results, three modes containing stable, poor and heavy mixing among layers was occurred. The results showed up to discharge rate of 10 CMS (cubic meters per second), only the layer in front of the outlet is evacuated and no mixture is formed among other layers. However, the start of instability and mixing layers found in the discharge rate of 40 CMS and by increasing up to 90 CMS, the intensive mixing among layers was observed and all dense layers were involved in the discharge process. In this case, flow will not feel stratification.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_83090_18bb29e607354d5b476219b095b5fb48.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 52 6 2021 08 23 Numerical Investigation on Effective Parameters on Hydraulic Flows in Chimney Proportional Weirs Numerical Investigation on Effective Parameters on Hydraulic Flows in Chimney Proportional Weirs 1599 1616 83091 10.22059/ijswr.2021.322751.668944 FA Rasoul Daneshfaraz Professor , Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Iran. Reza Norouzi Ph.D., Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Hamidreza Abbaszadeh M.Sc. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran Journal Article 2021 04 26 Proportional weirs are of great importance in flow measurement due to providing the required accuracy in estimating the flow rate. In this study, the hydraulic parameters such as velocity distribution and velocity vectors, fluid pressure distribution in channel and weir, Froude number, stage-discharge diagram and discharge coefficient of chimney weirs with angles (The angle of triangular part of weir with the vertical wall) of 37˚, 42˚, 47.2˚ and 53˚ in the range of 2 to 9 liters per second was investigated using FLOW-3D software. In the present study, the RNG turbulence model was selected in comparison with the LES, k-ε and k-ω turbulence models due to low values of relative error percentage and absolute error. The results showed that by increasing angle, at the same water head, the flow rate and Froude number decreases, and by increasing water head above the weir crest, the Froude number increases. Also, based on the results of numerical solution, by decreasing angle, the upstream mean velocity increases. In this study, based on dimensionless parameters, a nonlinear polynomial equation was obtained by combining the data of all modeled weirs to predict the discharge coefficient. Comparing the results of experimental and numerical solution with the presented equation indicates the high accuracy of the presented equation. Proportional weirs are of great importance in flow measurement due to providing the required accuracy in estimating the flow rate. In this study, the hydraulic parameters such as velocity distribution and velocity vectors, fluid pressure distribution in channel and weir, Froude number, stage-discharge diagram and discharge coefficient of chimney weirs with angles (The angle of triangular part of weir with the vertical wall) of 37˚, 42˚, 47.2˚ and 53˚ in the range of 2 to 9 liters per second was investigated using FLOW-3D software. In the present study, the RNG turbulence model was selected in comparison with the LES, k-ε and k-ω turbulence models due to low values of relative error percentage and absolute error. The results showed that by increasing angle, at the same water head, the flow rate and Froude number decreases, and by increasing water head above the weir crest, the Froude number increases. Also, based on the results of numerical solution, by decreasing angle, the upstream mean velocity increases. In this study, based on dimensionless parameters, a nonlinear polynomial equation was obtained by combining the data of all modeled weirs to predict the discharge coefficient. Comparing the results of experimental and numerical solution with the presented equation indicates the high accuracy of the presented equation.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_83091_5bdb9c550517acc908eb4beabc9d9fe1.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 52 6 2021 08 23 Influence of Flooding and Waterlogging Conditions on Soil Chemical Characteristics and Nutrient Status (Case Study: Hakim Farabi Agro-industry) Influence of Flooding and Waterlogging Conditions on Soil Chemical Characteristics and Nutrient Status (Case Study: Hakim Farabi Agro-industry) 1617 1627 83092 10.22059/ijswr.2021.322849.668950 FA Nematallah Zakavi Department of Agronomy Research, Khuzestan Sugarcane Development and By-products Research and Training Institute, Ahvaz, Iran Akbar Karimi 1. Department of Agronomy Research, Khuzestan Sugarcane Development and By-products Research and Training Institute, Ahvaz, Iran Ali Sheini Dashtegol 1. Department of Agronomy Research, Khuzestan Sugarcane Development and By-products Research and Training Institute, Ahvaz, Iran Journal Article 2021 04 28 Global warming and climate changes cause unpredictable events such as flooding or soil waterlogging. Understanding of the changes in soil characteristics under waterlogging conditions could help to develop strategies against its negative effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of flooding and soil waterlogging conditions on chemical characteristics and nutrient status of the soil in sugarcane field located in the Hakim Farabi agro-industry company. In this study, the changes in soil chemical characteristics (pH, EC and organic carbon) and soil nutrient status including total nitrogen (N), available phosphorous (P), potassium (K), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and copper, as well as soluble ions such as sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the soil were investigated before and after flooding. Statistical analysis and means comparison of data were done by the t test. The results indicated that flooding and waterlogging conditions led to increase in soil EC (1.15 and 0.56 dS m-1, respectively), SOC (13.5 and 9.3%), soluble concentration of Na+ (16.6 and 8.7%), Ca2+ (22.1 and 14.8%), Mg2+ (49.9 and 42.8%), HCO3- (38.3 and 68.9%) and available concentration of P (39.5 and 34.6%), K (15.9 and 17.4%), Fe (34.8 and 26.2%), Mn (32.0 and 21.6%), Zn (21.3 and 11.9%), and Cu (11.7 and 14.6%), in the soil. While they caused to decrease in soil pH (0.60 and 0.53 unit). Generally, the results of this study revealed that although flooding caused to improve some soil characteristics, it increased soil salinity as one of the negative impacts of flooding which need to be considered. Global warming and climate changes cause unpredictable events such as flooding or soil waterlogging. Understanding of the changes in soil characteristics under waterlogging conditions could help to develop strategies against its negative effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of flooding and soil waterlogging conditions on chemical characteristics and nutrient status of the soil in sugarcane field located in the Hakim Farabi agro-industry company. In this study, the changes in soil chemical characteristics (pH, EC and organic carbon) and soil nutrient status including total nitrogen (N), available phosphorous (P), potassium (K), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and copper, as well as soluble ions such as sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the soil were investigated before and after flooding. Statistical analysis and means comparison of data were done by the t test. The results indicated that flooding and waterlogging conditions led to increase in soil EC (1.15 and 0.56 dS m-1, respectively), SOC (13.5 and 9.3%), soluble concentration of Na+ (16.6 and 8.7%), Ca2+ (22.1 and 14.8%), Mg2+ (49.9 and 42.8%), HCO3- (38.3 and 68.9%) and available concentration of P (39.5 and 34.6%), K (15.9 and 17.4%), Fe (34.8 and 26.2%), Mn (32.0 and 21.6%), Zn (21.3 and 11.9%), and Cu (11.7 and 14.6%), in the soil. While they caused to decrease in soil pH (0.60 and 0.53 unit). Generally, the results of this study revealed that although flooding caused to improve some soil characteristics, it increased soil salinity as one of the negative impacts of flooding which need to be considered.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_83092_1c0a6ee5bf0dc344936c2d0ebf14d4e1.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 52 6 2021 08 23 Correlation Analysis of large-scale Teleconnection Indices with Monthly Reference Evapotranspiration of Iran Synoptic Stations Correlation Analysis of large-scale Teleconnection Indices with Monthly Reference Evapotranspiration of Iran Synoptic Stations 1629 1644 83120 10.22059/ijswr.2021.322853.668951 FA Jalil Helali Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering Department, Faculty of College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. Ebrahim Asadi Oskouei Assistant professor, Atmospheric Science and Meteorological Research Center (ASMERC), Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-5603-765X Journal Article 2021 04 28 Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is considered as an important component in the hydrological cycle and determination of water requirement. In this study, an attempt was made to investigate the effect of large-scale teleconnection indices (LSTIs) on estimation of monthly reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in Iran. For this purpose, daily and monthly ETo using Penman–Monteith FAO (PMF-56) equation was calculated in 123 synoptic stations of Iran for the period of 1990-2019 and its correlation with 37 LSTIs with lag time of 0 to 12 months was obtained using the Pearson correlation method and the Significant Correlation Frequencies (SCF) was also calculated. Finally, the correlation coefficient was performed in Iran using the Kriging method in the ArcGIS 10.4 software package. The results show that the highest positive correlation belongs to AMO, CO2, NTA, TNA, and TSA indices and the highest negative correlation belongs to MEI and SST3.4 indices in different lag times. The highest SCF with ETo belongs to AMO, CO2, NTA, TNA, and WHWP indices, which include 35, 58, 23, 23, and 21% of the studied stations, respectively. The widest spatial distribution of SCF belongs to the CO2 obtained in all lag times and all months studied until November and December. The results of this study showed that the LSTIs and CO2 could have a good correlation in lag times of 0 to 12 months and could be used for prediction of monthly ETo, if an appropriate machine learning model is used. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is considered as an important component in the hydrological cycle and determination of water requirement. In this study, an attempt was made to investigate the effect of large-scale teleconnection indices (LSTIs) on estimation of monthly reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in Iran. For this purpose, daily and monthly ETo using Penman–Monteith FAO (PMF-56) equation was calculated in 123 synoptic stations of Iran for the period of 1990-2019 and its correlation with 37 LSTIs with lag time of 0 to 12 months was obtained using the Pearson correlation method and the Significant Correlation Frequencies (SCF) was also calculated. Finally, the correlation coefficient was performed in Iran using the Kriging method in the ArcGIS 10.4 software package. The results show that the highest positive correlation belongs to AMO, CO2, NTA, TNA, and TSA indices and the highest negative correlation belongs to MEI and SST3.4 indices in different lag times. The highest SCF with ETo belongs to AMO, CO2, NTA, TNA, and WHWP indices, which include 35, 58, 23, 23, and 21% of the studied stations, respectively. The widest spatial distribution of SCF belongs to the CO2 obtained in all lag times and all months studied until November and December. The results of this study showed that the LSTIs and CO2 could have a good correlation in lag times of 0 to 12 months and could be used for prediction of monthly ETo, if an appropriate machine learning model is used.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_83120_e4eb420c7b1ba9abdfb10a3be4f3cd3c.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 52 6 2021 08 23 Improving Sustainability and Slow-Release Property of Pelletized Agro-Biowaste Compost Fertilizer Assisted by Biodegradable Coating Improving Sustainability and Slow-Release Property of Pelletized Agro-Biowaste Compost Fertilizer Assisted by Biodegradable Coating 1645 1660 83121 10.22059/ijswr.2021.321411.668927 FA Marzieh Ghorbani Ph.D. Student, Department of Agrotechnology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-0720-9099 Mohammad Hossein Kianmehr Department of Agrotechnology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Ehsan Sarlaki Ph.D. Student, Department of Agrotechnology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Rasoul Ahrari Former M.Sc. Student, Department of Agrotechnology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Behzad Azadegan Department of Irrigation and Drainage, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2021 04 13 Today, the use of biodegradable coatings has become an effective solution for pelletized agro-biowaste fertilizers due to the synchronizing of the nutrient release according to the plant requirements and reducing the environmental issues. In this study, three agro-biowaste compost including poultry manure (40%), cattle manure (30%), and agricultural biomass (30%) were mixed at the 40% moisture content, and then the pelletization process was carried out using the screw extruder. A factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was developed for assessing the effect of four biodegradable coating materials (humic acid, canola oil, corn starch, and nano-silica) and three coating methods (dip coating, spray coating, vacuum coating) on sustainability attributes of coated compost pellets such as pellet disintegration time, water absorption, humidity absorption, and water contact angle. The results showed that the canola oil – vacuum method applied for coated compost pellets with disintegration time (1735 min), water absorption (57.6%), humidity absorption (4.3%), and water contact angle (69°) was the best treatment. This coating method showed a 36-fold increase in disintegration time and a 3.7, 7, and 1.6-fold decrease in water absorption, humidity absorption, and water contact angle, respectively as compared with uncoated compost pellets. The nitrogen release rate of the coated compost pellets showed that the amount of total nitrogen at disintegration time was 25%. Also, 75% of nitrogen was released into the soil during 55 days, which confirmed experimental results and improved the nitrogen release rate by 45 days as compared with uncoated compost pellets. Overall, from the results of this study, it can be concluded that pelletized compost fertilizer which was coated by canola oil-vacuum method, shown a high resistance to water, enhanced sustainability and reduced nitrogen-release rate property as it could supply nutrient to the plant for a longer period. Today, the use of biodegradable coatings has become an effective solution for pelletized agro-biowaste fertilizers due to the synchronizing of the nutrient release according to the plant requirements and reducing the environmental issues. In this study, three agro-biowaste compost including poultry manure (40%), cattle manure (30%), and agricultural biomass (30%) were mixed at the 40% moisture content, and then the pelletization process was carried out using the screw extruder. A factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was developed for assessing the effect of four biodegradable coating materials (humic acid, canola oil, corn starch, and nano-silica) and three coating methods (dip coating, spray coating, vacuum coating) on sustainability attributes of coated compost pellets such as pellet disintegration time, water absorption, humidity absorption, and water contact angle. The results showed that the canola oil – vacuum method applied for coated compost pellets with disintegration time (1735 min), water absorption (57.6%), humidity absorption (4.3%), and water contact angle (69°) was the best treatment. This coating method showed a 36-fold increase in disintegration time and a 3.7, 7, and 1.6-fold decrease in water absorption, humidity absorption, and water contact angle, respectively as compared with uncoated compost pellets. The nitrogen release rate of the coated compost pellets showed that the amount of total nitrogen at disintegration time was 25%. Also, 75% of nitrogen was released into the soil during 55 days, which confirmed experimental results and improved the nitrogen release rate by 45 days as compared with uncoated compost pellets. Overall, from the results of this study, it can be concluded that pelletized compost fertilizer which was coated by canola oil-vacuum method, shown a high resistance to water, enhanced sustainability and reduced nitrogen-release rate property as it could supply nutrient to the plant for a longer period.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_83121_5b0559683a66adfb658d1abf5a0bcdc4.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 52 6 2021 08 23 Investigation of Relative Toxicity of Some Combined Herbicides on Earthworm (Eisenia fetida L.) Biomass Investigation of Relative Toxicity of Some Combined Herbicides on Earthworm (Eisenia fetida L.) Biomass 1661 1672 83122 10.22059/ijswr.2021.321488.668930 FA Elham Samadi Kalkhoran Ph.D. Student of Weed Science, Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, IRAN Mohammad Taghi Alebrahim Professor of Weed Science, Department of Genetics and Plant Production. Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili,Ardabil. IRAN Hamid Reza Mohammad Dust Chaman Abad Professor of Weed Science, Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, IRAN Jens Carl Streibig Professor, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DENMARK Akbar Ghavidel Associated Professor of Soil Biology, Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, IRAN Journal Article 2021 04 12 Frequent and widespread use of herbicides has adverse effects on nontarget species, such as earthworms. Several experiments were performed in Mohaghegh Ardabili University on 2019 to evaluate the relative toxicity of metribuzin, halosulfuron, flumioxazin individually and combination of metribuzin:halosulfuron and metribuzin:flumioxazin on Eisenia fetida. The earthworms biomass was investigated by different concentration of herbicides and sampling time (24 and 48h after treatment). LC50 values of individual herbicides demonstrated that metribuzin and halosulfuron had high effect on earthworms biomass at 24 and 48 h after treatment. Flumioxazin was less toxic than the metribuzin and halosulfuron. The results indicated that the (50:50) and (25:75)% mixture ratios of metribuzin:halosulfuron and metribuzin:flumioxain provided higher toxicity than the other mixture ratios (100:0) and (0:100)%, respectively. Isobologram demonstrated metribuzin:halosulfuron and metribuzin:flumioxazin followed antagonistic effect meaning that the mixtures retracted the herbicides action in the earthworms relative to a Concentration Addition (CA) reference model. Frequent and widespread use of herbicides has adverse effects on nontarget species, such as earthworms. Several experiments were performed in Mohaghegh Ardabili University on 2019 to evaluate the relative toxicity of metribuzin, halosulfuron, flumioxazin individually and combination of metribuzin:halosulfuron and metribuzin:flumioxazin on Eisenia fetida. The earthworms biomass was investigated by different concentration of herbicides and sampling time (24 and 48h after treatment). LC50 values of individual herbicides demonstrated that metribuzin and halosulfuron had high effect on earthworms biomass at 24 and 48 h after treatment. Flumioxazin was less toxic than the metribuzin and halosulfuron. The results indicated that the (50:50) and (25:75)% mixture ratios of metribuzin:halosulfuron and metribuzin:flumioxain provided higher toxicity than the other mixture ratios (100:0) and (0:100)%, respectively. Isobologram demonstrated metribuzin:halosulfuron and metribuzin:flumioxazin followed antagonistic effect meaning that the mixtures retracted the herbicides action in the earthworms relative to a Concentration Addition (CA) reference model.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_83122_ff125fb54812d4c603eb06ada379f043.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 52 6 2021 08 23 Numerical Investigation of Flow through Two Layered Rockfill Dam Numerical Investigation of Flow through Two Layered Rockfill Dam 1673 1684 83123 10.22059/ijswr.2021.299431.668543 FA Kolsoom Hasanvand Department of Water Structure Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University.Tehran,Iran Jsmsl Mohammad Vali Samani Department of Water Structure Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University.Tehran,Iran Journal Article 2020 03 15 Horizontal layered dams and vertical layered dams are two types of the heterogeneous rock fill dams which can are employed by many engineers for attenuation of peak discharge of flood hydrograph. In this study a two dimensional (2D) computer model has been developed to investigate the flow through two layered rock fill dams. After development of the computer model, its validation has been confirmed using experimental data. Then a series of experiments have been designed to evaluate the flow discharge through two layered rock fill dams. In these experiments, four cases of layered dam have been investigated. The results of this study indicate that in the horizontal two layered dams when the lower layer is made of the finer grained rocks, the flow discharge is less than the other arrangments. Also, in order to demonstrate the model sensitivity to grain size in each layer, a sensitivity analysis has been conducted. Also, the results indicate that in the horizontal tow layered dam for each centimeter change in the rock size of the lower layer, flow discharge changes 9.96 percent, while each centimeter change in the rock size of the top layer leads to only 4.52 percent change in the discharge. In the vertical two layered dam, for each centimeter change in the rock size of the upstream and downstream layers, the flow discharge changes 11.72 and 12.04 percent, respectively. Horizontal layered dams and vertical layered dams are two types of the heterogeneous rock fill dams which can are employed by many engineers for attenuation of peak discharge of flood hydrograph. In this study a two dimensional (2D) computer model has been developed to investigate the flow through two layered rock fill dams. After development of the computer model, its validation has been confirmed using experimental data. Then a series of experiments have been designed to evaluate the flow discharge through two layered rock fill dams. In these experiments, four cases of layered dam have been investigated. The results of this study indicate that in the horizontal two layered dams when the lower layer is made of the finer grained rocks, the flow discharge is less than the other arrangments. Also, in order to demonstrate the model sensitivity to grain size in each layer, a sensitivity analysis has been conducted. Also, the results indicate that in the horizontal tow layered dam for each centimeter change in the rock size of the lower layer, flow discharge changes 9.96 percent, while each centimeter change in the rock size of the top layer leads to only 4.52 percent change in the discharge. In the vertical two layered dam, for each centimeter change in the rock size of the upstream and downstream layers, the flow discharge changes 11.72 and 12.04 percent, respectively.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_83123_8ab7cd12302698bcc109030fc53a478f.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 52 6 2021 08 23 Adsorption of Cyanide Anion from Aqueous Solutions Using Zinc Oxide Nano-adsorbent Adsorption of Cyanide Anion from Aqueous Solutions Using Zinc Oxide Nano-adsorbent 1685 1696 83130 10.22059/ijswr.2021.312909.668792 FA Mahdi Ghanatroo Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Hossein Mohammadi-Manesh Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Azamsadat Ghoroghchian Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Hossein Dashti Khavidaki Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran Seyed Reza Fani Plant Protection Research Department, Yazd Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Yazd, Iran Journal Article 2020 11 17 Adsorption of cyanide ion from aqueous solutions using zinc oxide nanoparticles and the affecting factors such as pH, concentration of cyanide ion, adsorbent dosage, contact time and temperature have been studied in this paper. The optimal conditions for adsorption of cyanide anion on nano zinc oxide were obtained at pH=6, contact time 80 min, adsorbent dosage 0.07g, temperature 15°C and initial concentration of 250 mg/l. Under these optimal conditions, the highest percentage of adsorption of cyanide was obtained to be 96%. Moreover, the results showed that experimental data is best fitted with Langmuir isotherm equation rather than Freundlich and Temkin isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained about 24.85 mg/g. In addition, kinetic studies showed that the adsorption of cyanide anion on nano-adsorbent zinc oxide complied well with second-order kinetics model. Adsorption of cyanide ion from aqueous solutions using zinc oxide nanoparticles and the affecting factors such as pH, concentration of cyanide ion, adsorbent dosage, contact time and temperature have been studied in this paper. The optimal conditions for adsorption of cyanide anion on nano zinc oxide were obtained at pH=6, contact time 80 min, adsorbent dosage 0.07g, temperature 15°C and initial concentration of 250 mg/l. Under these optimal conditions, the highest percentage of adsorption of cyanide was obtained to be 96%. Moreover, the results showed that experimental data is best fitted with Langmuir isotherm equation rather than Freundlich and Temkin isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained about 24.85 mg/g. In addition, kinetic studies showed that the adsorption of cyanide anion on nano-adsorbent zinc oxide complied well with second-order kinetics model.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_83130_a36c3e40cc90f5daac61c24f2be92f0c.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 2008-479X 52 6 2021 08 23 Identification and Determination of Wheat Cultivated Farms Using Vegetation Index Reflectance Changes and Spatial Analysis in Western of Iran Identification and Determination of Wheat Cultivated Farms Using Vegetation Index Reflectance Changes and Spatial Analysis in Western of Iran 1697 1708 83132 10.22059/ijswr.2021.320926.668921 FA Hosin Mirmosavi Faculty of climatology, Faculty of Humanities, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran Kohzad Raispour Faculty of climatology, Faculty of Humanities, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran Mohammad Kamangar Faculty of Meteorology, Faculty of Humanities, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran Alireza Karbalayy Department of Meteorology, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 03 20 Mapping and spatial analysis of wheat fields are very important in studying macroeconomic and social issues, including agricultural management. Highly variable crop pattern maps and its preparation using terrestrial data are associated with many problems. The purpose of this study is to implement a practical method for extracting wheat fields by using changes in vegetation index and spatial analysis of wheat fields in western of Iran. Investigation of the changes curve of vegetation index of wheat typic farms showed that the highest amount of reflection index of wheat farms is in June and early July and after harvest the reflectance index decreases extremely. In this regard, Sentile sensor data was processed in the Earth Engine system and the 12-month vegetation index of 1398 was extracted as a data set. By introducing training data to the data set created by the support vector machine classification method, the land use of the study area was obtained in five classes. By applying altitude filter and removing the extracted fields above 3,000 meters, the distribution map of wheat fields was verified with the remaining 48 ground data. The total accuracy and the kappa coefficient were obtained 0.86 and 0.79, respectively. Since in the proposed method, more training data are given to the algorithm, the overall accuracy of the classification is increased. The spatial pattern of wheat fields with the mean function of the nearest neighbor and P_value <0.05 indicating the cluster dispersion of the fields and the Caripley function indicating the non-random scattering of wheat fields up to distances of 21,000 meters. The results of this research and its output maps can be used to obtain information for agricultural planning as well as the allocation and spatial distribution of resources and facilities. Mapping and spatial analysis of wheat fields are very important in studying macroeconomic and social issues, including agricultural management. Highly variable crop pattern maps and its preparation using terrestrial data are associated with many problems. The purpose of this study is to implement a practical method for extracting wheat fields by using changes in vegetation index and spatial analysis of wheat fields in western of Iran. Investigation of the changes curve of vegetation index of wheat typic farms showed that the highest amount of reflection index of wheat farms is in June and early July and after harvest the reflectance index decreases extremely. In this regard, Sentile sensor data was processed in the Earth Engine system and the 12-month vegetation index of 1398 was extracted as a data set. By introducing training data to the data set created by the support vector machine classification method, the land use of the study area was obtained in five classes. By applying altitude filter and removing the extracted fields above 3,000 meters, the distribution map of wheat fields was verified with the remaining 48 ground data. The total accuracy and the kappa coefficient were obtained 0.86 and 0.79, respectively. Since in the proposed method, more training data are given to the algorithm, the overall accuracy of the classification is increased. The spatial pattern of wheat fields with the mean function of the nearest neighbor and P_value <0.05 indicating the cluster dispersion of the fields and the Caripley function indicating the non-random scattering of wheat fields up to distances of 21,000 meters. The results of this research and its output maps can be used to obtain information for agricultural planning as well as the allocation and spatial distribution of resources and facilities.

https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_83132_f3eb36d7b73a299c2df4a1e2fa1d9545.pdf