University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
2008-479X
2423-7833
48
4
2017
11
22
Investigating the effect of Gypsum content and Hydraulic gradient on solubility Gypsum clay soils
689
699
FA
aliabbas
afsharian
Enginer/ water and waste water co.
ali_afshar49@yahoo.com
Nader
Abbasi
0000-0002-9483-0878
Technical and Agricultural Engineering Research Institute
nader_iaeri@yahoo.com
Amir
Khosrojerdi
Islamic Azad University, Tehran branch
khosrojerdi@srbiau.ac.ir
Hosein
Sedghi
Islamic Azad University, Tehran Branch
hsedghi@yahoo.com
10.22059/ijswr.2017.217870.667552
Presence of gypsum particles in soil may cause many problems in different application, including agricultural and construction. Solubility causes the gypsum particles on contact with water, gradually dissolved with water flow out of the environment. The structures built on these soils can be damaged due to solution of gypsum particles existing in the soil and collapsing of the bed. In this research the effects of two factors including; gypsum content and hydraulic gradient were studied on solubility of gypsum clay soils. For that, samples of gypsum soils were provided artificially by adding various rates of natural gypsum including 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 percent by weight of clay soil was prepared. Then each of gypsum soils were leached under five hydraulic gradients levels including; 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10. The results of the tests indicated that the rate of Gypsum in the soil has direct effect on the rate of soluble in a way that by increasing percent of Gypsum the rate of solubility was increased .Also the rate of leaching including the rate of derived Gypsum from soil to primary rate of Gypsum is decreased by increasing the rate of Gypsum. In addition, by increasing hydraulic gradient, the speed and volume of drained water through the soil were increased in a specified time and thereby more gypsum particles washed out through the soil.
Gypsum soil,solubility,gypsiferous,Hydraulic gradient,difficulties soils
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64143.html
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64143_26531e37ace1b06bfd54d33dc56562f9.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
2008-479X
2423-7833
48
4
2017
11
22
Optimal Operation of Water Resources Systems by Using MOPSO Multi-Objective Algorithm
701
714
FA
milad
asadi
دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی منابع آب دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز
mi.asadi@yahoo.com
Alimohamad
Akhondali
University of Ahvaz
aliakh@scu.ac.ir
Arash
Azari
0000-0002-9643-3331
Razi University of Kermanshah
a.azari@razi.ac.ir
10.22059/ijswr.2017.216258.667539
In this study, a method is proposed by using a multi-objective structure and employing new formulations, in which instead of increasing reliability based on meeting a demand of 100 percent in some months regardless of the dry months, part of the water of wet months or seasons is stored in reservoirs so that it can be used in dry months in order to amend failure intensity. To this end, Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm was connected to the WEAP simulation model. The main purpose of this type of structures is to offer a resolution to increase the percentage of demand coverage in dry months in addition to reaching to an acceptable demand meeting reliability over the entire period considering the operation capacity of the reservoir. Ultimately, the results of three scenarios, including a current situation, land development management scenario and an optimization one, were evaluated. According to the results of the current situation scenario, in all of the operation period the situation was reported acceptable, except for a few months. In land development scenario, for most consumptions in most of the dry years and in the last six years of planning, the demand coverage was equal to zero in three to eight consecutive dry months, and it was lower than 5% in these months in the rest of the low-water years. On the other hand, the demand coverage increased from 28% to 60% in these months by implementing the optimization model. Also, in the optimal scenario of reliability, supplying downstream environmental demand and Maroon hydroelectric dam need was improved. This study depicts that using the strategies of this research will lead to a better reservoir management and will reduce failure intensity in supplying different consumptions during low-water months.
reliability,Optimal Operation,Failure Intensity,MOPSO
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64144.html
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64144_4bacdb5b43c4b7081ebc505d3944cafd.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
2008-479X
2423-7833
48
4
2017
11
22
Determination of phosphorus in some calcareous soils by Diffusive Gradients in Thin films (DGT) method
715
723
FA
Reza
Khorasani
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
khorasani@um.ac.ir
Akram
Halajnia
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
halajnia@um.ac.ir
Hadiseh
Rahmani
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
soilsun65@yahoo.com
Hamid
Pouran
Fellow of London Middle East Institute, SOAS, University of London
hamidpouran@gmail.com
10.22059/ijswr.2017.213735.667522
Diffusive Gradients in Thin films (DGT) method is used as a method of phosphorus determination in some soils. This method was used to evaluate P in 10 different calcareous soils; Extractable phosphorous by this methods was compared with 5 other methods and P uptake by wheat plant in a glasshouse pot experiment. The results showed that the range of P concentration extracted by DGT method (CDGT) was between 23.4 and 494.6 µg L-1 affected by soil types. Because of these changes, no correlations were observed between P concentration extracted by DGT with other methods and P uptake by wheat plant. However, in a separate investigation in some soils with low CDGT, the correlation was highly increased. Therefore, it can be supposed that using of DGT method is recommendable for evaluation of P in calcareous soils with CDGT lower than 250 µg/l, due to strong correlations between this method and other methods, especially phosphorous uptake.
Available P,P extraction method,P Fractionation,P Uptake
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64145.html
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64145_de69ed54fbc14f5b6baa8b8b83047734.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
2008-479X
2423-7833
48
4
2017
11
22
Evaluation of conveyance efficiency and water seepage loss in irrigation canals with HDPE geomembrane lining in plains of Zaiandeh-rood, Moghan and Kerman
725
735
FA
Reza
Bahramloo
0000-0003-3007-7204
Assistant professor, Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Hamedan, Iran
bahramloo@gmail.com
Nader
Abbasi
Associate Professor, Iranian Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (IAERI) , AREEO, Karaj, Iran
naderabb@gmail.com
Alireza
mamnnposh
Assistant professor, Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Esfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Esfahan, Iran
mamanpoush@gmail.com
Keramat
Akhavan
Assistant professor, Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Ardabil, Iran Tel
k.akhavan@gmail.com
Hamid
Riahi
Assistant professor, Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Kerman, Iran
h.riahi@gmail.com
10.22059/ijswr.2017.215576.667536
In this study, the amount of water losses in 7 irrigation canals in plains of Zaiandeh-rood, Moghan and Kerman, with the same specifications of HDPE geomembrane lining with the same age, were evaluated. For this purpose, the losses of water in the canals was determined by input-output method in three stages. At the same time, the amount of evaporation using a class A pan installed in next canals, was determined. to calculate seepage losses, the amount of evaporation losses were deducted from the total losses. Based on results, the amount of efficiency efficiency was between 95.9 to 99.7 and in averagewas 98.9 percent. The total losses in the canals was determined between 3.3 to 13.8 and averagely 11.5 lit/s per kilometer. From total losses, between 3.3 (Zaiandeh-rood) to 16.2 (Kerman) and in average 7.1 percent was due to evaporation and the remainder was due to seepage losses from geomembrane lining. The seepage losses in evaluated canals was between 0.03 (KC in Kerman plain) 0.16 (EC4 in Zaiandeh-rood ) and an average of 0.1 m3/m2/day (17 times lower than the concrete lining). The results of this study showed remarkable impact of geomembrane lining in control of water losses from irrigation canals and its advantages compared to conventional concrete lining.
Evaluation,geomembrane lining,irrigation canals,seepage water losses
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64146.html
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64146_5d05011e7249bf314f8d44aabccfc246.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
2008-479X
2423-7833
48
4
2017
11
22
Evaluation of Shear Strength of Soil Stabilized by Microbiological Method
737
748
FA
Seyed Mohammad Ali
Zomorodian
University of Shiraz
mzomorod@shirazu.ac.ir
Hamideh
Ghafari
University of Shiraz
gh.hamideh1987@gmail.com
10.22059/ijswr.2017.214313.667526
Biogrout is a new method in soil improvement on microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP). In this study was utilized Sporosarcina pasteurii bacteria, an aerobic bacterium which exists pervasive in natural soil deposits, in order to control soil erosion. The undrained shear strength of the soil was measured using an in situ miniature van shear apparatus. The evaluation of shear strength are done for three types of sandy soil (Siliceous and carbonate), in four OD= 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 levels, at different the curing time of 3, 7, 14, 20, 28 days, and, the re- injection of the bacteria solution and cementation in the interval of 6 days. Also, the influence of environmental conditions on the performance of the bacteria and the amount of shear strength are investigated. The results show that the shear strength were improved with the time. The highest shear strength was obtained in the carbonate sand and fine silica sand equals to 0.64 and 0.39 kg/cm2 in the periods of 28 days, respectively. The optimal balance between nutrients and the number of bacteria was observed at OD=1.5. Also, the results showed that the re- injection of the bacteria solution and cementation was more effective than once rejection in the shear strength, especially in the silica sand equals to 55% in a curing period of 28 days.
Sporosarcina pasteurii,shear strength,Van Shear Apparatus,Soil erosion
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64147.html
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64147_5d05601e3922f245bb667795b53e531a.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
2008-479X
2423-7833
48
4
2017
11
22
A model to estimate soil water depletion coefficient using plant and soil properties
749
758
FA
Fatmeh
Meskini Vishkaei
Water and Soil research Institute
f.meskini@znu.ac.ir
Mohammad Hosein
Mohammadi
0000-0003-0596-7539
University of Tehran
mhmohmad@ut.ac.ir
Mohammad Reza
Neishabouri
0000-0002-4427-149X
University of Tabriz
neyshmr@hotmail.com
Farid
Shekari
University of Zanjan
shekari@znu.ac.ir
10.22059/ijswr.2017.212087.667505
IIn current study, a conceptual mathematic model is developed to determine the relationship between plant response factor to water (ky) and soil critical moisture (c) that below c, plant is under stress. The evaluation of model performance was done using a set of experimental data from a green-house trial. The results showed that for a given Ky, relative plant yield (Yr) is linearly reduced by decreasing the differences soil moisture from c (c-). The greater sensitivity of plant type or growth stage to water deficit (higher Ky values) caused more slope of linear relationship between Yr and (c-). In the other words, it can be assigned more allowable depletion coefficient for the plants with low Ky values. Moreover, for a given Yr, plant sensitivity is exponentially increased by the reduction of soil moisture. In addition to confirm the model results, exprimental observations showed that the critical moisture of clay loam soil for both soil was 0.28 cm3 cm-3, while the c values of sandy loam soil for wheat and canola ware 0.21 and 0.195 cm3 cm-3, respectively. Soil allowable depletion coefficient for wheat in both soils was obtained about 0.35. Whereas, soil allowable depletion coefficient for canola in sandy loam soil (F=0.44) was more than clay loam soil (F=0.38).
Soil available water,Plant response factor,Soil critical moisture,Canola,Wheat
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64148.html
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64148_16d3baa1c238e374107d7a65274c8deb.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
2008-479X
2423-7833
48
4
2017
11
22
Estimation of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient using the dimensional analysis in surface water flows
759
769
FA
MEHDI
MOHAMMADI GHALENI
0000-0003-4540-9179
Researcher, Ministry of Power and Energy
mohammadighm@ut.ac.ir
Kumars
Ebrahimi
0000-0002-9914-4383
University of Tehran
ebrahimik@ut.ac.ir
Mohammad Hossein
Omid
0000-0003-4684-3970
University of Tehran
momid@ut.ac.ir
10.22059/ijswr.2017.219737.667566
Longitudinal dispersion coefficient is one of the most important parameters for the solution of the advection-dispersion equation. In this paper a new equation for predicting the longitudinal dispersion coefficient in surface water streams is presented. To archive this aim, a collection of 176 sets of measured field data from different canal and rivers were used, involving the dimensional analysis. Then the performance of the new equation was compared with 18 selected of well-known empirical equations, using the above mentioned data. The results show that the new equation has a twice precision in contrast to the other equations. In the other words, the calculated of the average percentage errors between the predicted and measured data for the proposed new equation was less than ±100 percent. Also, the mean absolute error and root mean square for the new equation were obtained equal to 0.34 and 0.03, respectively, which are less than other equations.
Empirical equations,Estimation,Pollution advection,river,Surface water streams
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64149.html
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64149_744992088a6150ca017249a05de66569.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
2008-479X
2423-7833
48
4
2017
11
22
Effect of enriched vermicompost with iron slag on corn Fe availability in a cadmium polluted
771
780
FA
Sara
Bagheri
Islamic Azad University of Arak
s.kuroshyar@yahoo.com
Amirhosein
Baghaei
Islamic Azad University of Arak
ambaghaie@yahoo.com
Seyed Mahdi
Niei
Islamic Azad University of Arak
s.nabi@iau-arak.ac.ir
10.22059/ijswr.2017.214232.667525
This research was performed to investigate the effect of iron slag enriched vermicompost on the changes in Fe availability in a Cd polluted soil. Treatments were consisting of applying enriched vermicompost (0, 15 and 30 Mg ha-1) with 0 and 5% pure Fe from iron slag of Mobarakeh Steel Complex in a polluted soil (0, 5, 10 and 15 mg Cd kg-1 soil) and plant in this experiment was corn (Zea mays L. single grass 704). Increasing the loading rate of vermicompost from 0 to 15 and 30 Mg ha-1 in a Cd polluted soil (10 mg Cd soil-1) caused an increasing in DTPA extractable-Fe by 13 and 22 times, respectively. Similar to this result, after 60th from the experiment, the root and shoot Fe concentration was also increased by 4.17 and 14.4 times, respectively. The result of this study showed that applying vermicompost enriched with 5% Fe pure can probably affect soil physical and chemical properties such as pH and CEC that increase soil and plant Fe availability. However, the role of applying vermicompost on decreasing soil and plant Cd availability and thereby, increasing corn Fe availability cannot be ignored.
Cadmium,Iron slag,Enriched vermicompost,iron
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64150.html
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64150_d7c45122f4fb98b3991af337731faa52.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
2008-479X
2423-7833
48
4
2017
11
22
Effect of Montmorillonite and Organoclay on Urease and L-Asparaginase Activities in Soil
781
788
FA
Mahboobeh
Abolhasani Zeraatkar
0000-0001-6697-8464
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
mahboobeh_abolhasani@yahoo.com
Amir
Lekzian
0000-0003-3972-5802
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
alakzian@yahoo.com
Amir
Fotovat
0000-0002-5551-7002
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
afotovat@um.ac.ir
Reza
Khorasani
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
khorasani@um.ac.ir
10.22059/ijswr.2017.200215.667400
The amidohydrolase play a significant role in maintaining a sustainable environment and an agriculture sector. This is mainly because it is central to biochemical reactions (e.g. organic decompositions, food cycles, and pollutant decomposition). Therefore, keeping these enzymes active and stable in soil is a crucial task. In doing so, the effect of adding montmorillonite and organoclays on activity and stability of these enzymes in soil was investigated. The organic clay was produced by modifying the Na-montmorillonite clay using the hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide cationic surfactant. To analyze the structural and morphologic profiles of the synthesized organoclay montmorillonite, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and the clay's cation exchange capacity were used. The effects of this organic clay and incubation period on urease and L-asparaginase activities in soil were investigated. Results from statistical analyses showed that the effects of clay type and incubation period on the activity of both enzymes (urease and L-asparaginase) were significant at the 5% level. The activity level of both enzymes in soil samples treated with organic clay (71.48 and 9.01 μgNH4+-Ng-12h-1 in urease and L-asparaginase) was significantly higher than in the control (29.12 and 4.22 μgNH4+-Ng-12h-1 in urease and L-asparaginase) and montmorillonite clay sample (39.84 and 5.26 μgNH4+-Ng-12h-1 in urease and L-asparaginase) s. The maximum declining slope in the activity of both enzymes was observed after 7 days from incubation. The organoclay prepared from the montmorillonite clay successfully maintained soil enzymes. Therefore, use of this organoclay can positively affect enzyme activity and stability.
organoclay,Hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide,cation-exchange capacity,Urease,L- asparaginase
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64151.html
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64151_ce345fc96c136487236931365c3e714f.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
2008-479X
2423-7833
48
4
2017
11
22
Effect rock fragment Content on Some physical quality indices of a silt loam Soil
789
797
FA
Hosein
Asgarzadeh
0000-0002-5535-0150
University of Urmia
asgarzadeh8688@gmail.com
Farrokh
Asadzadeh
University of Urmia
farrokhasadzadeh@gmail.com
Parvin
Khaleghi
University of Urmia
parvin.khaleghi70@gmail.com
10.22059/ijswr.2017.215985.667538
This study was conducted to investigate the role of rock fragment content on water retention and soil penetration resistance curves as well as determining the correlation of soil physical quality indices with therock fragment content of the soil.A silt loam soil, containing 5% w/w 2 to 5 mm in diameter rock fragments, was used for this study. Experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design atsix treatmentsand three replications. The treatments including six levels of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30% w/w 2 to 5 mm in diameter gravel. Large drainable soil bins (40 cm × 50 cm with 50 cm depth) were used in this study. The bins were put outside (under natural conditions) after sowing of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) and received enough amounts of water using irrigation and rainfall.There were significant differences (p<0.05) between the soil water content values in important matric suctions. The highest (i.e., 0.322 cm3 cm-3) and the lowest (i.e., 0.269 cm3 cm-3) means of water content at matric suction 100 hPa were obtained for the 10 and 30 percentage of the rock fragment content, respectively.Increase in rock fragment content of the soil significantly reduced the water content that the critical penetration resistance(2 MPa) happened. There was significant relationship between the water content of 2 MPa and rock fragment content of the soil. Increasing of the rock fragment from the normal value (5%) to 30% was causedthatthe bulk density and the infiltration time increase more than 11 and 254, respectively.
gravel content,water retention curve,soil penetration resistance curve,soil physical quality indices
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64152.html
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64152_87395e21db1d696733e273ee1de1197e.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
2008-479X
2423-7833
48
4
2017
11
22
The effect of zero valent iron nanoparticles on reduction of heavy metal contamination in calcareous, acidic and sandy soils
799
809
FA
Seyed Mostafa
Emadi
Academic member/ Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
mostafaemadi@gmail.com
Mohammad Ali
Bahmanyar
Academic member/Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
mohammadalib@yahoo.com
10.22059/ijswr.2017.205251.667448
Contamination of soils with heavy metals is one of the great environmental concerns for the human beings. The application of zero valent irons nanoparticles (ZVINs) as an amendment for environmental pollutions has been highly considered by researchers in last decade. This study was conducted to synthesis and characterize the ZVINs stabilized with carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC-ZVINs) in aerobic conditions and to assess their ability for reduction of DTPA extractable lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) from three polluted soils including sandy-calcareous, acidic and clay-calcareous soils. An experiment of randomized completely design with a factorial arrangement of treatments consisting nano zero valent iron dosages (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 w/w %), soils (sandy-calcareous, acidic and clay-calcareous soils) at two time (10 and 20 days) with three replication were studied. The results of the SEM and XRD analyses indicated that the CMC-ZVINs had the mean size of less than 50 nm and the maximum 2θ peak at 44.8° confirming the nano sized and zero valent status of particles, respectively. Results also indicated that the DTPA extractable Pb, Cd, Ni and Cu in three polluted soils decreased with increasing of zero valent iron nanoparticles dosages. The percentage of available Pb reduction was higher in comparison with other heavy metals. The aging of nanoparticles from 10 to 20 days led to more significant reduction of DTPA extractable heavy metals. Overalls, the synthesized CMC-ZVINs can potentially be introduced as a good remediation approach for Pb, Cd, Ni and Cu contaminated soils.
Soil Pollution,Stabilized zero valent iron nanoparticles,Carboxyl methyl cellulose,Heavy metals
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64153.html
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64153_8c4f076dc29fd1df3caa8b6c7febe4f8.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
2008-479X
2423-7833
48
4
2017
11
22
Improving irrigation Performance by managing the irrigation cut-off time in SIRMOD
(Case Study: Moghan Agro-Industry and Husbandry)
811
822
FA
Yaser
Hamdi Ahmadabad
University of Tehran
hamdiyaser71@ut.ac.ir
Abdolmajid
Liaghat
0000-0002-3224-6529
University of Tehran
aliaghat@ut.ac.ir
Teimoor
Sohrabi
University of Tehran
tmsohrabi@yahoo.com
Ali
Rasoolzadeh
0000-0001-7838-6773
University of Mohaghegh Ardebili
rasoulzadeh@uma.ac.ir
Bijan
Nazari
0000-0002-9356-5961
Imam Khomeini International University
b.nazari@eng.ikiu.ac.ir
10.22059/ijswr.2017.216790.667547
There are several mathematical models with different solutions for evaluating surface irrigation; one of these models is SIRMOD. In this study, the evaluation indices were analyzed using SIRMOD. In each study field after pertaining field experiments, factors such as inlet discharge, cutoff time, advance and rollback time, infiltration characteristics, geometry of furrow, field length, land slope, and soil moisture were measured and used as model inputs. The water application efficiency was also determined for the current status. Two different solutions were applied for improving the water application efficiency in the study fields; first, cutting off the flow as soon as water reaches the end of the furrow (first scenario), and second, cutting off the flow before water reaches the end of the furrow (second scenario) and then the simulation was executed for the second time. According to the SIRMOD simulation, the average water application efficiency was increased from 35% to 61% for the first scenario and 75% for the second scenario. Results of both scenarios in SIRMOD showed that these two approaches could improve the irrigation Performance of surface irrigation and offer a cut-off time for management of irrigation by farmers.
furrow,cutting off the flow,evaluation indices,SIRMOD
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64154.html
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64154_098f24cd4e1eb1c5deac63f569b97504.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
2008-479X
2423-7833
48
4
2017
11
22
Calibration and Validation of model WEAP21 for Zarrineh Rud and Simineh Rud Basins
823
839
FA
Jamal
Ahmadaali
0000-0003-3971-8661
PhD Student, Department of Water Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
jamalahmadaali@gmail.com
Gholam-Abbas
Barani
Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
gab@uk.ac.ir
Kourosh
Qaderi
Assistant Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
kouroshqaderi@uk.ac.ir
Behzad
Hessari
Assistant Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Urmia University
b.hessari@urmia.ac.ir
10.22059/ijswr.2017.216989.667543
Planning, designing and managing water resources systems today unavoidably include impact prediction. Impact prediction includes modelling. In the present study the hydrological model WEAP21 was calibrated and validated on the Zarrineh Rud and Simineh Rud Basins. Zarrineh Rud and Simineh Rud rivers with a discharge potential of 3 billion m3 per year have a 50% portion in Urmia Lake Basin. In the present study the soil moisture method was used for the hydrological simulation of model WEAP21. An 11-year statistical period (from 1994-95 to 2004-05) was planned for calibrating the model. The analysis of results of model simulation using the statistical indices showed that coefficient of determination, Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient and index of agreement for different stations were as follows, respectively: Inflow to Boukan dam hydrometry station: 0.9, 0.83, and 0.95; Nezam Abad hydrometry station: 0.75, 0.74, and 0.92; Dashband hydrometry station: 0.82, 0.81, and 0.95 and Miyandoab bridge hydrometry station: 0.75, 0.75, and 0.92. A nine-year period (from 2005-06 to 2013-14) was planned for validating the model. The analysis of results showed that coefficient of determination, Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient and index of agreement for different stations were as follows, respectively: Inflow to Boukan dam hydrometry station: 0.88, 0.85, and 0.96; Nezam Abad hydrometry station: 0.72, 0.7, and 0.91; Dashband hydrometry station: 0.86, 0.85, and 0.96; Miyandoab Bridge hydrometry station: 0.8, 0.78, and 0.93. Generally speaking, the results of simulation showed that the model had a good performance.
simulation,Soil moisture method,Urmia Lake,Zarrineh Rud (Miandoab) irrigation network
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64155.html
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64155_e85820be61a3017d111c5b165680ebd3.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
2008-479X
2423-7833
48
4
2017
11
22
Effect of conventional and conservation tillage with management residue on some of Soil physicochemical properties in wheat.
841
851
FA
Hamid
Abasdokht
University of Shahrood
habbasdokht@yahoo.com
Abolfazl
Falah heravi
University of Shahrood
falahheravi@yahoo.com
Ahmad
Zare FeizAbadi
Research Institute of Mashhad
zare@yahoo.com
Ahamad
Gholami
University of Shahrood
ahgholami@yahoo.com
10.22059/ijswr.2017.129633.667274
In order to study the effect of conventional and conservation tillage with management residue on wheat physiological properties ,a field experiment was conducted in 2013-2014 at Mashhad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research center of Razavi Khorasan province. This experiment was arranged in a split plot design based on randomized complete block with three replications. Main plots were tillage systems: 1) conventional tillage, 2) reduced tillage and 3) no tillage; subplots were management residue: 1) 0%, 2) 30% and 3) 60% residue. The results showed that tillage systems had significant effect on Mycorrhizal colonization(spore), soil temperature, Water-holding capacity of the soil, porosity. The highest Mycorrhizal colonization (spore)(72.88), Water-holding capacity of the soil (21.59%), porosity (62.09%), were obtained from no-till method. Residue management were significantly different effect on Mycorrhizal colonization(spore), soil temperature, Water-holding capacity of the soil, resistance to penetration, porosity. The highest grain yields were obtained under no-till (6912.2 kg/ha) and 60% residue treatment (6980.8 kg/ha). It is concluded that conservation tillage with more residue aboveground could improve wheat yield and some of soil physicochemical properties
Mycorrhizal colonization(spore),Grain yield,no-tillage,Soil temperature,Resistance to penetration
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64156.html
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64156_f97d2acab1e2412503849d55fb8e6099.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
2008-479X
2423-7833
48
4
2017
11
22
Comparison between AquaCrop and radiation-thermal production potential models for potential yield estimation in part of Moghan plain, Ardabil Province, Iran
853
864
FA
Amir
Izadfard
University of Tehran
aizadfard@gmail.com
Fereydoon
Sarmadian
0000-0001-9894-2765
University of Tehran
fsarmad@ut.ac.ir
MohamadReza
Jahansooz
University of Tehran
jahansuz@ut.ac.ir
Gholamreza
Peikani
University of Tehran
rezapeykani@yahoo.com
Mohammadreza
Chaichi
University of Tehran
mchaichi@ut.ac.ir
10.22059/ijswr.2017.215760.667535
Potential yields for six cultivated crops, wheat, barley, sugar beet, cotton, maize and soybean has been calculated using the AquaCrop and radiation thermal production potential method or FAO model in Khodaafarin region, Ardabil province, Iran. Determination coefficient, normalized root mean squared and index of agreement for potential yield in AquaCrop was 0/99, 21/72 and 0/99 and for FAO model was 0/97, 54/25 and 0/96 respectively. Also for comparison between the potential biomass for AquaCrop and FAO model the Determination coefficient 0/98, 0/93, normalized root mean squared 23/55, 58/10 and index of agreement 0/98, 0/93 was calculated, respectively. Based on the results, the AquaCrop model has better performance in comparison with to FAO model. The AquaCrop using less data calculation and more outputs and applications comparing with FAO model but has a more accuracy. The crops has been ranked based on the calculated yield gap fractions. The lowest yield gap fraction belongs to barley, soybean, sugar beet, wheat, cotton and maize respectively. This ranking could be used as an ecological coefficient for the region cropping pattern.
Food security policy,Potential production simulation,Yield gap fraction
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64158.html
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64158_05f64db242ab7b9c5c59681b0d3639b2.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
2008-479X
2423-7833
48
4
2017
11
22
Water relations of citrus trees under partial root zone drying along with shading
865
878
FA
Hormoz
Ebadi
University of Sari
hormozebadi@yahoo.com
Mahmood
Raeini
0000-0002-6306-6344
University of Sari
raeini@yahoo.com
Mohammad Ali
Gholami-Sefidkoohi
0000-0001-8732-4929
University of Sari
magholamis@yahoo.com
10.22059/ijswr.2017.217144.667545
Climate change and ever-increasing water use, along with water scarcity, reduces crop production. Thus, efficient water management, such as deficit irrigation and shading could resolve some of these shortcomings. In deficit irrigation with partial root zone drying (PRD), half of the root zone is irrigated and the other half is left unirrigated. This experiment was conducted with five treatments of (1) full irrigation, which trees received 100 percent of soil field capacity (FC), 2) two PRD treatments, which receiving 50 (PRD50) and 75% (PRD75) of FI and 3) two PRD treatments, such above which treats by shading nets(SHPRD50 and SHPRD75). Tukey's test was used to compare treatment’s means of stomatal conductance (gs), leaf relative water content (rwc), stem water potential (Ψst), and leaf temperature (Tl). Moreover, Regression analysis was done between the above factors and leaf to air vapor pressure difference. The results show that gs and rwc were higher in FI, PRD75 and SHPRD75 relative to stressed treatments of PRD50 and SHPRD50. The same trend was registered for Ψst and the lowest values were achieved by treatments receiving 50% of FI. Leaf temperatures in some measurement intervals were significantly higher in stressed treatments of PRD50 and SHPRD50. Water deficiency significantly reduced yield in stressed treatments of PRD50, while reversly, it increased fruit sloble salids in PRD50 and PRD75. Shading on PRD treatments increased fruit size and yield, Although this improvement was significant only for fruit diameter of SHPRD75 in comparison with PRD50.
PRD,Shading,Deficit irrigation
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64159.html
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64159_4714e2337cdd8f66347ac0ffb26ea0f6.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
2008-479X
2423-7833
48
4
2017
11
22
Separated and combined effects of collar and sacrificial pile on scour reduction of bridge piers group
879
890
FA
Seyed Mohamad Ali
Zomorodian
University of Shiraz
mzomorod@shirazu.ac.ir
Hamideh
Ghaffari
University of Shiraz
gh.hamideh1987@gmail.com
Zahra
Ghasemi
University of Shiraz
zahraghasemi38@yahoo.com
10.22059/ijswr.2017.213498.667521
Recognition and proposing some controlling methods to reduce destructive scour phenomenon is essential. In this study, the sacrificial piles, square collar and combination of sacrificial piles and square collar was used to control the scouring depth around the piers group. Two and three piers group along a line with a distance of 2.5D between the piers in longitudinal and transversal direction flow were investigated under clear water condition. The results showed that the effect of sacrificial piles in reducing the scour depth of the rear pier of pier groups in the flow direction is greater than single pier. The square collar was more effective in decreasing scour depth of front pier that equal to 72.22% and 69.23% in two and three piers group, respectively. The combination of sacrificial piles and square collar could further reduce the scouring depth. Also, in the two and three piers group in transverse direction of flow, the combination of sacrificial piles and square collar have shown more effective than square collar and sacrificial piles in decreasing the scour depth. The reduction of scour depth equal to 57.14% and 67.5%, for two and three piers groups respectively.
local scouring,pier groups,Collar,sacrificial pile
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64160.html
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64160_229935fb7a01018acfbdebec015a190b.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
2008-479X
2423-7833
48
4
2017
11
22
Distribution of nitrate and ammonium under furrow and ridge and nitrogen uptake by maize in Different Rates of Urea Fertilizer
891
904
FA
Arash
Ranjbar
University of Tehran
arashranjbar@ut.ac.ir
Ali
Rahimi Khoob
0000-0001-5624-5427
University of Tehran
akhob@ut.ac.ir
Maryam
Varavipour
0009-0005-2281-5598
University of Tehran
mvaravi@ut.ac.ir
Hamed
Ebrahimian-Taleshi
0000-0002-7338-4872
University of Tehran
ebrahimian@ut.ac.ir
10.22059/ijswr.2017.214952.667530
Nitrate leaching under furrow irrigation is one of the main reasons of underground water contamination. In order to use fertilizer efficiently and reduce loss of nitrogen, more detailed studies should be done about distribution of different forms of nitrogen under ridges and furrows because the solute movement is not same in those positions. The main objective of this study was to scrutiny effects of different rate of urea on nitrogen uptake and accumulation of nitrate and ammonium under ridge and furrow during growing season. So that maize was planted in the treatments with nitrogen rates of 0, 150 and 250 kg ha-1 by Randomized Complete Block design with three replications. The amounts of dry aboveground biomass and nitrogen uptake during growing season plus concentration of nitrate and ammonium in soil before and after fertilizing and after harvesting were measured over different depth under ridges and furrows. Results showed that depth and rate of nitrogen were two effective factors on accumulation of nitrate and ammonium under ridges and furrows. More nitrate concentration was observed under ridges in comparison with furrows. After fertilizing, nitrate concentration under ridges and furrows was decreased and increased respectively along with raising depth. Also, it was demonstrated that nitrogen uptake were increased and agronomic nitrogen efficiency were reduced by more nitrogen application. Furthermore, most nitrate accumulation was observed below roots area, especially under ridge, after harvesting therefore the probability of nitrate leaching was very high.
nitrogen uptake,Nitrate,ammonium,Furrow Irrigation,maize
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64161.html
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64161_a6c5b43c8943079f52a0568737f3dfa8.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
2008-479X
2423-7833
48
4
2017
11
22
Role of Superficial Biochar Mulch Produced from Dairy Factory Waste on
Infiltration and Runoff in Small Experimental Plots
905
916
FA
Mohammad Hossein
Ghavimi Panah
Tarbiat Modares University
m.h.ghavimipanah1370@gmail.com
Seyed Hamidreza
Sadeghi
0000-0002-5419-8062
Professor/ Tarbiat Modares University
sadeghi@modares.ac.ir
Habibollah
Younesi
Tarbiat Modares University
hunesi@yahoo.com
10.22059/ijswr.2017.220286.667572
The effective utilization of wastes in different forms is an inevitable strategy for miscellaneous goals like runoff management leading to sustainable development. To this end, superficial application of biochar produced from industrial wastes as a mulch may be as a bio-economic approach to improve soil conditions and consequent increment in infiltration. Towards this attempt, the present study was formulated to produce biochar from Kaleh Factory wastes and to apply it as a much. The biochar was applied in three levels of 400, 800 and 1200 g m-2 on small experimental plots filled with a rangeland soil prone to erosion of Marzanabad Region, northern Iran, to improve soil permeability and runoff components. The rainfall was simulated with intensities of 50 and 90 mm h-1 after a span time of 35 days on biochar application in the Rainfall and Erosion Laboratory of Tarbiat Modares University. The infiltration and runoff rates were continuously monitored using volume balance method. According to the results, the water infiltration to the soil and runoff rates from treated plots with 400, 800 and 1200 g m-2 of biochar were 23, 31 and 32% for rain intensity of 50 mm h-1, and 21, 23 and 24% for rain intensity of 90 mm h-1, respectively more (p<0.01) than those reported for control plots. The volume of runoff for the same treatments were also 56, 62 and 67 %, and 59, 64 and 65 % for rain intensities of 50 and 90 mm h-1, respectively, less (p<0.01) than those reported for control plots. However, the time to runoff reduced in all treated plots. The results further verified that the biochar produced from food industries factories could improve the hydrological components of degradable soils.
Soil and Water Conservation,Soil Bioremediation,Soil Infiltration,waste management
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64162.html
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64162_5a01201b1afeee568fad3497d39c0a44.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research
2008-479X
2423-7833
48
4
2017
11
22
Study of non-hydrostatic pressure distribution of free surface flow in a rockfill porous media
917
928
FA
Amir
Gord-Noshahri
PhD Candidate of hydraulic structures, Dept. of Irrigataion and Reclamation Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Engineering Technology, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
agnoshahri@ut.ac.ir
Ebrahim
Amiri Tokaldany
0000-0002-6669-7774
Full Professor, Dept. of Irrigataion and Reclamation Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Engineering Technology, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
amiri@ut.ac.ir
Mohammad
Sedghi-Asl
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran
msedghi@yu.ac.ir
10.22059/ijswr.2017.222788.667593
Increasing the slopes of water surface and bed or making a considerable curvature of streamlines, resulted in the vertical pressure distribution deviate from hydrostatic distribution. Because of severe energy loss and big difference between upstream and downstream water surface elevations in rockfill porous media, it is expected that pressure distribution be non-hydrostatic. In this paper, with the aid of Buckingham π theorem and regression analysis, a relationship is proposed for water surface profile in rockfill porous media. Moreover, a non-hydrostatic pressure distribution for rockfill porous media is derived by applying Euler equation including the effects of streamlines curvature and large slopes. A series of laboratory experiments have been conducted on rockfill materials with diameter of 1.68 cm and two media length of 0.5 and 1.0 m. It is found that the introduced model gives satisfactory results compare to the experimental results so that mean absolute relative error of water surface and longitudinal pressure profile between two series of the data are 1.31 and 1.71 percent, respectively.
Coarse material,Euler equation,Longitudinal pressure profile,Turbulent Flow,Water surface profile
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64163.html
https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_64163_0d8dac2865664b2539d5c826b3ec7b35.pdf