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0 ارزیابی کارآئی مدل نیمه توزیعی SWAT در شبیه سازی جریان رودخانه ای (مطالعة موردی حوضه آبخیز تالار استان مازندران) Assesment About Efficiency of SWAT Semi-Distribution Model for Simulation of Streamflow (Case Study in Talar Watershed,Mazandaran Province) https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_63414.html 10.22059/ijswr.2017.63414 0  در این تحقیق به‌منظور ارزیابی کارآئی و بررسی پارامترهای مؤثر بارش-رواناب در حوضه تالار استان مازندران از مدل SWAT استفاده شده است. واسنجی با کمک این مدل با استفاده از مقادیر بارش روزانة 8 ایستگاه باران‌سنجی، مقادیر دمای روزانة 5 ایستگاه تبخیر سنجی و با خروجی دبی در ایستگاه شیرگاه- تالار انجام شده است. نحوة انجام کالیبراسیون و اعتبار سنجی با استفاده از این مدل بدین‌صورت بوده است که در ابتدا بر اساس 21 پارامتر با حساسیت بالا، مدل شبیه‌سازی شد. در مرحلة اعتبار سنجی 21 پارامتر با حساسیت بالا، بررسی شاخص‌های p-Value و t-State نیز نشان­دهندة رفتار و حساسیت پارامترها در این مرحله می‌باشد. در این مرحله نیز پارامتر CN2-MGT با کمترین مقدار شاخص p-Value و بالاترین مقدار شاخصt-State به‌عنوان حساس‌ترین پارامتر مورد شناسایی قرار گرفته است. نتایج مرحلة اول کالیبراسیون مدل نشان داد که مدل دارای ضعف‌هایی در شبیه‌سازی می‌باشد که این موضوع به‌خوبی در ضرایب p-factor، r-factor، R2 و N.S به ترتیب با 04/0، 91/3، 0.01 و 15/44- نشان داده‌شده است. با توجه به این مسائل بر اساس بررسی نتایج مرحلة اول این مطالعه، اقدام به واسنجی 8 پارامتر حساس از میان 21 پارامتر اولیه شده است تا تطابق بهتری بین دبی‌های مشاهده‌ای و شبیه‌سازی‌شده بوجود آید. در مرحلة اعتبار سنجی 8 پارامتر منتخب و حساس در سطح اعتماد 95%، تطابق بالائی بین دبی‌های مشاهداتی و شبیه‌سازی‌شده بوجود آمد که نتایج پلاتهای نقطه‌ای این مرحله نیز به این موضوع اشاره می‌نماید مقایسة ضرایب p-factor، r-factor، R2 وN.S  این مرحله نیز به ترتیب با 98/0. 79/0، 93/0 و 93/0 نیز نشان از بهبود شبیه‌سازی مدل در این مرحله دارد که سبب افزایش کآرائی مدل جهت شبیه‌سازی می‌باشد. 1 In this study, to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness parameters about rainfall-runoff relations , SWAT models have been used inTalar watershed of Mazandaran province .By using of this model ,has done ,calibration based on 8 rainfall station with daily precipitation, 5 evaporation station with daily temperature along output discharge in shirgah-Talar hydrometric station.Performing the calibration and validation of this model , was simulated initially based on 21 parameters with high sensitivity . In validation phase of 21 selected parameters, study about p-value and t-state indices shows sensitivity and behavior of parameters .At this stage, CN2-MGT parameter with the least amount of p-Value index and the highest index value t-State is recognized as the most sensitive parameters .The first phase of model calibration results showed that weaknesses in the simulation model that is well coefficients p-factor, r-factor, R2 and NS respectively 0.04, 3/91 , 0/01, -44/15.Due to these issues by analyzing the results of the first phase of this study, we calibrated 8 sensitive parameters through the first 21 parameters until created better correlation between simulated and observed discharges. In validation stage of 8 sensitive parameters in 95% confidence interval, created high correlation between simulated and observed discharges and shows in the result of scatter plots of this phase . Comparison of p-factor,r-factor,R2,N.S with 0.93, 0.93 ,0.79 ,0.98 respectively shows the better model simulation that cause efficiency of model for simulation in this stage. 463 476 عباس غلامی Abbas Gholami دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری ایران gholami@shomal.ac.ir کاکا شاهدی Kaka Shahedi استادیار گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری ایران kaka.shahedi@gmail.com محمود حبیب نژاد روشن Mahmood Habibnejad Rooshan استاد گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری ایران roshanbah@yahoo.com مهدی وفاخواه Mahdi Vafakhah دانشیار گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران vafakhah@modares.ac.ir کریم سلیمانی Karim Soleimani استاد گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری ایران solimani2001@yahoo.co.uk برنامه SUFI2 پارامترهای حساس کالیبراسیون اعتبارسنجی Abbaspour, K.C. E Rouholahnejad S. Vaghefi ,R. Srinivasan ,H. Yang a, B. Kløve. (2015). A continental-scale hydrology and water quality model for Europe:Calibration and uncertainty of a high-resolution large-scale SWAT mode.Journal of Hydrology 524 ,733–752##Abbaspour  K.C et al. (2008) . SWAT-CUP2: SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Programs - A User Manual. Department of Systems Analysis, Integrated Assessment and Modelling (SIAM), Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland,95pp##Abbaspour,K.C.(2007) user manual for SWAT-CUP,SWAT calibratin and uncertainty analysis programs:EAWAG: Swiss Fed.inst.of Aquat.Sci and Technol.,  Du"bendorf,Switzerland.93p.##Aragão, R., Cruz, M.A.S., Amorim, J.R.A., Mendonça, L.C., Figueiredo, E.E., Srinivasan, V.S.( 2013). Sensitivity analysis of the parameters of the SWAT model and simulation of the hydrosedimentological processes in a watershed in the northeastern region of Brazil. Rev. Bras. Ciênc. 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0 کاربرد توابع مفصل ارشمیدسی در تحلیل فراوانی سیلاب (مطالعه موردی: حوضه آبریز دز) Application of Archimedean Copula Functions in Flood Frequency Analysis (Case Study: Dez Basin) https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_63415.html 10.22059/ijswr.2017.217805.667551 0 یکی از پدیده­های هیدرولوژیکی که ماهیت بسیار پیچیده داشته و در صورت رخداد خسارات فراوانی را ایجاد می­کند، پدیده سیلاب می­باشد. در این مطالعه تحلیل فراوانی سیلاب حوضه آبریز دز در محل اتصال دو ایستگاه سپید دشت- سزار (س. د. س) و سپید دشت- زاز (س. د. ز) در دوره آماری 1391-1335 با استفاده از توابع مفصل مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بدین منظور در ابتدا سری­های جزئی سیلاب در ایستگاه­های مورد مطالعه با استفاده از روش مالمود و توکارت استخراج گردید. در مرحله بعد 11 تابع توزیع مختلف به سری­های سیلاب استخراجی برازش داده شد و در نهایت توزیع‌های لجستیک تعمیم یافته (ایستگاه س. د. س) و تابع توزیع حدی تعمیم یافته (س. د. ز) به عنوان توزیع حاشیه‌ای مناسب انتخاب گردید. پس از انتخاب توزیع­ حاشیه­ای، از توابع مفصل خانواده ارشمیدسی (شامل مفصل­های علی- میخائیل- حق، فرانک و کلایتون) برای تحلیل فراوانی توام سیلاب حوضه آبریز دز استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که مفصل فرانک برای جفت داده­های ایستگاه­های سپید دشت- سزار و سپید دشت- زاز بیشترین تطابق را با تابع مفصل تجربی داشته است. برای بررسی دوره بازگشت وقایع در حالت توأم، از دوره بازگشت توأم در دو حالت «یا» و «و» و دوره بازگشت توأم شرطی استفاده شد. براساس نتایج به دست آمده از تحلیل توام سری­های سیلاب دو سرشاخه متصل به هم مشخص شد که دو رودخانه سپید دشت سزار و سپید دشت زاز هر 70 سال یک‌بار به صورت هم­زمان می­تواند در معرض سیلاب شدید قرار گیرند. 1 Most of hydrological phenomena have a stochastic and probabilistic nature and the relationship governing on these phenomena are almost unknown and ambiguous. Therefore, the theories of statistic and probability apply for describing and forecasting of such phenomena. One of the hydrological phenomena which have a complicated nature and causes too much damage is the flood. In the present study, flood frequency analysis in the Dez basin at the junction of two hydrometric stations of Sepid Dasht Sezar (SDS) and Sepid Dasht Zaz (SDZ) was performed during the period of 1957-2012 using the copula functions. The copula is a function which joint the univariate marginal distribution to form a bivariate or multivariate distribution function. For this purpose, first the partial series of flood at studied stations were extracted using the Malmoud-Tookart method. In the next step, 11 different distribution functions were fitted on the extracted flood series and the Generalized Logistic (SDS station) and Generalized Extreme Value (SDZ station) distribution functions were selected as the best fitted ones. After selecting the suitable marginal distributions, some of Archimedean copula functions (Ali - Mikhail – Haq, Frank and Clayton) were used for joint flood frequency analysis in Dez basin. Results showed that the Frank copula had the highest match with empirical copula for paired flood data of SDS and SDZ stations. For investigating the return period of events the joint return periods in two states “AND” and “OR” and also the conditional return period were considered. 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Publications de L’Institute de Statistique, Universite’ de Paris, Paris, 8: 229–231.##Tessier, Y. Lovejoy, S. Hubert, P. Schertzer, D. & Pecknold, S. (1996). Multifractal analysis and modeling of rainfall and river flows and scaling, causal transfer functions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 101(21), 26427-26440.##White, C. J. (2007). The Use of Joint Probability Analysis to Predict Flood Frequency in Estuaries and Tidal Rivers, University of Southampton.##Yue, S. & Rasmussen, P. (2002). Bivariate frequency analysis: discussion of some useful concepts in hydrological application.  Hydrological Processes, 16(14), 2881-2898.##Yue, S. Ouarda, T. B. M. J. & Bobée, B. (2001). A review of bivariate gamma distributions for hydrological application. Journal of Hydrology, 246(1), 1-18.##Zhang, L. & Singh, V. P. (2006). Bivariate flood frequency analysis using the copula method.  Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 11(2), 150-164.##Zhang, Q. Chen, Y. D. Chen, X. & Li, J. (2011). Copula-based analysis of hydrological extremes and implications of hydrological behaviors in the Pearl River basin, China. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 16(7), 598-607.##

0 استفاده از شاخص‌های خارجی فرآیند ارزیابی سریع در شبکه آبیاری قزوین Qazvin's irrigation network evaluations, using the external indicators of rapid appraisal process https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_63416.html 10.22059/ijswr.2017.63416 0 با توجه به اهمیت استفاده بهینه از آب کشاورزی، مدیریت و توزیع مناسب آب در شبکه‌های آبیاری برای افزایش راندمان ضروری است. پایش و ارزیابی روش‌های مدیریت آب و توزیع آن، برای نقد و بهبود این روش‌ها باید به‌طور مستمر انجام شود. چند روش استاندارد و مؤثر از سوی نهادهای بین‌المللی برای این مهم توسعه یافته است. در مطالعه حاضر توزیع آب در شبکه آبیاری قزوین و شاخص‌های خارجی آن با استفاده از تکنیک فرآیند ارزیابی سریع مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که از منابع آب موجود در منطقه به‌صورت هدفمند استفاده نمی‌شود و برنامه‌ریزی برای بهره‌برداری از کل منابع آب موجود در منطقه وجود نداشته است. در این محدوده زمانی تنها حدود 28 درصد از کل آب موجود در سال در اختیار مسئولین بهره‌برداری قرار داشته و توسط آن‌ها توزیع شده که عامل مهم تلفات زیاد آب در منطقه بوده است. همچنین مشخص شد که توزیع زمانی آب به‌درستی در شبکه انجام نمی‌گیرد و در اکثر ماه‌های سال مقدار آب توزیع‌شده در شبکه از مقدار موردنیاز محصولات کمتر و یا بیشتر است. این امر نشان‌دهنده تلفات آب در شبکه به دلیل عدم وجود اطلاعات لازم، ضعف زیرساخت‌ها و یا برای جبران بخشی از تلفات انتقال آب بوده است. کل آب مازاد توزیع‌شده در شبکه در سال 92، حدود 56 میلیون مترمکعب بوده است که 25 درصد از کل آب موردنیاز محصولات کشت‌شده در سال است. 1 Regarding the importance of efficient use of agricultural water, management and distribution of water in irrigation networks are necessary to increase efficiency. Monitoring and evaluation of water management and distribution methods should be done continuously, to criticize and improve these procedures. For this purpose, some standard and effective methods have been developed by international organizations. In this study, water distribution in Qazvin irrigation network and its external factors were considered using the rapid appraisal process (RAP). The results showed that the water resources usage in the region is not purposeful and there was no plan to exploit the water resources in the network. In this period, responsible governors distributed only about 28 percent of total available water in the year. It has been the major cause of water losses. It was also found that the temporal water distribution is not properly done in the canals and in the most months of the year the amount of distributed water is less or more than required water for crop pattern. This indicates that water losses in the network had been due to lack of information, poor infrastructure or to compensate a part of conveyance losses. The total surplus of distributed water in the network in the year 2013, have been about 56 million cubic meters, which is 25 percent of total required water for cultivated crops. 491 502 عمار حبیبی کندبن Ammar Habibi kandbon دانشجوی دانشگاه تهران ایران ammarhabibi@ut.ac.ir مریم کیهانی maryam kayhani دانشجوی دانشگاه تهران ایران maryam_keyhani1990@yahoo.com عاطفه پرورش ریزی atefe parvareshrizi عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه تهران ایران parvarsh@ut.ac.ir مهرداد شیخ حسینی mehrdad shaykhhoseini کارشناس آب منطقه ای قزوین ایران m.sheikhhoseini@yahoo.com فرآیند ارزیابی سریع شبکه آبیاری قزوین مسئولین بهره‌برداری شاخص‌های خارجی Burt, C. and stayls, S. (1998). Modern Water and Management Practices in Irrigation: Impact on Performance. (http://www.itrc.org/reports/modernwatercontrol/modernwatercontrol.htm)##Burt, C. (2001). Rapid Appraisal Process (RAP) and benchmarking explanation and tools (available at http://www.watercontrol.org/reports/rapidappraisal/rap041803.pdf)##Burt, C. and stayls, S. W. (2004). Conceptualizing Irrigation Project Modernization Through Benchmarking and the Rapid Appraisal Process. Irrigation and Drainage, 53, 145-154.##Conrad, C. and Dech, S. W, Hafez, m. Lamert, G. P. A and Tischbein, B. (2013). Remote sensing and hydrological measurement based irrigation performance assessments in the upper Amu Darya Delta, Central Asia. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 52-62.##FAO. (2001). Performance Evaluation of Makhamthao-Uthong Project with a Rapid Appraisal Procedure. As published in Water and Energy International, 58##Ghaheri, A. (1997). Irrigation and Drainage Project Performance Assessment Framework. The first technical workshop to evaluate the performance of irrigation and drainage systems. National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage. (In Farsi)##Ghoravi, H. Farhadi, E. Borhan, N. Ghaheri, A. Ehsani, M. Bahredar, D. Asnaashari, M. and Monem, M. J. (2005).Rapid Appraisal Process and the Application in Irrigation and Drainage. Irrigation and Drainage Performance. (In Farsi)##Karamati, M. (2001). Evaluation of water distribution networks of irrigation and drainage the Moghan. The Third technical workshop to evaluate the performance of irrigation and drainage systems. (In Farsi)##Kisekka, I. Migliaccio, K. W. Dukes, M. D. Schaffer, B. & Crane, J. H. (2011). Evapotranspiration-Based Irrigation Scheduling for Agriculture.##Madadi, S. Emadi, A. and Shanazare, A. (2013). Performance assessment of water distribution in Tajan irrigation and drainage network. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation.  21(5). (In Farsi)##Montazer, E. and Pashazade, N. (2011). Performance Assessment of West Main Canal of Dez in the Different Water Operational Scenarios Using CANALMAN Model. Journal of Water and Soil . 25(1). (In Faresi)##Monzajeri, M. S. Maseodi, S. E. Sohrabi, J. and Ojaghlo, H. (2012). Performance evaluation and improvement of irrigation systems: A case study of Qazvin Plain. The first national conference on agricultural water management. (In Farsi)##Moreno-Pérez, M. F and Roldán-Cañas, J. (2013). Assessment of irrigation water management in the Genil-Cabra (Córdoba, Spain) irrigation district using irrigation indicators. Agricultural water management, 120, 98-106.##Shahrokhniya, M. A. and Javan, M. (2006).Evaluation of Irrigation Performance Indicators in the Doroodzan Irrigation Network. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research. 7(29). (In Farsi)##Uysal, Ö. K and Atış, E. (2010). Assessing the performance of participatory irrigation management over time: A case study from Turkey. Agricultural water management, 97(7), 1017-1025.##Zahmatkesh, M. and Montazer, A. A. (2011).Performance Assessment of some Irrigation Network in the World Using Benchmarking and Data mining Techniques. Journal of Water and Soil. 25(5). (In Farsi)##

0 جریان غیرماندگار در سرریز‌ لبه‌تیز مثلثی واقع در انتهای یک مخزن Unsteady Flow in V-Notch Weir Located at the End of a Storage https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_63417.html 10.22059/ijswr.2017.213394.667519 0 سرریز‌های لبه‌تیز از سازه‌های متداول در اندازه‌گیری جریان در شبکه‌های آبیاری و دیگر سامانه‌های آبی هستند. نصب و بهره‌برداری این سازه‌ها نسبت به سایر انواع سازه‌ها و تجهیزات، ساده‌تر و هزینه‌های نگهداری آن‌ها هم کمتر است. اما وضعیت عملکرد سرریزهای لبه تیز و روابط دبی-اشل یا منحنی‌های سنجه آن‌ها در شرایط غیرماندگار به ندرت مورد بررسی قرار گرفته‌است. در تحقیق حاضر، جریان غیرماندگار عبوری از سرریز مثلثی 90 درجه که در انتهای یک مخزن قرار گرفته‌است در آزمایشگاه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و تأثیر آن بر روی مقادیر دبی عبوری از سرریز سنجیده شد. در این تحقیق نشان داده شد که روش روندیابی پالس اصلاح شده در مقایسه با حل معادلة مخزن دارای نتایج بهتری است و بر اساس نتایج حاصل از روش پالس اصلاح شده، اختلاف قابل توجهی بین مقادیر دبی محاسبه شده از روابط جریان ماندگار و غیرماندگار وجود دارد بطوریکه در برخی شرایط این اختلاف به حدود 40 درصد نیز می‌رسد. لذا استفاده از روابط دبی-اشل و منحنی‌های سنجه متداول ماندگار در شرایط غیرماندگار نیازمند بازنگری و توجه بیشتر است. 1 Sharp-crested weirs are common measuring devices in rivers and irrigation networks. Their installation and operation are simple yet very practical. The hydraulic performance of sharp-crested weirs and their head-discharge equations in unsteady flow condition are of great interest, however, very limited studies are available in the literature. In the present study, the hydraulic performance of 90° V-notch weir, located at the end of a storage, was investigated in unsteady flow condition and the differences between steady and unsteady overflow were observed and evaluated. The results indicate that the difference between steady and unsteady discharges are significant whereas the difference value of investigated scenarios arise up to 40 percent, sometimes. Therefore, the previous head-discharge equations are no longer valid. 503 514 فیروز قاسم زاده Firouz Ghasemzadeh دانشجوی دکترای سازه های آبی، دانشگاه تهران ایران ghasemzade_frz@ut.ac.ir صلاح کوچک زاده Salah Khoochakzadeh عضو هیات علمی گروه آبیاری و آبادانی دانشگاه تهران ایران skzadeh@ut.ac.ir جریان غیرماندگار دبی-اشل سرریز لبه تیز مثلثی معادلة دبی-اشل غیرماندگار روندیابی مخزن Aricò, C., Nasello, C. and Tucciarelli, T. (2009). Using unsteady-state water level data to estimate channel roughness and discharge hydrograph, Advances in Water Resources, 32, 8, 1223.##Bazaz, A. (2008). Discharge coefficient of weirs in unsteady flow, MSc thesis, Tehran University. (In Persian)##Bos MG. (1989). Discharge measurement structures. Publication no. 161. Delft Hydraulic Laboratory, Delft: The Netherlands. (Also Publication no. 20, ILRI, Wageningen, The Netherlands).##Carter, R. W., Godfrey, R. G. (1960). Storage and flood routing, USGS report, iv, p. 81-104 :ill. ;23 cm.##Chanson H. and Wang H. (2013). Unsteady discharge calibration of a large V-notch weir. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 29 (2013) 19–24.##Chaudhry. M. H. (2008). Open-Channel Flow. Second Edition. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. New York.##Chow, V. T. (1959)."Open Channel Hydraulics," McGraw-Hill Kogakusha Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.##Clemmens, A. J., Wahl, T. L., Bos, M. G., and Replogle, J. A. (2001). Water Measurement with Flumes and Weir. Publication no. 58, ILRI, Wageningen, The Netherlands.##De Laine, R. J. (1964). Calibration of weirs using the rate of pondage drawdown, Journal of Hydrology, 2 (1964) 130-140.##Fiorentini, M. and Orlandini, S. (2013). Robust numerical solution of the reservoir routing equation, Advances in Water Resources, 59(2013), p.123–132##Fread, D. L. (1985). Channel routing, Hydrological Forecasting, John Wiley and sons Ltd. New York:John Wiley and Sons; 1985. p.437–503.##Hager, W. and Sinniger, R. (1985). ”Flood Storage in Reservoirs.” J. Irrig. Drain Eng., 111(1), 76–85##Henderson, F.M. (1966). Open channel flow: New York, MacMillan, 522 p.##Johnson, F. A. and Green C.S. (1977). The calibration of sharp crested weirs by the pondage drawdown method, Journal of Hydrology, 33 (1977) 363-373.##Kuhnle, R. A. and Bowie, A. J. (1992). "Loop Rating Curves from Goodwin Creek". Proceedings of the Hydraulic Engineering sessions at Water Forum ’92. Baltimore, Maryland, August 2–6, 1992. (Published by American Society of Civil Engineers).##Raghunath, H. M. (2006). Hydrology: Principles, Analysis, Design, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers##USBR. (1989). Flood hydrology manual, A water resources technical publication, First Edition 1989.##USBR. (2012). Laboratory Evaluation of Open Channel Area-Velocity Flow Meters, Hydraulic Laboratory Report HL-2012-03.##USDA-Soil Conservation Service. (1989). Hydrology Training Series. Module 111-Reservoir Flood Routing.##

0 بررسی امکان استفاده از نانو ذرات رس برای کنترل پتانسیل واگرایی خاک‌های رسی Application of Nano-clay particles for stabilization of dispersive clayey soils https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_63418.html 10.22059/ijswr.2017.63418 0  با توجه به پیشرفت‌های حاصل در تهیه و کاربرد نانومواد، استفاده از این نوع مواد در علوم مختلف به‌ویژه مهندسی ژئوتکنیک موردتوجه قرار گرفته است. در این پژوهش، اثر افزودن مقادیر مختلف نانورس بر روی پتانسیل واگرایی دو نوع خاک رسی با خاصیت خمیری کم و زیاد بررسی شده است. بدین منظور، ابتدا آزمایش‌های شناسایی بر روی دو نوع خاک رس و نانورس و سپس آزمایش‌های پین هول بر روی نمونه‌های خاک با مقادیر مختلفی نانورس شامل؛ صفر (خاک طبیعی)، 25/0، 5/0، 1، 2 و 4 درصد وزنی خاک با در نظر گرفتن سنین عمل‌آوری 1، 3 و 7 روز انجام گردید. نتایج آزمایش‌های انجام‌شده نشان دادند که افزودن نانورس به خاک رس واگرا به‌طور کلی موجب کاهش پتانسیل واگرایی خاک می‌گردد. در بررسی تأثیر این ذرات بر روی دو نوع خاک با خمیرایی مختلف نتیجه گردید که تأثیر آن بر هر دو نوع خاک یکسان بوده و خمیرایی خاک نقش مهمی در تأثیر این ذرات بر پتانسیل واگرایی ندارند. همچنین مشخص گردید زمان عمل‌آوری نقش قابل‌ملاحظه‌ای در تثبیت خاک با نانوذرات رس داشته و برای انجام فعل انفعالات شیمیایی موردنیاز برای تثبیت حدود سه روز زمان لازم است. 1 Recently, due to improvements and progresses in nanotechnology, application of Nano particles in different sciences especially geotechnical engineering have been widely considered. In this research, the effect of different amounts of Nano clay on dispersivity potential of two clayey soils with low and high plasticity has been studied. For this purpose, first identification tests were implemented on clayey soils and Nano clay and then pinhole tests conducted on specimens of soils with different amounts of Nano clay particles including ; 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 percent by weight for evaluation of their dispersivity potential. The specimens were cured for 1, 3 and 7 days. The results indicated that that the addition of Nano clay particles could reduce dispersive potential of clayey soil considerably. It is also found that the effect of Nano particles on two clayey soils with different plasticity is the same and the plasticity characteristics have no important role in chemical reaction between Nano clay particles and clay minerals. Furthermore, curing time was found to be as a main factor in stabilization of clayey soils with Nano particles. 515 524 نادر عباسی Nader Abbasi موسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج ، ایران ایران nader_iaeri@yahoo.com آرش فرجاد Arash Farjad دانشجو/دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی ایران arash.farjad@gmail.com پین هول تثبیت خاک واگرایی نانورس Abbasi, N. (2011). The role of anions in dispersion potential of clayey soil. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 12(3), IAERI, pp. 15-30 (In Farsi)##Abbasi, N. and Nazifi, M.H., (2013), “Assessment and modification of Sherard chemical method for evaluation of dispersion potential of soils”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 31(1), 337-346.##Anon, (2000). Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock, ASTM D4647##Askari, F. and Fakher, A. (1993). Swelling and dispersivity of soils: from geotechnical engineer point of view. University of Tehran Press. (In Farsi)##Hieu, P. and  Nguyen, Q. P., (2014). Effect of silica nanoparticles on clay swelling and aqueous stability of nanoparticle dispersions. Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 16(1).##Huang, T. (2011).Clay Stabilization with Nanoparticles. Patent No. US 20110000672 A1. US 12/277,825##Goodarzi, A.R. and Salimi, M. (2015). Stabilization treatment of a dispersive clayey soil using granulated blast furnace slag and basic oxygen furnace slag. Journal of Applied Clay Science, Vol. 108, 61-69.##Majeed, Z.H. and Taha, M.R. (2012). Effect of nanomaterial treatment on geotechnical properties of a penang soil. Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 2(11), 587-592.##Majeed, Z.H. and Taha, M.R. (2013). A review of stabilization of soils by using nanomaterials. Australian. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(2), 576-581.##Majeed, Z.H., Taha, M.R. and Jawad, I.T. (2014). Stabilization of soft soil using nanomaterials. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(4), 503-509.##Makusa, G. P. (2013). Soil Stabilization methods and materials in engineering practice. Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology.##Middleton, H.E. (1930). Properties of soils which influence soil erosion. United States Department of Agriculture. Bulletin. 178.##Mohammadi, M. and Niazian, M. (2013). Investigation of nano-clay effect on geotechnical properties of rasht clay. International Journal of Advanced Scientific and Technical Research, 3(3). 37-46.##Movahedan, M., Abbasi, N., and M. Keramati. 2011. Experimental investigation of polyvinyl acetate polymer application for wind erosion control of soils. Journal of Water and soil (Agricultural Science and Technology) , 25( 2), 606-616.##Movahedan, M., Abbasi, N., and M. Keramati. 2012. Wind erosion control of soils using polymeric materials. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science. 1(2), 81 –86.##Neethu, S.V. and Remya, S. (2013). Engineering behaviour of nanoclays stabilized soil. In: Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference, 22-24 December, Roorkee University, 17 4 TH-13.##Ouhadi, V.R. and Amiri, M. (2011). Geo-environmental behavior of nanoclays in interaction with heavy metal contaminants. Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 42(3), 29-36.##Ouhadi, V.R. and Goodarzi, A.R. (2006). Assessment of the stability of a dispersive soil treated by alum. Journal of Engineering Geology, Vol. 85, 91-101.##Rahimi H., N. Abbasi. (2008). Failure of Concrete Canal Lining on Fine Sandy Soils (A case study for Saveh Project). J Irrig Drain Eng. 57, 83-92##Rahimi H., Abbasi, N., H. Shantia. (2011). Application of geomembrane to control piping of sandy soil under concrete canal lining (case study: Moghan irrigation project, Iran).  J Irrig Drain Eng. 60, 330-337##Rahimi, H. and Abbasi, N. (2015). Geotechnical engineering: problematic soils. University of Tehran Press. (In Farsi)##Rahimi, H. and Delfi, M. (1993). New chemical method for valuation of soil dispersivity. 2nd. Int. Conf. of soil Mech. and Found. Eng., Tehran, Iran.##Richards, K.S. (2012). Internal erosion-potential failure modes. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Report, Feb., No. 31.##Sherard, J.L., Dunnigan, L.P. and Decker, R.S. (1976). Identification and nature of dispersive soils. Journal of Geotechnical Division, Proceeding ASCE, 102, 287-301.##Sparks, Donald.  2000. Soil Physical Chemistry. CRC Press, Florida, 33431.##Taha, M.R. and Taha, O.M.E. (2012). Influence of nano-material on the expansive and shrinkage soil behavior. Journal of Nanopart Res, 14(10), 1190.##Turkoz, M., Savas, H., Acaz, A. and Tosum, H. (2014). The effect of magnesium chloride solution on the engineering properties of clay soil with expansive and dispersive characteristics. Applied Clay Science, 101, 1-9.##Volk, G.M. (1937). Method of Determination of Degree of Dispersion of the Clay Fraction of Soils. In: Proceedings of Soil Science Society of America, 2, 561-567.##

0 بررسی توزیع مکانی پخش آب و کود تحت سامانه آبیاری بارانی دوار مرکزی Evaluation of spatial distribution of water and fertilizer application under center pivot irrigation system https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_63422.html 10.22059/ijswr.2017.214443.667528 0 با ارزیابی سامانه­های آبیاری بارانی اجراشده می‌توان میزان موفقیت این سامانه‌ها را تعیین کرد و راه‌کارهای عملی برای بهبود بازده آبیاری این سامانه­ها و پیشنهادهایی برای سامانه­های آتی را ارائه نمود. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی یکنواختی پخش آب و کود در سطح مزرعه تحت مدیریت کودآبیاری توسط سامانه آبیاری بارانی دوار مرکزی بود. محل انجام این تحقیق در مزرعه تحقیقی و آموزشی دانشگاه تهران واقع در کرج بود که در سال­های 1394 و 1395 انجام گردید. نیتروژن موردنیاز گیاه از منبع کودی اوره (46%) تأمین گردید. برای اندازه­گیری یکنواختی پخش سامانه آبیاری دوار مرکزی مقدار آب و نیتروژن جمع­آوری­شده در قوطی­های اندازه­گیری که به­صورت شعاعی قرار گرفتند اندازه­گیری شد. ضریب یکنواختی پخش آب هیرمن و هین در قوطی­های اندازه­گیری در کودآبیاری­های اول و دوم به ترتیب 84 و 91 درصد به­دست­آمده است. همچنین ضریب یکنواختی پخش کود در کودآبیاری سال­های اول و دوم به­ترتیب 69 و 72 درصد بود. نتایج نشان داد ضریب یکنواختی به­دست آمده از پخش کود کمتر از ضریب یکنواختی پخش آب است. 1 Sprinkler systems should have been implemented to assess the success of the system can be determined and Practical solutions to improve the efficiency of irrigation systems and provided suggestions for future systems. The aim of this study has been to evaluate the uniformity of water distribution and manure in the field under centerpivot sprinkler irrigation system. The place of this research was in the field of Tehran University in Karaj and in the years of 2015 and 2016. Nitrogen in use by crop has been from fertilizer source of urea (46%). Centerpivot irrigation system to measure the distribution uniformity, measure the amount of water and nitrogen had collected in cans which had arranged radially. Uniformity coefficient of Heermann and Hein in the cans in the first and second measurements were 84% and 91%. Uniformity coefficient of fertilizer distribution was in the first and second year fertigation, respectively 69% and 72%. The results has shown the uniformity coefficient from fertilizer distribution uniformity coefficient is less than water distribution uniformity coefficient . 525 532 شهرام زبردست shahram zebardast دانشجو/دانشگاه تهران ایران sh.zebardast59@ut.ac.ir تیمور سهرابی teymor sohrabi عضو هیات علمی/دانشگاه تهران ایران tmsohrabi@yahoo.com حامد ابراهیمیان Hamed Ebrahimian عضو هیات علمی/دانشگاه تهران ایران ebrahimian@ut.ac.ir واژه‌های کلیدی: اوره کودآبیاری یکنواختی پخش دوارمرکزی Almasraf, S., Jury, J. and S. Miller. (2011). Field evaluation of center pivot sprinkler irrigation systems in Michigan. Final Draft. Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering. Michigan State University. East Lansing, MI, USA.##Best, S. C. and H. R.  Duke. (2001). Spatial distribution of water and nitrogen application under center pivot sprinklers. In Proc. of Central Plains Irrigation course and exposition. Central Plane Irrigation Association. Kearney, Nebraska (pp. 58-65).##Burt, C. M., Clemmons, A.J. and KH. Strelkoff. (1997). Irrigation performance measures: efficiency and uniformity. Journal of Irrigation Drainage Eng. 123(6), 423-442.##Camp, C. R., Sadler, E. J., Evans, D. E., Usrey L. J. and M. Omary. (1998). Modified center pivot system for precision management of water and nutrients. Journal of Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 14(1), 23-31.##Chagha, y. and A. A. Ghaemi. (2007). Check losses due to evaporation and Badbrdgy analog systems. Ninth Seminar of irrigation and reduce evaporation, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman.##Christiansen, J. E. (1942) Standards. 43rd Ed. American Soc. Of Agric. And Biological Engineers. St. Joseph, MI 864 pp.##Doustmohammdi, M., Soltanimohammadi, A. and H. RezaiiRad. (2013). Evaluation performance center pivot irrigation system in Qom. In: First National Conference on Water Crisis, 15-16 May., Islamic Azad Univercity of Isfahan, Iran, pp. 410-419. (In Farsi).##Dukes, M.D. and C. Perry. (2006). Uniformity testing of variable-rate center pivot irrigation control systems. Precision Agriculture. 7(3), 205-218.##Ghaemi,  A. A. (2004). Hydraulic Evaluation and Testing of Iranian Made Center Pivot Irrigation System. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research. 5(19), 28-48. (In Farsi).##Heermann, D. F. and R. R. Hein. (1968) Pperformance characteristics of self-propelled center-pivot irrigation system. Trans ASAE. 11(1), 11-15.##Heermann, D., Wallender, W. and M. Bos. (1992). Irrigation efficiency and uniformity. Chapter 6 in Management of Farm Irrigation System, Pp: 125-149.##Hergert, G. W. (1976). Sprinkler application of fertilizer nutrients. Solutions Magazine‚ (1976).##Hezarjaribi, A. and B. Sohrabi. (2010)Evaluation of water distribution uniformity of varying severity of a modified center pivot system. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 17(1), 129-143. (in Farsi).##King, B. A., Wall R. W. and T. F. Karsky. (2009). Center-pivot irrigation system for independent site-specific management of water and chemical application. Journal of Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 25(2), 187-198.##Nelson, R. M., and R. W. Hill. (2010). Center Pivot Irrigation and Fertilizer Use Evaluation. Journal of the NACAA. 3(1), 199-209.##Ortiz, J. N., Tarjuelo, J. M. and J. A. De Juan. (2009). Characterisation of evaporation and drift losses with centre pivots. Journal of Agricultural water management. 96(11), 1541-1546.##Sayadi, H. and A. Falan. (2007). Design center pivot irrigation systems. The SID Publications, Tehran, page 220. (In Farsi).##Sohrabi, T. and R. Asilmanesh. (1998). Evaluation performance center pivot irrigation system in karaj. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 2(2), 1-14.(In Farsi).##Sohrabi, T. and M. Omidvar. (2002). Performance review, operational and technical difficulties rotary sprinkler irrigation systems in the region of Khorasan Jovin. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Sciences. 4(1), 38-51. (In Farsi).##Wright, J., Bergsrud, F., Rehm, G., Malzer, G. and B. Montgomery. (2002). Nitrogen Application with Irrigation Water–Chemigation. College of Agriculture, Food, and Environmental Sciences. University of Minnesota.##

0 تعیین اثر عمق و شوری آب زیرزمینی بر سهم آن در تأمین نیاز آبی و رشد نهال‌های خرما با کاربرد مالچ Determine the effect of groundwater depth and salinity on its contribution to the water requirment and the growth of palm seedlings with the use of mulch https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_63423.html 10.22059/ijswr.2017.212577.667510 0 سطح ایستابی شور کم‌عمق و کاهش کمی و کیفی آب‌های شیرین، از مسائل مهم بخش آب‌وخاک در برخی از دشت­های مهم کشور به شمار می­آید. از همین رو، سهم آب زیرزمینی در تأمین بخشی از آب مصرفی گیاه نیز می‌تواند بسیار حائز اهمیت باشد. هدف این بررسی دستیابی به مدل سهم آب زیرزمینی شور در تأمین آب موردنیاز نهال‌های خرما است. برای دستیابی به این هدف، آزمایش‌هایی با طرح کرت‌های دو بار خردشده در پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی شامل شوری آب زیرزمینی (dS/m4> ، 8 و 12)، عمق آب زیرزمینی (cm60 و 90) و دو سطح مالچ (خاک­پوش)(مالچ برگ خردشده خرما و بدون مالچ) با سه تکرار به مدت 15 ماه اجرا شد. داده‌های جمع‌آوری شده با توجه به طرح آزمایشی، تجزیه‌وتحلیل شد. نتایج حاکی از معنی‌دار بودن اثر مالچ (در سطح یک درصد) بر سهم آب زیرزمینی در تأمین نیاز آبی گیاه بود. در واقع، در تیمارهای دارای مالچ به دلیل حفظ رطوبت در خاک و نیاز کمتر به آب، سهم آب زیرزمینی نیز کمتر شد. اثر هم­زمان شوری و عمق آب زیرزمینی بر میزان سهم آب زیرزمینی در سطح پنج درصد معنی‌دار نبود. برای برآورد سهم آب زیرزمینی با توجه به هر سه این عوامل، 11 مدل ریاضی موردبررسی قرار گرفت. بهترین مدل، رگرسیون خطی چند متغیره با 6/0=r2 و معنی‌داری در سطح پنج درصد به‌دست آمد. با توجه به تأثیر هم­زمان شوری و عمق آب زیرزمینی در سطح احتمال بالای 90 درصد، امکان دستیابی به مدل دقیق­تر با استفاده از عامل جدیدی که ناشی از ضرب این دو فاکتور بود، بررسی شد. مدل درجه سه با عامل جدید (ضرب شوری و عمق آب زیرزمینی)، بهترین مدل برای دو حالت بدون مالچ و با مالچ به­ترتیب با 76/0 = r2 و 94/0=r2 بود. 1 Shallow saline water table and reducing the quality and quantity of freshwater, is important issues of soil and water problems in some of the important the plains of. Therefore groundwater contribution to crop water use may be useful. The objectives of this study were finding the model of groundwater contribution to supply water needs of palm seedling. To obtain this goal, the experiments was performed in three replicated split-split–plot designs inclusive of 3 levels of groundwater salinity (<4, 8 and 12 dS/m), groundwater depth (60 and 90 cm) and two levels of soil surface cover (mulching with cutted leaves of date palm and no mulch). The data were analyzed and investigated using software MSTATC (V.2), Excel 2007 and SPSS.19. Results showed the mulch effect on groundwater contribution is very significant (1%). In fact, in treatments with mulch to preserve moisture in the soil and need less water, underground water contributions were also lower. The effect of groundwater salinity and depth on groundwater contribution is not significant at level 5 %. To estimate the contribution of groundwater with regard to all three of factors, 11 mathematical models were studied. The best regression by using 3 factors was multivariate linear regression with r2=0.6 and significant 0.05. Due to the the interaction of salinity and groundwater at levels above 90 percent, possibility of achieving more accurately model investigated using the new factor that results from the multiplication of these two factors. The cubic model (using new factors), was the best model for the two cases y without mulch and mulch with r2=0.76 and r2=0.94, respectively. 533 541 پروانه تیشه زن Parvaneh TishehZan استادیار گروه آبیاری و زهکشی، دانشکده مهندسی علوم آب،دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز ایران partishehzan@scu.ac.ir عبدعلی ناصری Abdali Naseri استاد گروه آبیاری و زهکشی، دانشکده مهندسی علوم آّب، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز ایران abdalinaseri@scu.ac.ir علیرضا حسن اقلی Alireza Hasanoghli عضو هیات علمی (دانشیار) موسسه تحقیقات فنی مهندسی (سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی) کرج، ایران ایران arho49@yahoo.com موسی مسگرباشی Moosa Mesgarbashi استاد گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز ایران mmeskarbashee@yahoo.com رگرسیون سطح ایستابی مالچ نهال خرمای برحی Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D. and Smith, M.(1998).Crop evapotranspiration. FAO Irrigation and Drainage. Paper No. 56.##Alharbi, A. (2015). Effect of mulch on soil properties under organic farming conditions in center of Saudi Arabia. Journal of American Science, 11(1),108-115.##Askri, B., Ahmed, A.T., Abichou, T. and R. Bouhlila. (2014). Effects of shallow water table, salinity and frequency of irrigation water on the date palm water use. Journal of Hydrology, 513, 81–90.##Anonymous. .(2007). Evaluation of date residues as mulch. UAE. Environmental & Agriculural Information Center. http:// www. uae. gov. ae/ uaeagricent##Ayars, J.E., Hutmacher, R.B., Schoneman, R.A., Soppe, R.W.O., Vail, S.S. and F. Dale. (1999). Realizing the potential integrated irrigation and drainage water management for meeting crop water requirements in semi-arid and arid areas. Irrig. Drain. Syst. 13, 321–347.##Battiliani, A., Anconelli, S. and G. Guidoboni. (2004). Water table level effect on the water balance and yield of two pear rootstock. IVth Is on Irrigation of Hort. Crops. Ed. R.L.Synder. Acta Hort-664, ISHS. 47-54.##Ben Aïssa, L., Bouarfa, S. and A. Perrier. (2008). Utilisation de la mesure thermique du flux de sève pour l’évaluation de la transpiration d’un palmier dattier. Economies d’eau en systèmes irrigués au Maghreb. Actes du quatrième atelier régional du projet Sirma.##Bernstein, L. and Francios, L. E. (1973).Leaching requirement studies: sensitivity of alfalfa to salinity of irrigation and drainage waters. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 37, 931-943.##Bingham, F. T. and Garber, M. J. (1970). Zonal salinization of the root system with NaCl and boron in relation to growth and water uptake of corn plants. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 34, 122-126.##Boland, A.M., Yerie, P.H., Mitchell, P.D., Irvine, J.L. and N. Nardella.(1996).The effect of a saline and non-saline water table on peach tree water use, growth, productivity and ion uptake. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 47,121-139##Cooper, D.J., Sanderson, J.S., Stannard, D.I. and D.P. Groeneveld. (2006). Effects of long-term water table drawdown on evapotranspiration and vegetation in an arid region phreatophyte community. Journal of Hydrology, 325, 21-34.##Daddi Bouhoun, M., Marlet, S., Brinis, L., Saker, M.L., Rabier, J. and M. Cote. (2011). A survey of the combined effects of waterlogging and salinity on fruit yield in the date palm groves of the Wargla basin, Algeria. Fruits. 66(1), 11-24.##Elkhoumsi, W., Hammani, A. , Bouarfa, S., Kuper, M., Hassan, I., Umr G-eau, I. and C. Umr G-eau. (2015). Contribution of saline groundwater table to date palm water use in oases area. ICID .26th ERC& 66th IEC.##Hutmacher, R.B., Ayars, J.E., Vail, S.S., Bravo, A.D., Dettinger, D. and R.A. Schoneman. (1996).Uptake of shallow groundwater by cotton: growth stage, groundwater salinity effects in column lysimeters. Agric.Water Manag. 31, 205–223.##Kahlown, M. A., Ashraf, M. and Zia-ul-Haq. (2005). Effect of shallow groundwater table on crop water requirements and crop yields. Agri. Wat. Manage. 76, 24–35##Kang, Sh., Zhang, F., Hu, X., Jerie, P. and L. Zhang. (2001). Effects of shallow water table on capillary contribution evapotranspiration, and crop coefficient of maize and winter wheat in a semi-arid region. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 52(3), 317-327.##Konukcu, F. and M. Sener. (2002). Prediction saline water table contribution to crop evapotranspiration. Proceeding international symposium on techniques to control salination for horticultural productivity (Eds. U. Aksoy et al.). Acta Hort. 573, 211-217.##Liu, T. and Y. Luo. (2011). Effects of shallow water tables on the water use and yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under rain-fed condition. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 5(13) ,1692-1697.##Moor R.D. (2004).Construction of a Mariotte bottle for constant rate tracer injection into small streams. Streamline Watershed Management Bulletin, 8(1):15-16.##Noori, H.(2006) Groundwater irrigation and water table depth effect on alfalfa yield and reduce nitrate in drainage water at Karaj climate. Ms. Thesis. Tehran University (at pension).##Grismer, M.E., and T.K. Gates. (1988). Estimating saline water table contribution to crop water use. Calif. Agric. 42, 3–24.##Rhoades, J.D., Kandiah, A. and A. M. Mashali. (1992).The use of saline waters for crop production. FAO. Irrigation and Drainage. Paper48. Rome. ##Ramoilya, P.J. and A.N.D. Pandey( 2003) Soil salinity and water status effect growth of Phoenix dactylifera seedlings. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. 31, 345-353.##Sepaskhah, A.R., Kanooni, A. and M.M. Ghasemi (2003).  Estimating water table contributions to corn and sorghum water use. Agric. water manag. 58, 67-79.##Sepaskhah, A.R. and Sh. Karimi-Goghari (2005). Shallow groundwater contribution to pistachio water use. Agric. water manag. 72, 69-80.##Shalhevent, J. and Bernstein, L. (1968). Effects of vertically heterogeneous soil salinity on plant growth and water uptake. Soil Sci. 106: 85-93.##Villalobos, A., Ortiz, R.A., Echandi, C. and H. Le. Mulch(2004).Antitranspirant application for water conservation in oil palm plantations in Costa Rica. ASD oil palm papers, number 6(199). 6 pp.##Yang, J., Li, B. and L. Shiping.(2000). A large weighing lysimeter for evapotranspiration and soil-water–groundwater exchange studies. Hydrological Processes. 14(10), 1887-1897.##Yang, F., Zhang, G., Yin, X., Liu, Zh. and Zh. Huang. (2011). Study on capillary rise from shallow groundwater and critical water table depth of a saline-sodic soil in western Songnen plain of China. Environ Earth Sci. DOI 10.1007/s12665-011-1038-4.##Zeineldin, F.I. and Y.J. Aldakheel. (2010).Evaluation contribution of ground shallow water table to irrigation of date palm trees under irrigation reduction in Saudi Arabia. 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0 اثر مقادیر مختلف آبیاری قطره‌ای زیرسطحی بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی دو رقم خرمای کبکاب و زاهدی The effect of different amounts of subsurface drip irrigation on yield and quality of two varieties of palm Kabkab and Zahedi https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_63424.html 10.22059/ijswr.2017.207612.667468 0 به­منظور بررسی تأثیر مقدار آب در آبیاری قطره­ای زیرسطحی بر کارایی مصرف آب، عملکرد خرما، اجزای عملکرد و تعیین مناسب‌ترین تیمار آبیاری در دو رقم خرما، آزمایشی به­صورت کرت­های یک‌بار خردشده در قالب بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با 3 تکرار برای دو سال زراعی (1394-1392) در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی بهبهان اجرا گردید. فاکتور اصلی مقدار آب در آبیاری قطره­ای زیرسطحی در سه ســطح بر اساس 75%، 100% و 125% نیاز آبی و فاکتور فرعی، رقم در دو سطح شامل کبکاب و زاهدی بود. در تمام صفات کمی به­جز کارایی مصرف آب ازجمله وزن حبه و هسته، طول، تعداد حبه در خوشه، عملکرد خرما و کارایی مصرف آب اختلاف معنی­داری بین تیمارهای سطوح مختلف آب وجود نداشت. لذا مصرف زیاد آب در تیمارهای 100 و 125 درصد نیاز آبی نسبت به تیمار 75 درصد موجب نشده تا هر دو رقم خرما از نظر صفات کمی نسبت به تیماری که کمترین آب را دریافت نموده برتری داشته باشند. . به­طوری­که با مصرف 3/7545 مترمکعب در هکتار آب در تیمار 75% نیاز آبی علاوه بر صرفه­جویی در مصرف آب به میزان 0/25 و 0/40 درصد نسبت به تیمارهای 100 و 125 درصد نیاز آبی، عملکرد این تیمار 9/6396 کیلوگرم در هکتار و کارایی مصرف آب آن نیز 848/0 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب به­ثبت رسید. دو رقم کبکاب و زاهدی نیز از نظر عملکرد و کارایی مصرف آب اختلاف معنی­داری نداشتند. به­طوری که در رقم کبکاب میزان عملکرد 1/5857 کیلوگرم در هکتار و کارایی مصرف آب نیز 610/0 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب به ثبت رسید. 1 In order to investigate the effect of the amount of water in subsurface drip irrigation on water use efficiency, performance dates, yield components, and determine the best irrigation in two varieties of palm, a split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications for the second year experiment (2014-2015) was carried out in Behbahan agricultural Research Station. The main factor was the amount of water in subsurface drip irrigation at three levels based on 75%, 100% and 125% water requirement and sub-plots, the two Variety of Kabkab and Zahedi. in all quantitative traits except water use efficiency such as berry weight and the core, length, number of berries per cluster, date yield and water use efficiency, water levels, there were significant differences between treatments. As 2582.1 cubic meters per hectare consumption of water in the treatment of 75% water requirement in addition to saving water consumption by as much as 28.8 and 45.5 percent compared to 100 and 125% water requirement, The yield of the Treatment Research 6563.6 kg and water use efficiency was calculated as 2.542 kilograms per cubic meter. Two varieties of palm Kabkab and Zahedi also not significantly different in terms of yield and water use efficiency. So that in the hearts 6134.9 kg per hectare yield and water use efficiency was calculated 1.721 kilograms per cubic meter. 543 553 نادر سلامتی Nader Salamati نادر سلامتی - استادیار پژوهش و عضو هیات علمی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان- سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اهواز، ایران ایران nadersalamati@yahoo.com حسین دهقانی سانیچ Hosein Dehghani Sanich حسین دهقانی سانیج، دانشیار پژوهش، موسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران ایران dehghanisanij@yahoo.com نخل عملکرد کمی و کیفی سطوح متفاوت آب Ahmed, T. F., Hashmi, H. N. and Ghumman, A. R. (2011). Performance assessment of Subsurface Drip irrigation System using pipes of varying flexibility. Mehran Univer-sity Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, 30 (3): 361-370. [ISSN 0254-7821].##Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D. and Smith, M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, Rome, Italy.##Al-Rumaih, M., and Kassem, M.A. (2003). The effect of irrigation interval on the yield and quality of palms dates. The Canadian Soci. for Eng. in Agri., Food and Biological Systems meeting. Montreal, conada: 43-58.##Al-Amoud, A. I., Fawzi, S. Mohammad Saad., Al-Hamed, A. and Ahmed M. Alabdulkader. (2000) reference evapo-transpiration and date palm water use in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. International Research Journal of Agricul- tural Science and Soil Science(ISSN: 2251-0044), 2(4): 155-169, April ( 2012). Available online http://www.interes-journals.org/IRJAS##Al-Zaidi, A. A., Baig, M. B., Elhag, E. A. and Al-Juhani, M. A. (2013). Farmers’ attitude towards the traditional and modern irrigation methods in Tabuk region - King-dom of Saudi Arabia. Chapter 8. in. Science, Policy and Politics of Modern Agricultural System: Global Context to local Dynamics of Sustainable Agriculture. Springer Science+business.##AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 15 the dn. Washington, D.C.Association of Official Analytical Chemists.##Ayars, J. E., R. A. Schoneman, F. Dale, B. Meso and P. Shouse. (2001). Managing subsurface drip irrigation in the presence of shallow ground water. Agric. Water Manage. 47(3): 243-264.##Darfaoui, El-Mostafa and Al-Assiri, A. (2010). response to climate change in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A report prepared for FAO-RNE. Available at: Accessed on March 23, 2013.##FAO. (2002). Date palm cultivation. FAoPlant production and protection paper 156 rev. 1. Food and Agriculture organi-zation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.##FAO. (2009). Water and agriculture in Saudi Arabia. AQUASTAT - FAO’s Information System on Water and Agriculture. Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations. Available at: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/saudi_arabia/index.stm; Accessed on March 28, 2013.##Foakwa, E.O., Paterson, A., Fowler, M. and Vieira, J. (2008). Particle size distribution and compositional effects on textural properties and appearance of dark chocolates. Journal of Food Engineering ,87,p 181-190##Farzamneeya, M. and Raveri, Z. (2005). Less impact on yield and water use efficiency in Bam Mazafati date. Journal of Agriculture, 28 (1): 79-86. (in Farsi)##Ghafarinezhad, A. (2001). Determining the depth of irrigation projects around Palm Mazafati drip method. Bam. Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Kerman province. (in Farsi)##Hoseini, Z. (1990). conventional methods for food analysis, Shiraz University Press. (in Farsi)##KACST, (2012). Strategic Priorities for agricultural research. King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. Ministry of Economy and Planning, Doc. No. 40P0001-PLN-0001-er01. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Accessed on March 28, 2012. Available at: http://nstip.kacst.edu.sa/cs/groups/public/documents/document/~edisp/agricul-turetech.pdf##Karami, E. (2006). Appropriateness of farmers’ adoption of irrigation methods: The application of AHP model. Agricultural Systems, 87:101-119. Doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2005.01.001.##Karami, YA., Hoseini, Y. and Rezazadeh, R. (2012). The effect of depth and irrigation methods on yield and fruit characteristics in Minab Halil dates. National Scientific Conference and Festival Dates Iran. Kerman Bahonar Shahid University. (in Farsi)##Liebenberg, P.J. and Zaid, A. (2002). Date Palm irrigation. Chapter 7. in. Date palm cultivation. Plant Production Pa-per 156 rev.1. Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations (FAO). Rome, Italy.##Mohebi, A. (2005). The effects of both surface and drip irrigation water on yield and quality traits Piarom date. Journal of Soil and Water Sciences. Volume 19. Number 1. Pages 124 - 130 . (in Farsi).##Mohebi, A. and Alihouri, M. (2013). The effect of depth and irrigation on the productivity, performance and vegetative characteristics Piarom palm. Journal of water Research in Agricultural, B, Volume 27, Number 4: 455 -464. (in Farsi)##Oron, G., Demalach, J., Hoffman, Z. And Cibotaru, R. (1991). Subsurface microirrigation with effluent. J. Irrig. Drain. -ASCE 117, 25–36.##Pezhman, H. (2002). A view on date palm situation and its research program in IRAN. Proc. of Date Palm Global Network Establishment Meeting, UAE University, Al Ain: 71-80.##Phene, C.J. (1995). The sustainability and potential of subsurface drip irrigation. In; Proc. 5th int. Microirrigation Congress,##Radmehr, A. (2010). Results of sample statistics design of orchards. The Ministry  of Jehad-e- Agriculture Press, Pp: 27-29. (In Persian).##Rastegari, H. and Zargari, H. (2011). Effects of water stress on yield and quality of Shahani date. Seventh Congress of Horticultural Sciences. Iran, Isfahan University of Technology 1608- 1610. . (in Farsi)##Singh, S.D., and P. Singh. (1978). Value of drip irrigation compared with conventional irrigation for vegetable production in a hot arid climate, Agron. J., 70(6): 945-47.##Sivanappan, RK.  (1998). Low cost micro irrigation system for all crops and all  farmers In: Proceedings of Workshop Micro  irrigation and Sprinkler irrigation systems April 1998 at New  Delhi.  Organized  by Central Board of Irrigation and Power, Edited  by CVJ Verma,  pp.  IV-15-IV-20.##

0 اثر نسبت عرض نوار کاشت به عرض نوار نکاشت بر شوری ناحیه ریشه در زهکشی خشک Study on effect of increasing ratio of cultivated to uncultivated strip width on root zone salinity reduction in Dry Drainage https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_63425.html 10.22059/ijswr.2017.63425 0 حجم بالای زه‏آب خروجی از سامانه‏های زهکشی و کیفیت نامطلوب آن‏ها، دو چالش بزرگ پیش روی بهره‏برداران این سامانه‏ها است. در این میان، در مناطقی که سطح زمین به نسبت مقدار آب موجود زیاد است، زهکشی خشک می‏تواند با هزینه‏های کمتر و همچنین سازگاری بیشتر با محیط‌زیست، به حل این مشکل کمک کند. در این تحقیق نسبت عرض نوار کاشت به کاشته‏نشده به‌عنوان یکی از عوامل مهم در کارایی زهکشی خشک موردبررسی قرار گرفت. با استفاده از دو لایسیمتر تحقیقاتی در پردیس ابوریحان دانشگاه تهران در سال 1394، عملکرد دو نسبت عرض کاشت به کاشته‏نشده متفاوت 1:1 و 1:2(کاشت: کاشته‏نشده) بر کاهش شوری خاک ناحیه ریشه مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. در این آزمایش از چمن اسپرت در قسمت کاشت استفاده شد. بافت خاک لومی و شوری آب آبیاری dS/m 3 بود. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که در شرایط آزمایش، با افزایش سهم قسمت کاشت و استفاده بیشتر از زمین، تعادل نمک در ناحیه ریشه همچنان حفظ شده و عرض کاشت به کاشته‏نشده 2 به 1 قابل‌قبول بود. ولی با افزایش این نسبت، مقدار نمک جمع شده در ناحیه کاشته‏نشده افزایش یافت که در این صورت مدیریت بهتری برای جمع‏آوری نمک لازم خواهد بود. همچنین نتایج هرکدام از لایسیمترها به‌طور جداگانه نشان داد زهکشی خشک توانایی انتقال نمک از قسمت کاشت به قسمت کاشته‏نشده را دارد و پس از مدتی، غلظت نمک در ناحیه ریشه به تعادل خواهد رسید. شوری قسمت کاشت در ناحیه توسعه ریشه برای هر دو لایسیمتر در انتهای آزمایش، از dS/m 6 فراتر نرفت که این مقدار حدود دو برابر شوری آب آبیاری بود. 1 High volume of drained water and low quality are two major challenges of subsurface drainage systems’ operators. Dry Drainage (DD) can solve these problems with low cost and environmental considerations where the irrigation water is much less than the amount to satisfy the extent of the available land. Results of previous studies showed that by DD, we can control salinity of root zone with leave half of land. In this study, ratio of cultivated strip width to uncultivated strip width was investigated as a major effective parameter on DD efficiency. This study was conducted with two lysimeters at research field located in University of Teharn, Abouraihan College on 2015, by considering of two different ratios of cultivated strip width to uncultivated strip width (1:1 and 2:1). Sport grass was used in cultivated strip as reference crop. Soil texture was Loam and irrigation water salinity was 3 dS/m. Irrigation water was produced by mixing of tap water and saline water of Qazvin’s Marshland. Results showed that, salt balance in root zone can be maintained by increasing amount of cultivated strip width. Though ratio of 2:1 will be accepted but we should consider that by increasing this ratio, amount of accumulated salt at uncultivated strip will be increased, therefore we need better management to remove salt in this condition. Also results of each lysimeters showed independently that, Dry Drainage has ability of transporting salt from cultivated areas to uncultivated areas and after a while, root zone salt concentration will be balanced. Soil salinity of cultivated strip did not exceed 6 dS/m at end of test; nearly twice the salinity of the irrigation water. 555 563 مسعود سلطانی Masood Soltani دانشجوی دکتری مهندسی آبیاری و زهکشی، دانشگاه تهران، پردیس ابوریحان ایران soltani.ikiu@gmail.com علی رحیمی خوب Ali Rahimi Khoob پردیس ابوریحان ایران akhob@ut.ac.ir عباس ستوده نیا Abbas Sotoodehnia دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی(ره)، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی ایران absotoodehniako@yahoo.com حرکت آب و نمک شوری خاک زهکشی خشک نوار تبخیر Akram, S. Kashkouli, H.A and Akram, M. (2008). Salinity and water table control in dry drainage. In: Proceeding of 10th International Drainage Workshop of ICID working group on drainage, 6-11 July, Helsinki, Tallinn. Pp. 385-386.##Asghar, M.N., (1996). Computer simulation of salinity control by means of an evaporative sink. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.##Azari, A. (2004). Drainage by a capillary flow and evaporation, 3th Workshop on Drainage and Environment, Iranian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage, 14 Oct, Iran, Tehran, pp.49-58. (In Farsi).##CISEAU. (2006). Extent of salinization and strategies for salt-affected land prevention and rehabilitation. Electronic Conference on Salinization, http://www.dgroups.org/groups/fao/salinization-conf/index.cfm?op=dsp_info.##DPIPWEA (Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment of Australia), (2003). Environmental Best Practice Guidelines. Minimizing Environmental Harm from Agricultural Drainage Channels. Tasmania: DPIWE, 1-3.##Doosti, A., Sotoodehnia, A., Liaghat, A.M. and Daneshkar Arasteh, P. (2014). Simulation of dry drainage to determine the ratio of the width of non-cropped to cropped strip. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 45(1), 47-54. (In Farsi).##Dougherty, T. C. and Hall, AW. (1995). FAO irrigation and drainage paper 53: Environmental impact assessment of irrigation and drainage projects. Rome: FAO, 43-45.##Gowing J W and Wyseure G C L. (1992). Dry-drainage, a sustainable and cost-effectible solution to water logging and salinization. In: Proceedings of 5th International Drainage workshop, 8-15 Feb, Lahore, Pakistan: International Committee on Irrigation and Drainage, pp.6.26-6.34.##Hanson, B.R., (1989). A system approach to drainage reduction in the San Joaquin Valley. Agriculture Water Management. 16, 97–108.##Khouri, N. (1998). Potential of dry drainage for controlling soil salinity. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 25(2), 195-205.##Konukcu, F. Gowing, J. W. and Rose, D. A. (2006). Dry drainage: A sustainable solution to waterlogging and salinity problems in irrigation areas? Agricultural Water Management, 83(1-2), 1-12.##Kovda, V. A. (1971). Origin of saline soils and their regime. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 168-172.##Shimojima, E. Yoshioka, R. and Tamagawa, I. (1996). Salinization owing to evaporation from bare-soil surfaces and its influences on the evaporation. Journal of Hydrology, 178(1-4), 109-136.##Sharma, D.P. and Tyagi, N.K., (2004). On-farm management of saline drainage water in arid and semi-arid regions. Irrigation and Drainage, 53, 87-103.##WARDA (West Africa Rice Development Association). (1997). Annual Report, pp.36-44.##Wichelns, D. and Oster, J. D. (2006). Sustainable irrigation is necessary and achievable, but direct costs and environmental impacts can be substantial. Agricultural Water Management, 86(1-2). 114-127.##

0 اثر توأم تشکیل سله و درز و شکاف سطحی بر هدایت هیدرولیکی اشباع خاک The combined effect of crusting and surface cracking on the of the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_63426.html 10.22059/ijswr.2017.63426 0 سطح اغلب خاک‌های مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک دارای سله، درز و شکاف است که تأثیر بسزایی بر هدایت هیدرولیکی خاک ‌دارند. به این منظور در تحقیق حاضر به مطالعه تغییرات زمانی تراکم درز و شکاف، تشکیل سله و تأثیر این پدیده‌ها بر هدایت هیدرولیکی اشباع خاک پرداخته‌ شد. آزمایش در سه خاک با بافت­های (رسی، لومی و لوم‌رس‌شنی) طی چهار تداوم باران (15، 30، 45 و 60 دقیقه) در 8 تکرار طراحی شد. بر اساس نتایج، خاک لوم‌رس‌شنی دارای کم‌ترین مقدار هدایت هیدرولیکی اشباع بود (cm/h 02/21). علت این موضوع ضخامت بیش‌تر سله (mm 16/3) و تراکم کم‌تر درز و شکاف (m/m292/1) در خاک لوم‌‌رس‌شنی نسبت به دو خاک لومی و رسی ارزیابی شد. خاک رسی، به دلیل ضریب انبساط‌پذیری خطی بالاتر دارای بیش‌ترین تراکم درز و شکاف بود. این موضوع سبب افزایش هدایت هیدرولیکی این خاک نسبت به نمونه قبل از بارندگی شد. 1 Many soils in arid and semiarid regions have crust and crack that have great effect on soil hydraulic conductivity. For this purpose in this study, to study the changes in the density of seams, formed crust and the impact of this phenomenons on the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil will be discussed. Experiment was conducted in three soil textures (clay, loam and sandy clay loam) and four continuing (15, 30, 45, 60 minute) rainfall and at 8 reps. Based on results, sandy clay Loam soil was the lowest amount of saturated hydraulic conductivity (21.02 cm/h). Due to this issue was diagnosed higher crust thickness (3.16 mm) and less crack dense (1.92m/m2) in sandy clay loam soil than clay and loam soil. In clay soil, Due to higher linear expansion coefficient of crack density was highest. This issue was cause increased the hydraulic conductivity of this soil than the sample before rainfall. 565 572 زهرا رمضانی Zahra ramezani مدرس حق التدریس دانشگاه پیام نور قم ایران ramezani.zahra.90@gmail.com علی رضا واعظی AliReza vaezi هیت علمی دانشگاه زنجان دانشکده کشاورزی گروه خاکشناسی ایران vaezi.alireza@gmail.com فاطمه بابایی fateme babaei دانشجوی دکتری فیزیکو حفاظت خاک دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه زنجان ایران fbabaei_a@yahoo.com تراکم درز و شکاف ضخامت سله ضریب انبساط‌پذیری خطی Asadi, H., Mahmoud, n. And Heidari, or. 2007. Surface Sealing Formation effect on the dynamics of sheet erosion. Tenth Congress of Soil Science. Karaj, 1148-1149.##Assouline, S. (2004). Rainfall-induced soil surface sealing: a critical review of observations, conceptual models and solutions. Vadose Zone Journal, 3: 570–591.##Assouline, S. and Mualem, Y. (2002). Infiltration during soil sealing: The effect of areal heterogeneity of soil hydraulic properties. Water Resour. 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0 برآورد برخی ویژگی‌های مبنایی خاک‌ توسط طیف‌سنجی مرئی - مادون قرمز نزدیک در استان کردستان Predicting some soil properties using VIS-NIR spectroscopy in the Kurdistan province https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_63427.html 10.22059/ijswr.2017.211591.667498 0 طیف­سنجی مرئی-مادون قرمز نزدیک به­عنوان روشی غیر مخرب، سریع، ارزان، دارای حداقل آماده­سازی نمونه­ها و بدون آسیب به زیست­بوم می­تواند جایگزین روش­های مرسوم آزمایشگاهی شود. هدف از این پژوهش ارزیابی طیف­سنجی انعکاسی در برآورد برخی ویژگی­های خاک­های دشت­های کشاورزی قروه و دهگلان در استان کردستان بود. بدین منظور تعداد 120 نمونه خاک از منطقه مورد مطالعه جمع­آوری و ویژگی­های مبنایی آن­ها در آزمایشگاه با روش­های استاندارد اندازه­گیری شد. آنالیز طیفی خاک­ها با استفاده از دستگاه طیف­سنجی زمینی با طول موج 2500- 350 نانومتر انجام شد. پس از ثبت طیف­ها انواع روش­های پیش­پردازش مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. سپس از رگرسیون خطی چند­گانه گام­به­گام، برای پیش­بینی پارامترهای مورد­مطالعه استفاده گردید. با توجه به آماره RPD، بهترین تخمین توابع رگرسیونی پیشنهادی برای ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی (02/2) و تخمین‌هایی قابل قبول برای رس (70/1)، سیلت (59/1)، شن (80/1)، جرم ویژه ظاهری (53/1) و حقیقی (55/1)، میانگین قطر ذرات (52/1) و انحراف معیار هندسی قطر ذرات خاک (66/1)، کربن آلی (74/1) و کربنات کلسیم معادل (49/1) به‌دست آمد. 1 The visible and near-infrared (VIS-NIR) spectroscopy are non-destructive, rapid, cost-effective techniques, with minimal samples preparation and no loss or damage to the environment that could be alternatives to conventional soil analysis methods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of VIS-NIR spectroscopy to predict some soil properties of Qorveh and Dehgolan plains, Kurdistan Province. For this propose, 120 soil samples were collected from the study area. Soil properties were measured by standard laboratory methods. The soils spectral reflectance over 350 to 2500 nm range were measured using a handheld spectrometer apparatus. Different pre-processing techniques were evaluated after recording the spectra. Stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) was used to estimate some soil properties. According to RPD values, statistically percision predictions were obtained for cation exchange capacity (2.02), and estimations for clay (1.7), silt (1.59), sand (1.8), geometric mean particle diameter (1.52) and geometric particle-size standard deviations (1.66), bulk density (1.53), particle density (1.55), organic carbon (1.74) and calcium carbonate equivale (1.49) were acceptable. 573 585 صلاح الدین کریمی salaheddin Karimi دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد علوم خاک دانشگاه کردستان ایران salahkaarimi@yahoo.com مسعود داوری Masood Davari عضو هیئت علمی گروه علوم خاک دانشگاه کردستان ایران davari_ma@yahoo.com حسینعلی بهرامی Hoseinali Bahrami عضوهیئت علمی گروه خاکشناسی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران bahramih@modares.ac.ir ابراهیم بابائیان Ibrahim Babaeian محقق پسا دکتری، گروه آب خاک و محیط زیست، دانشگاه اریزونا ایران e_babaeian@yahoo.com سید محمد طاهر حسینی Seyem Mohamad Taher Hoseini عضو هیئت علمی گروه علوم خاک دانشگاه کردستان ایران ta.hossaini@uok.ac.ir بازتاب طیفی خاک پیش‌پردازش طیفی ویژگی‌های خاک Babaeian, E., M. Homaee, C. Montzka, H. Vereecken, and A.A. Norouzi. (2015a). Towards retrieving soil hydraulic properties by hyperspectral remote sensing. Vadoze Zone J. 14(3),doi: 10.2136/ vzj2014.07.0080.##Babaeian, E., Homaee, M., Vereecken, H., Montzka, C., Norouzi, A. A., & van Genuchten, M. T. (2015b). A Comparative Study of Multiple Approaches for Predicting the Soil–Water Retention Curve: Hyperspectral Information vs. Basic Soil Properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 79, 1043-1058.##Ben-Dor, E., Banin, A. (1995). Near-infrared analysis as a rapid method to simultaneously evaluate several soil properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 59, 364-372.##Bilgili, A. V., Van Es, H. M., Akbas, F., Durak, A., & Hively, W. D. (2010). Visible-near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for assessment of soil properties in a semi-arid area of Turkey. Journal of Arid Environments, 74(2), 229-238.##Cecillon, L.C., Barthesb, B.G., Gomez, C., Ertlen, D., Genot, V., Hedde, M., Stevengs, A. and Brun, J. (2009). Assessment and monitoring of soil quality using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). European Journal of SoilScience, 60, 770–784.##Clark, R.N., King, T.V.V., Klejwa, M., Swayze, G.A. and Vergo, N. (1990). High spectral resolution reflectance spectroscopy of minerals. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 12653–12680.##Daniel, K.W., Tripathi, N.K. and Honda, K. (2003). Artificial neural network analysis of laboratory and in situ spectra for the estimation of macronutrients in soils of Lop Buri (Thailand). Australian Journal of Soil Research, 41, 47–59.##Debaene, G., Niedzwiecki, J., & Pecio, A. (2010). Visible and near-infrared spectrophotometer for soil analysis: preliminary results. Polish Journal of Agronomy, 3, 3-9.##Demattê, J. A. M., Bellinaso, H., Romero, D. J., & Fongaro, C. T. (2014). Morphological Interpretation of Reflectance Spectrum (MIRS) using libraries looking towards soil classification. Scientia Agricola, 71(6), 509-520.##Demattê, J., Sousa, A.A., Alves, M.C., Nanni, M.R., Fiorio, P.R., Campos, R.C. (2006). Determining soil water status and other soil characteristics by spectral proximal sensing. Geoderma, 135, 179-195.##Genot, V., Colinet, G., Bock, L., Vanvyve, D., Reusen, Y. and Dardenne, P. (2011). Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for estimating soil characteristics valuable in the diagnosis of soil fertility. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy, 19, 117-138.##Gomez, C., Lagacherie, P., & Coulouma, G. (2012). Regional predictions of eight common soil properties and their spatial structures from hyperspectral Vis–NIR data. Geoderma, 189, 176-185.##Gomez, C., Lagacherie, P., Coulouma, G. (2008). Continuum removal versus PLSR method for clay and calcium carbonate content estimation from laboratory and airborne hyperspectral measurements. Geoderma, 148, 141-148.##Hunt, G. R. (1977). Spectral signatures of particulate minerals in the visible and near infrared. Geophysics, 42(3), 501-513.##Janik, L.J., Forrester, S.T. and Rawson, A. (2009). The prediction of soil chemical and physical properties from mid-infrared spectroscopy and combined partial least-squares regression and neural networks (PLS-NN) analysis. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 97, 179-188.##Kim, I., Pullanagari, R.R., Deurer, M., Singh, R., Huh, K.Y., Clothier, B.E. (2014). The use of visible and near-infrared spectroscopy for the analysis of soil water repellency. European Journal of Soil Science, 65, 360-368.##Klute, A. (1986). Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods (No. Ed. 2). American Society of Agronomy, Inc.##Kodaira, M., Shibusawa, S. (2013). Using a mobile real-time soil visible-near infrared sensor for high resolution soil property mapping. 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Spectral reflectance methodology in comparison to traditional soil analysis. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70(2), 393-407.##Nocita, M., Stevens, A., Noon, C., van Wesemael, B. (2013). Prediction of soil organic carbon for different levels of soil moisture using Vis-NIR spectroscopy. Geoderma, 199, 37-42.##Page, A. L., Miller, R. H., & Keeney, D. R. (1982). Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. American Society of Agronomy. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, 1159.##Savvides, A., Corstanje, R., Baxter, S.J., Rawlins, B.J. and Lark, R.M. (2010). The relationship between diffuse spectral reflectance of the soil and its cation exchange capacity is scale dependent. Geoderma, 154, 353–358.##Shepherd, K.D., Walsh, M.G. (2002). Development of reflectance spectral libraries for characterization of soil properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66, 988-998.##Shirazi, M.A., Boersma, L. (1984). A unifying quantitative analysis of soil texture. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 48, 142-147.##Stenberg, B., Rossel, R. A. V., Mouazen, A. M., & Wetterlind, J. (2010). Chapter five-visible and near infrared spectroscopy in soil science. Advances in Agronomy, 107, 163-215.##Stoner, E.R., Baumgardner, M. (1981). Characteristic variations in reflectance of surface soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 45, 1161-1165.##Summers, D., Lewis, M., Ostendorf, B., and Chittleborough, D. (2011). Visible near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy as a predictive indicator of soil properties. Ecological Indicators, 11(1), 123-131.##Viscarra Rossel, R.A.V. (2008). ParLeS: Software for chemometric analysis of spectroscopic data. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 90, 72–83.## Viscarra Rossel, R., McGlynn, R., McBratney, A. (2006). Determining the composition of mineral-organic mixes using UV–vis–NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Geoderma, 137, 70-82.##Willmott, C.J. (1981). On the validation of models. Physical Geography, 2, 184–194.##Workman, J., (2000). Handbook of Organic Compounds: UV-Vis and NIR spectra. Academic press, pp. 77-197.##

0 بررسی دقت اطلاعات بارش شبکه‌بندی شده جهانی در حوضه دریاچه ارومیه Evaluation of Global Gridded Precipitation Datasets Accuracy over Urmia Lake Basin, Iran https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_63429.html 10.22059/ijswr.2017.218015.667553 0 در این مقاله به ارزیابی دقت اطلاعات چهار پایگاه بارش شبکه­بندی شده جهانی شامل CRU، GPCC، PCDR و DEL در حوضه دریاچه ارومیه پرداخته شده است. بدین منظور از بارش مشاهداتی در شش ایستگاه همدیدی شامل ارومیه، مهاباد، تکاب، تبریز، مراغه و سقز بین سال­های 1984 تا 2013 استفاده شد. ارزیابی­ها بر اساس ضریب کارایی نش-ساتکلیف (NSE)، ضریب همبستگی (CC)، جذر میانگین مربعات خطا (RMSE) و Bias انجام گرفت. نتایج در تمام مقیاس­ها (ماهانه، فصلی و سالانه)، حاکی از عملکرد مناسب GPCC بود. برای مثال در مقیاس سالانه، GPCC به ترتیب با NSE،CC  و RMSE برابر با 87/0، 94/0 و 12/31 میلی­متر، بهتر از سایر پایگاه­ها عمل نموده است. بر اساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده، عملکرد CRU نیز قابل‌قبول است. این پایگاه بر اساس Bias بهتر از GPCC عمل کرده است. همچنین PCDR و DEL عملکرد قابل قبولی در هیچ مقیاس زمانی نداشته­اند. 1 The present study aims to analyze the accuracy of four global gridded precipitation datasets namely CRU, GPCC, PCDR, DEL over Lake Urmia basin, Iran. To this end, observed data have been collected from six synoptic stations namely Urmia, Mahabad, Takab, Tabriz, Maragheh and Saqqez over a period of 30 years (1984-2013). Evaluation was done based on Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), correlation coefficient (CC), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Bias. Results on all scales (monthly, seasonal and annual) showed the proper performance of the GPCC. For example, in annual scale, GPCC, outperformed other databases with NSE, CC and RMSE values of 0.87, 0.94, and 31.12 mm respectively. According to the results, performance of the CRU is acceptable. This dataset has been performed better than the GPCC, based on Bias. Also PCDR''s and DEL''s performance were unacceptable in all time scales. 587 598 سید محمد حسینی موغاری Seyed-Mohammad Hosseini-Moghari دانشجوی دکتری/ دانشگاه تهران ایران hosseini_sm@ut.ac.ir شهاب عراقی نژاد Shahab Araghinejad دانشیار/دانشگاه تهران ایران araghinejad@ut.ac.ir کیومرث ابراهیمی Kumars Ibrahimi گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی ایران ebrahimik@ut.ac.ir پایگاه بارش CRU GPCC PCDR DEL Ashouri, H., Hsu, K. L., Sorooshian, S., Braithwaite, D. K., Knapp, K. R., Cecil, L. D., and Prat, O. P. (2015). PERSIANN-CDR: Daily precipitation climate data record from multisatellite observations for hydrological and climate studies. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96(1): 69-83.##Azizi, G., Safarrad, T., Mohammadi, H., Faraji Sabokbar, H. (2016). Evaluation and Comparison of Reanalysis Precipitation Data in Iran. Physical Geography Research Quarterly, 48(1): 33-49. (In Farsi)##Behrangi, A., Khakbaz, B., Jaw, T. C., AghaKouchak, A., Hsu, K., and Sorooshian, S. (2011). Hydrologic evaluation of satellite precipitation products over a mid-size basin. Journal of Hydrology, 397(3): 225-237.##Belo Pereira, M., Dutra, E., and Viterbo, P. (2011). Evaluation of global precipitation data sets over the Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 116(D20).##Duan, Z., Liu, J., Tuo, Y., Chiogna, G., and Disse, M. (2016). Evaluation of eight high spatial resolution gridded precipitation products in Adige Basin (Italy) at multiple temporal and spatial scales. Science of The Total Environment. In Press.##Ebert, E. E., Janowiak, J. E., and Kidd, C. (2007). Comparison of near-real-time precipitation estimates from satellite observations and numerical models. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 88(1): 47.##Ghajarnia, N., Liaghat, A., and Arasteh, P. D. (2015). Comparison and evaluation of high resolution precipitation estimation products in Urmia Basin-Iran. Atmospheric Research, 158: 50-65.##Guo, H., Bao, A., Liu, T., Chen, S., and Ndayisaba, F. (2016). Evaluation of PERSIANN-CDR for Meteorological Drought Monitoring over China. Remote Sensing, 8(5): 379.##Hajihoseini, H., Hajihosseini, M., Najafi, A., Morid, S., and Delavar, M. (2015). Assessment of changes in hydro-meteorological variables upstream of helmand basin during the last century using CRU data and SWAT model. Iran-Water Resources Research, 10(3): 38-52. (In Farsi)##Javanmard, S., Yatagai, A., Nodzu, M. I., BodaghJamali, J., and Kawamoto, H. (2010). Comparing high-resolution gridded precipitation data with satellite rainfall estimates of TRMM_3B42 over Iran. Advances in Geosciences, 25: 119-125.##Jiang, S. H., Zhou, M., Ren, L. L., Cheng, X. R., and Zhang, P. J. (2016). Evaluation of latest TMPA and CMORPH satellite precipitation products over Yellow River Basin. Water Science and Engineering, 9(2): 87-96.##Katiraie-Boroujerdy, P. S., Ashouri, H., Hsu, K. L., and Sorooshian, S. (2016). Trends of precipitation extreme indices over a subtropical semi-arid area using PERSIANN-CDR. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 1-12.##Meng, J., Li, L., Hao, Z., Wang, J., and Shao, Q. (2014). Suitability of TRMM satellite rainfall in driving a distributed hydrological model in the source region of Yellow River. Journal of Hydrology, 509: 320-332.##Moazami, S., Golian, S., Kavianpour, M. R., and Hong, Y. (2013). Comparison of PERSIANN and V7 TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) products with rain gauge data over Iran. International journal of remote sensing, 34(22): 8156-8171.##Ongoma, V., and Chen, H. (2016). Temporal and spatial variability of temperature and precipitation over East Africa from 1951 to 2010. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 1-14.##Su, F., Hong, Y., and Lettenmaier, D. P. (2008). Evaluation of TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) and its utility in hydrologic prediction in the La Plata Basin. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 9(4): 622-640.##Tanarhte, M., Hadjinicolaou, P., and Lelieveld, J. (2012). Intercomparison of temperature and precipitation data sets based on observations in the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 117(D12).##Xu, H., Xu, C. Y., Chen, S., and Chen, H. (2016). Similarity and difference of global reanalysis datasets (WFD and APHRODITE) in driving lumped and distributed hydrological models in a humid region of China. Journal of Hydrology. In Press.##

0 تبادل دو‌گانه K-Ca توسط یک رس جدا شده از خاک با مینرالوژی غالب ایلایت (میکا): 2- تعیین ضرایب انتخاب‌گری و پارامترهای ترمودینامیکی و اثر تخلیه پتاسیم بر آن‌ها Binary K-Ca exchange on a clay separated from a soil with dominate illite (mica) mineralogy: 2- Determination of selectivity Coefficients and thermodynamic parameters and effects on them of K-depletion https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_63445.html 10.22059/ijswr.2017.209678.667477 0 در این مطالعه ضرایب انتخاب‌گری مربوط به تبادل K-Ca در رس‌ جدا شده از خاک ایلایتی و تخلیه شده برای زمان‌های متفاوت 0، 6، 25 و 150 ساعت در دو قدرت یونی 3/0 و 002/0 مولار محاسبه و پارامترهای ترمودینامیکی مربوطه تعیین گردید. با افزایش جزء هم‌ارز پتاسیم (EK)، ضرایب انتخاب‌گری کر (KKer)، ونسلو (KV)، گاپون (KG)، گینز-توماس (KGT) و دیویس (KD) در همه رس‌ها افزایش یافت. در دامنه 7/0EK≤، 1KV< بود که گویای آن است که فاز تبادل‌گر در این دامنه پتاسیم را بر کلسیم ترجیح می‌دهد. در EK‌‌های خیلی بالا، کلسیم بر پتاسیم ترجیح داده شد. مدل رزماند-کرنفلد (KRK) به‌خوبی بر داده‌های تبادلی برازش یافت. پارامتر β در این معادله کوچکتر از 66/0 بود که حاکی از ناهمگنی مکان‌های تبادلی در رس‌های مورد مطالعه بود. مقادیر β، بر اثر تخلیه پتاسیم از رس کاهش یافت. علاوه ‌بر‌این، با کاهش قدرت یونی از 3/0 به 002/0 مولار، میانگین β کاهش یافت که گویای افزایش ناهمگنی بر اثر کاهش قدرت یونی بود. مدل محلول مرتب نیز به‌خوبی بر داده‌ها برازش یافت. برای همه رس‌ها Kex کوچکتر از 1 و G°exΔ مثبت بود. تفاوت معنا‌داری بین Kex رس‌های تخلیه شده به درجات متفاوت مشاهده نشد که گویای آن است که در رس‌های تخلیه شده و سپس فروریزش کرده، درجه تخلیه اولیه پتاسیم بر ویژگی‌های انتخاب‌گری رس تأثیری نداشته است. با کاهش قدرت یونی Kex افزایش و ΔG°ex کاهش ‌یافت که گویای کاهش تمایل برای جذب K+ نسبت به Ca2+ بود. با تغییر EK، Kex کمابیش ثابت بود. با افزایش ECa، ƒK کاهش و ƒCa افزایش یافت. مقایسه مقادیر ƒK و ƒCa محاسبه شده به دو روش ترمودینامیکی و مدل محلول مرتب نشان داد که مقادیر ƒK حاصل از مدل محلول مرتب بیشتر از ƒK محاسبه شده از روش ترمودینامیکی است. 1 Selectivity coefficients and thermodynamic parameters of K-Ca exchange in a clay separated from a soil with dominant illite (mica) mineralogy were studied at two different ionic strengths (0.3 and 0.002 M). The clay was depleted for periods of 0, 6, 25 and 150 hours. The values of the Kerr (KKer), the Vanselow (KV), the Gapon (KG), the Gaines-Thomas (KGT) and the Davies (KD) selectivity coefficients were increased with K saturation. In the range of EK≤0.7, KV was smaller than 1, suggested that the exchangers preferred K+ over Ca2+ in this range, however at high EK values, Ca2+ was preferentially selected. Rothmund-Kornfeld model was fitted well to exchange data. β in this equation was smaller than 0.66, demonstrating heterogeneity of exchange sites in the clays. The value of β decreased with K-depletion. Furthermore, β decreased with reduction in ionic strength from 0.3 to 0.002 M, indicating an increase in surface sites heterogeneity. Regular solution (RS) model was also well fitted to the data. Thermodynamic equilibrium constants (Kex) were smaller than 1 and the standard free energy of the exchange reactions (ΔG°ex) were positive in all clays. The values of Kex in different K-depleted clays were not significantly different, indicating that the depletion-collapse cycle of these illitic clays did not change their selectivity for K+ or Ca2+. The decrease in the ionic strength led to the increase in Kex and decrease in ΔG°ex, an indication of reduced tendency of clay for K+ relative to Ca2+. With increasing EK, Kex remained relatively constant. ƒK increased with ECa and ƒCa decreased. Comparison of ƒK and ƒCa calculated by the thermodynamic method and the regular solution model indicated that the values of ƒK in RS model were greater than of thermodynamic method. 599 612 مریم خلیلی راد Maryam Khalilirad دانشجوی دکتری، دانشکده مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران ایران m_khalilirad@guilan.ac.ir حسن توفیقی Hasan Towfighi دانشیار دانشکده مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران ایران htofighi@ut.ac.ir انرژی آزاد استاندارد واکنش تبادل K-Ca ثابت تعادل رس تخلیه شده از پتاسیم ضرایب انتخابگری Agbenin, J. O. and Yakubu, S. (2006). Potassium–calcium and potassium–magnesium exchange equilibria in an acid savanna soil from northern Nigeria. Geoderma, 136, 542–554.##Appel, C., Rhue, D., Ma, L. and Reve, B. (2002). Heat of K/Ca and K/Pb exchange in two tropical soils as measured by flow calorimetry. Soil Science, 167, 773–781.##Bernas, B. (1968). 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0 آنالیز توابع خطا در روش غیر‌خطی برآورد پارامترهای مدل‌های جذب سینتیکی و تعادلی Error function analysis in nonlinear parameter estimation method for kinetic and equilibrium sorption models https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_63446.html 10.22059/ijswr.2017.63446 0 تعیین مدل حاکم در زمینه مدل‌سازی جذب سینتیک و تعادلی نیازمند روشی مطمئن برای برآورد پارامترها می­باشد. در روش غیر­خطی، پارامترها بر اساس سعی و خطا با هدف مینیمم کردن خطا برآورد می­گردند. در این مطالعه اثر توابع خطای مختلف بر پارامترهای برآورد شده مدل‌های سینتیکی شبه مرتبه اول و دوم و مدل‌های تعادلی لانگمویر و فروندلیچ مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بهترین تابع بر اساس 239 سری داده سینتیکی و 129 سری داده تعادلی مستخرج از 100 مطالعه قبلی تعیین گردید. استفاده از توابع مختلف تغییرات زیادی در پارامترهای برآورد شده نشان داد، به‌گونه‌ای که بیشترین درصد تغییرات پارامترها به 100% نیز می­رسد. به کمک روش نرمال‌سازی خطا بر اساس داده­های آزمایشگاهی بهترین توابع خطا به ترتیب Errsq، Hybrd و Mpsd با متوسط خطای نرمال 3 و 4/3 و 6/3 می­باشند. روش‌های Ef و Crm نیز با توجه به داده­های آزمایشگاهی دارای بیشترین خطا می‌باشند. 1 A robust method for parameter estimation is required in determining the governing model in kinetic and equilibrium sorption modeling. In nonlinear method, parameters are estimated using a trial and error procedure to minimize an error function. In this study the effect of different error functions on estimated parameters of kinetic models (Pseudo First and second order) and equilibrium models (Langmuir and Freundlich) were examined. Best error function was determined using 239 series of kinetic data and 129 series of equilibrium data which are extracted from 100 previous studies. Using various error functions shows a lot of changes in estimated parameters, so that the largest changes for parameters is about 100%. using normalized error method based on experimental data, best error functions respectively are Errsq, Hybrd and Mpsd with average normal error of 3 and 3.4 and 3.6. 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0 جداسازی و شناسایی سیانوباکترها از خاک‌های فوق شور پارک ملی کویر Isolation and identification of cyanobacteria from Kavir National Park hypersaline soils https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_63448.html 10.22059/ijswr.2017.212139.667506 0 سیانوباکترها یک گروه منحصر به فرد از باکتری­های فتواتوتروف هستند که برخی از آن‌ها به دلیل ویژگی­های ساختاری، تحمل قابل توجهی به تنش شوری نشان می­دهند. این موجودات نقش مهمی در محیط­های خاکی به ویژه در نواحی خشک و نیمه­خشک ایفا می­کنند. در مطالعه حاضر سیانوباکترهای خاک از مناطق بیابانی ایران جداسازی شده و سپس جدایه­های مقاوم به شرایط فوق شور شناسایی شدند. 40 نمونه خاک از پارک ملی کویر تهیه شد. نمونه­ها پس از کشت در محیط BG11 و ASN III (5/3، 5، 6 و 7 درصد کلرید سدیم) و انکوباسیون در شرایط مناسب دمایی و نور، جداسازی شده و با استفاده از کلیدهای مورفولوژیکی به طور اولیه و سپس با روش مولکولی مورد شناسایی قرار گرفتند. از مجموع 40 مکان نمونه­برداری فقط از 4 مکان سویه­های سیانوباکتر مقاوم به شرایط فوق شور جداسازی شد. در محیط کشت فاقد کلرید سدیم 27 مورفوتایپ شناسایی شد که پنج سویه متعلق به دو جنس قادر به رشد در حضور 5/3 درصد کلرید سدیم بودند. در میان این پنج سویه، سه سویه در غلظت 5 و دو سویه در غلظت 6 درصد کلرید سدیم رشد کردند. تنها سویه Phormidium autumnale 61et قادر به تحمل غلظت 7 درصد کلرید سدیم بود که از مکانی با شوری 80/87 دسی زیمنس بر متر جداسازی شده بود. نتایج نشان داد که برخی از سیانوباکترهای جدا شده از خاک پارک ملی کویر قادرند در شرایط سخت مانند تنش شوری رشد کنند و توده بیولوژیکی فعالی را ایجاد نمایند. 1 Cyanobacteria are a unique group of photoautotrophic bacteria that some of them due to their structural characteristics show a significant tolerance to salinity. These organisms play an important role in terrestrial environments, especially in arid and semi-arid region. In this study, soil cyanobacteria were isolated from the desert regions of Iran and then isolates resistant to hypersaline conditions identified. 40 soil samples were collected from the Kavir National Park. Samples were separated after culture in BG11 and ASN III (3.5, 5, 6 and 7% of NaCl) mediums and incubated under appropriate conditions of temperature and light and identified initially using morphological keys and then by molecular methods. Out of 40 sampling sites cyanobacteria were isolated only from four hypersaline sites. Twenty-seven morphotypes were identified in medium without sodium chloride that five strains belonging to two genera were able to grow in the presence of 3.5% sodium chloride. Among the five strains, three strains in 5% and two strains in 6% of sodium chloride grew. 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0 اثر ریزجانداران حل‌کننده سیلیکات بر سینتیک آزادسازی پتاسیم از کانی‌های پتاسیم‌دار The role of silicate-solubilizing microorganisms on potassium release kinetics from K-bearing minerals https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_63449.html 10.22059/ijswr.2017.63449 0 در این پژوهش به­منظور مقایسه سینتیک رهاسازی پتاسیم از فلدسپار، ایلایت و فلوگوپایت در شرایط تلقیح میکروب­های حل­کننده سیلیکات­ها، آزمایشی به­صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 3 تکرار اجرا گردید. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل تلقیح میکروبی (باکتری، قارچ و بدون تلقیح)، کانی پتاسیمی (فلدسپار، ایلایت و فلوگوپایت) و زمان انکوباسیون (1، 2، 4، 8، 12، 16، 24، 32، 48 و 64 ساعت) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که تلقیح میکروبی منجر به افزایش رهاسازی پتاسیم شد و پتاسیم محلول (Ksol) در نمونه­های تلقیح یافته با باکتری و قارچ به‌ترتیب 3/92 و 8/92 درصد نسبت به نمونه­های شاهد افزایش یافت. تأثیر نوع کانی بر سینتیک رهاسازی پتاسیم نیز معنادار بود، به‌طوری­که رهاسازی پتاسیم از فلوگوپایت در مقایسه با فلدسپار و ایلایت به‌ترتیب 11/1 و 13/1 برابر بیشتر بود. بیشترین کاهش pH و افزایش Ksol در تیمار تلقیح­ یافته­ با قارچ در حضور کانی فلوگوپایت مشاهده شد، به‌طوری­که pH در این تیمار 69/2 واحد نسبت به شاهد (بدون تلقیح) کاهش و Ksol 38/7 واحد در مقایسه با شاهد افزایش یافت. در بین معادلات سینتیکی برازش داده شده، با توجه به مقادیر R2 و SEE سینتیک رهاسازی پتاسیم توسط معادلات ایلوویچ، تابع توانی، مرتبه اول و پخشیدگی سهموی به خوبی توصیف شد. در بین این چهار معادله، معادله تابع توانی به‌عنوان بهترین مدل برای برازش داده­ها تشخیص داده شد. همبستگی معنادار و معکوسی (***83/0- r=) بین Ksol و pH نیز مشاهده گردید. به‌طورکلی حضور ریزجانداران حل­کننده سیلیکات ‌منجر به افزایش میزان رهاسازی پتاسیم از کانی­های پتاسیم­دار می­شود. 1 In this study a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design performed in order to compare the kinetics of potassium (K) release from feldspar, illite and phlogopite in presence of microbial inoculation. The first factor involved microbial inoculation (bacteria, fungi and control), the second factor was K mineral types (feldspar, illite and phlogopite) and the third factor was incubation time (1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, and 64 hours). The results showed that microbial inoculation caused an increase in potassium release and soluble-K (Ksol) which in samples inoculated with bacteria and fungi increased 92.3 and 92.8 percent in comparison to control, respectively. Mineral type showed significant impact on the kinetics of potassium release, potassium release from phlogopite was 1.11 and 1.13 times higher than feldspar and illite, respectively. The maximum reduction of pH and the highest increase of soluble-K, was observed in phlogopite treatment which was inoculated with fungi. pH amount in this treatment was decreased 2.69 unit and Ksol was increased 7.38 unit compared to the control. Among the kinetic models which were fitted, according to R2 and SEE, kinetics of potassium release was described with ellovich, power function, first order and parabolic diffusion equations satisfactorily. Among these four equations, the power function equation was detected as the best model for data fitting. Significantly inverse correlation (r = -0.83**) was observed between Ksol and pH. Therefore, the presence of silicate solubilizing microorganisms increase the rate of potassium release from K- bearing minerals. 639 649 ساناز اشرفی سعیدلو Sanaz Ashrafi Saeidloo دانشگاه ارومیه-گروه علوم خاک ایران st_s.ashrafi@urmia.ac.ir میرحسن رسولی صدقیانی MirHasan Rasouli Sadaghiani دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ارومیه ایران m.rsadaghiani@urmia.ac.ir تلقیح میکروبی فلدسپار مدل سینتیکی برهمکنش میکروب-کانی پتاسیم Abdi, S. Ghasemi-Fasaei, R. Karimian, N. and Feizian, M. (2015). Availability and Release Kinetics of Nonexchangeable Potassium in Some Calcareous Soils of Fars Province. 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0 بررسی کارایی مالچ پلیمری و مالچ با پایه گیاهی بر کاهش هدر رفت خاک در اراضی مستعد فرسایش بادی در استان خوزستان Study of Performance polymer and plant mulch to reduce soil loss in areas prone to wind erosion in Khuzestan https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_63450.html 10.22059/ijswr.2017.134302.667320 0 فرسایش بادی معضلی است که در سال‌های اخیر بسیاری از نقاط ایران به‌ویژه استان خوزستان را درگیر نموده است که وقوع پدیده گردوغبار و حرکت ریز گردها از پیامدهای آن محسوب می‌شود. با عنایت به آثار محیطی مالچ‌های نفتی، کاربرد مالچ‌های پلیمری و گیاهی به‌منظور کاهش آثار زیست‌محیطی این‌گونه ترکیبات و حل معضل هدر رفت خاک در اراضی مستعد فرسایش در استان خوزستان، از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است. در این تحقیق از دو نوع مالچ پلیمری و مالچ با پایه گیاهی، به‌عنوان تثبیت‌کننده خاک، در چهار سطح صفر، 15%، 30% و 60% بر روی سه نوع خاک برداشت‌شده از کانون‌های فرسایش بادی استان اعمال شد. تأثیر مالچ‌های موردبررسی بر کاهش هدر رفت خاک در دستگاه تونل باد در سرعت‌های 8، 10 و 13 متر بر ثانیه موردبررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج آزمایش‌ها به‌صورت یک آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کامل تصادفی موردبررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج تجزیه‌وتحلیل آماری نشان داد که خاک‌های تیمار شده با هر دو نوع مالچ، اختلاف معنی‌داری با خاک شاهد در کاهش هدر رفت خاک‌دارند. از سویی نتایج نشان داد که دو نوع مالچ موردبررسی ازنظر تأثیر بر میزان کاهش هدر رفت خاک، اختلاف معنی‌داری باهم ندارد اما غلظت‌های مختلف مالچ‌های استفاده‌شده در سطح یک درصد باهم دارای اختلاف معنی‌داری هستند. نتایج بررسی تأثیر مالچ پلیمری و مالچ با پایه گیاهی نشان داد که کاربرد مالچ پلیمری به‌خوبی می‌تواند میزان هدر رفت خاک را در سرعت‌های 8، 10 و 13 متر بر ثانیه در خاک‌های موردبررسی کاهش دهد. همچنین کاربرد مالچ با پایه گیاهی میزان هدر رفت خاک را در سرعت‌های ذکرشده در دو خاک زراعی الوان و هویزه به‌خوبی کاهش داد اما در خاک ماسه‌بادی بروایه این مالچ قادر به ایجاد تأثیری مثبت بر کاهش هدر رفت خاک در غلظت‌های پایین (15% و 30%) نبود که امر را می‌توان به متفاوت بودن اندازه توزیع ذرات خاک، میزان مواد آلی و نوع یون‌های موجود در خاک‌ها مرتبط دانست. 1 Wind erosion is problem in recent years has affected many parts of the Iran. Due to the harmful effects of petroleum mulch, polymer and plant mulch is particular importance to reduce the environmental impact of these compounds and solve the problem of soil loss in erosion-prone land. In this study, two types of polymer and plant mulch as soil stabilizer were used in four levels 0, 15%, 30% and 60% on three types of soil from wind erosion sites in Khuzestan. Effect of mulch to reduce soil loss in the wind tunnel at speeds of 8, 10, 13 m/s were examined. The results of experiments were examined with SPSS software performed factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design and Duncan. Statistical analysis showed that the soil treated with both mulch, significantly different from the control soil to reduce soil loss. It also shows that between two types of mulch in terms of impact on the reduction of soil loss is not significant difference, But the mulches used in various concentrations are significantly different from the one percent level. Results Effect of polymer and plants mulch (both liquid) showed that the use of polymer mulch could well be Decrease the soil loss at speeds of 8, 10 and 13 m/s. Also, mulch plants, reduced the soil loss in the Agricultural soil Abdolkhan area and Hoveyzeh area. But in the land of sand Borvayeh area, this mulch, Had not a positive impact on reducing soil loss in low concentrations. 651 658 ماندانا شهنواز Mandana Shahnavaz دانشجو دکترا خاکشناسی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهواز ایران m.sh.88110@gmail.com مهدی نورزاده حداد Mehdi Nourzadeh Haddad استادیار گروه کشاورزی دانشگاه پیام نور ایران m.nourzade@gmail.com علی غلامی Ali Gholami عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه آزاد واحد اهواز ایران ali.gholami54@gmail.com ابراهیم پناهپور Ibrahim Panahpoor عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه آزاد واحد اهواز ایران e.panahpour@gmail.com فرسایش بادی مالچ پلیمری مالچ گیاهی هدر رفت Abbasi, N. Movahedan, M. And Keramati Toroghi, M. (2010). The effects of chemical polymer on physical and mechanical properties of soils. 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Reviewing the performance of mulch F2SR-231 polymer to stabilize sand dunes. In: The Third National Conference of Wind Erosion and Dust Storms,Yazd, Iran (In Farsi).##Movahedan,M, Abbasi, N and Keramati,M.(2014). Study of The effect poly vinyl acetate on dry aggregate stability. Journal of Soil Science (Soil and Water),Karaj,Iran. Number 1 Volume 27 Page: 71-83(In Farsi).##National Project Management dust.(2010). EPA Tehran.Iran. National Secretariat of dust##Nohegar,a. Abbaszadeh,f. AKBARIAN,m. Hatami Gourband, h. 2011. Reviews performance polymer polylattice in soil protection against wind erosion. Journal of environmental degradation,Hormozgan,Iran- No. 3. p:5-15(in farsi)##Pradhan, G. and John D.(2009). Erosion wear behaviour of bio-waste reinforced polymer composites. B.Sc. Thesis, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India, 53p.##Rabiee, A(2010). 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0 تعیین سطح بحرانی مس برای گیاه ذرت علوفه‌ای رقم 704 در برخی از خاک‌های استان آذربایجان شرقی Determination of the critical level of copper for corn in some soils of East Azerbaijan province. https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_63452.html 10.22059/ijswr.2017.207046.667462 0 اطلاع از سطح بحرانی مس در خاک و پاسخ‌های گیاه ذرت به مصرف آن می‌تواند کمک مؤثری در توصیه بهینه کود مس باشد. هدف این پژوهش تعیین سطح بحرانی مس برای گیاه ذرت در 21 نمونه خاک سطحی (0-30 سانتی‌متر) استان آذربایجان شرقی بود. طی آزمایش گلخانه­ای گیاه ذرت علوفه‌ای رقم 704(Zea mays L.) در دو سطح صفر و 5/7 میلی­گرم مس در کیلوگرم خاک از منبع سولفات مس در سه تکرار به‌صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی کشت شد. پس از طی شصت روز (پایان دوره رشد رویشی) شاخص کلروفیل برگ قبل از برداشت و وزن تر و خشک بخش هوایی و مقدار جذب مس بخش هوایی ذرت بعد از برداشت اندازه‌گیری شد. سطح بحرانی مس استخراج‌شده با عصاره­گیرهای DTPA-TEA و AB-DTPA و با استفاده از روش­های ترتیب ستونی پاسخ گیاه، تصویری و آماری کیت-نلسون و معادله میچرلیخ-بری محاسبه شد. با مصرف مس وزن خشک، غلظت و مقدار جذب مس بخش هوایی ذرت افزایش معنادار (p<0.05) نشان داد. سطح بحرانی مس در خاک­های موردمطالعه با­ عصاره­گیر DTPA-TEA برای دست­یابی به عملکرد نسبی 90 درصد به‌روش ترتیب ستونی پاسخ گیاه، نموداری کیت-نلسون و معادله میچرلیخ-بری به ترتیب 46/1، 1 و 70/1 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم و با عصاره­گیر AB-DTPA به ترتیب 50/1، 80/1 و 94/2 میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم بود و ضریب C میچرلیخ-بری با استفاده از عصاره­گیرهای مذکور به ترتیب 5874/0 و 3397/0 کیلوگرم خاک بر میلی­گرم مس محاسبه شد. روش آماری کیت-نلسون در تحقیق حاضر روشی مناسب برای تعیین سطح بحرانی مس نبود. 1 The purpose of this research was the determination the critical level of copper for corn in 21 soils of East Azerbaijan province. In a greenhouse experiment, corn plant (Zea mays L.) single cross 704 variety, cultivated in two levels of Cu, zero and 7.5 mg Cu kg-1 soil with three replications. After the 60 days (end of the growth period), before harvesting chlorophyll index of leaf were measured, then plant harvesting and wet and dry weight in shoot and copper content were measured. Critical level of soil Cu for corn with DTPA and AB-DTPA methods were measured by using plant response column order procedure, graphical Cate-Nelson, Cate-Nelson analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Mitscherlich-Bray. According to the results, by application of copper, significant increases in corn shoot dry weight, concentration and content of Cu occurred. Critical level of soil Cu for corn with DTPA method based on 90 % relative yield, was determined as 1.46, 1 and 1.70 (mg Cu kg-1 soil) by using plant response column order procedure, graphical Cate-Nelson, Cate-Nelson analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Mitscherlich-Bray, respectively and for AB-DTPA method was 1.50, 1.80 and 2.94 (mg Cu kg-1 soil), respectively. The Mitscherlich-Bray equation coefficients C for these methods were 0.5874 and 0.3397 kg soil mg-1 Cu, respectively. In this research, the Cate-Nelson analysis of variance method was not the appropriate for determination of critical level of Cu for corn. 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0 بهینه‌سازی مدل‌های برآورد بار معلق به کمک پارامترهای زمین ریخت‌شناسی و تکنیک کاهش ویژگی Optimization suspended load estimation models by using geo-morphometric parameters and attribute reduction technique https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_63453.html 10.22059/ijswr.2017.210038.667483 0 برآورد بار رسوبی رودخانه‌ها از مهم‌ترین چالش‌های مهندسی رودخانه محسوب می‌شود. به همین دلیل تاکنون مدل‌های مختلفی با ساختارهای گوناگون جهت برآورد بار رسوبی ارائه گردیده است. در این مطالعه به بررسی کارایی پارامترهای ژئومورفومتری و تکنیک‌های داده‌کاوی به‌منظور پیش‌بینی بار رسوب معلق در 68 حوزه واقع در دو منطقه‌ی متفاوت از ایران پرداخته‌شده است. به همین منظور شش مدل شبکه عصبی مصنوعی، رگرسیون خطی، K نزدیک‌ترین همسایه، فرآیند گوسی، ماشین بردار پشتیبان و ماشین بردار پشتیبان تکاملی بر روی دو نوع از داده‌های بار رسوب معلق (رسوب حداقل و متوسط) اجرا گردید. با هدف بهینه‌سازی مدل‌ها از پارامترهای ژئومورفومتری و دبی رودخانه به‌عنوان داده‌های ورودی‌ به مدل و از تکنیک کاهش ویژگی به‌منظور کاهش حجم فضای الگوریتم‌ها استفاده شد. نتایج ارزیابی مدل‌ها نشان داد که عملکرد مدل‌ها در داده‌های رسوب متوسط و حداقل متفاوت می‌باشد، به‌طوری‌که بهترین روش جهت پیش‌بینی رسوب متوسط رودخانه مدل فرآیند گوسی با ضریب همبستگی 988/0 و میانگین مجذور مربعات 004/11 بوده و مناسب‌ترین روش پیش‌بینی رسوب حداقل مدل ماشین بردار تکاملی با ضریب همبستگی 996/0 و میانگین مجذور مربعات 171/0 می‌باشد. 1 Estimation sediment load of rivers is the most important challenges in river engineering. So, it was addressed different models by varying structures to estimate sediment load. In this study, it was reviewed effectiveness of geo-morphometric parameters and data mining technique to predict suspended sediment load in 68 basins in two different regions of Iran. For this reason, it was run six artificial neural networks models, linear regression, K-nearest neighbor, Gaussian process, support vector machine evolutionary on two types of suspended sediment data (i.e. maximum and average sediment). To optimize models, it was used geo-morphometric parameters and river discharge as input data into model and it was used attribute reduction technique to decrease the algorithms space. Results of models evaluation indicated that models performance is difference in average and minimum sediment data, so that the best method to predict average sediment is the Gaussian model by correlation coefficient, 0.988 and root mean squared, 11.004 and the best method to predict minimum sediment is support vector machine evolutionary model by correlation coefficient, 0.966 and root mean squared, 0.171. 669 678 مریم اسدی Maryam Asadi دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد آبخیزداری/ دانشگاه اردکان ایران maryamasadi6969@gmail.com علی فتح زاده Ali Fatzhadeh عضو هیات علمی / دانشگاه اردکان ایران fat@ardakan.ac.ir روح الله تقی زاده مهرجردی Rohollah Taghizadeh Mehrjerdi عضو هیات علمی / دانشگاه اردکان ایران rh_taghizade@yahoo.com رسوب معلق پارامتر‌های کمکی داده‌کاوی کاهش ویژگی مدل رقومی ارتفاع Asselman, N.E.M. 2000. Fitting and interpretation of sediment rating curves. Journal of  Hydrology. 23 (4), 228-248.##Camdevyren, H. Demyr, N. Kanik, A. and Keskyn, S. 2005. Use of principal componentscores in multiple linear regression models for prediction of Chlorophyll-a in reservoirs. Ecological Modelling. 181(4), 581-589.##Choi, S.U. and Lee, J., 2015. Assessment of total sediment load in rivers using lateral distribution 12.Cortes, C., Vapnik, V., 1995. Support-vector network. Mach. Learn. 20, 273–297.##Cobaner, M., Unal, B. and Kisi, O., 2009. Suspended sediment concentration estimation by an adaptive neuro-fuzzy and neural network approaches using hydro-meteorological data. Journal of hydrology, 367(1), pp.52-61. method. Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 9 (3), pp.381-387.##Haykin, S., 1998. Neural Networks – A Comprehensive Foundation, second ed. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, pp. 26–32.##Ho, S.-Y., Shu, L.-S., Chen, J.-H., 2004. Intelligent evolutionary algorithms for large parameter optimization problems. IEEE Trans. Evolutionary Comput. 8 (6), 522–541.##Huang, H.L. and Chang, F.L., 2007. 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Journal of Hydrology, 478, pp.50-62.##Najafi, G., Ghobadian, B., Tavakoli, T., Buttsworth, D.R., Yusaf, T.F. and Faizollahnejad, M., 2009. Performance and exhaust emissions of a gasoline engine with ethanol blended gasoline fuels using artificial neural network. Applied Energy, 86(5), pp.630-639.##Rajaee, T., 2011. Wavelet and ANN combination model for prediction of daily suspended sediment load in rivers. Science of the total environment,409 (15), pp.2917-2928.##Rajaee, T., Mirbagheri, S.A., Zounemat-Kermani, M. and Nourani, V., 2009. Daily suspended sediment concentration simulation using ANN and neuro-fuzzy models. Science of the total environment, 407(17), pp.4916-4927.##Sani Abade, M., Mahmoudi, S, and  Taherparvar, D. (2014). Data mining applications (second edition), Niaz-e-Danesh Pub.Tehran. (In Farsi).##Talebi, A., Hajiabolghasemi, R., Hadian, M.R. and Amanian, N., 2016. Physically‐based modeling of sheet erosion (detachment and deposition processes) in complex hillslopes. Hydrological Processes.30(12).pp 1968–1977.##Verstraeten, G. and Poesen, J., 2001. Factors controlling sediment yield from small intensively cultivated catchments in a temperate humid climate.Geomorphology, 40(1), pp.123-144.##Ward, P.J., van Balen, R.T., Verstraeten, G., Renssen, H. and Vandenberghe, J., 2009. The impact of land use and climate change on late Holocene and future suspended sediment yield of the Meuse catchment. Geomorphology, 103(3), pp.389-400.##Wang, Y.G., Wang, S.S. and Dunlop, J., 2015. Statistical modelling and power analysis for detecting trends in total suspended sediment loads. Journal of Hydrology, 520, pp.439-447.##Zhu, Y.M., Lu, X.X. and Zhou, Y., 2007. Suspended sediment flux modeling with artificial neural network: an example of the Longchuanjiang River in the Upper Yangtze Catchment, China. Geomorphology, 84(1), pp.111-125.##Zounemat-Kermani, M., Kişi, Ö., Adamowski, J. and Ramezani-Charmahineh, A., 2016. 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0 ارزیابی آبیاری معمولی و سریالی با زهاب بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و بهره‌وری آب مصرفی ذرت، سویا و آفتابگردان Evaluation of Sequential (with drain water) and Normal Irrigation on Yield, Yield Criteria and Water Productivity of Corn, Soybean and Sunflower https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_63454.html 10.22059/ijswr.2017.211863.667501 0 به‌منظور بررسی استفاده از زهاب به‌صورت آبیاری سریالی، تحقیقی در سال‌های 1394-1393 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز انجام شد. بدین منظور قطعه زمینی با طول 30 متر و عرض 24 متر انتخاب و به سه قطعه A، B و C تقسیم شد. در قطعه A ذرت، در قطعه B سویا و در قطعه C آفتابگردان کشت شد و زهاب هر قطعه برای آبیاری قطعه بعد استفاده می‌شد. طرح آزمایشی در قطعه B به‌صورت کرت‌های خردشده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کاملاً تصادفی با تیمارهای نوع آبیاری (آب کارون و زهاب) و کود اوره (100%، 75% و 50% نیاز کودی) در سه تکرار انجام گرفت. طرح آزمایشی در قطعه C مشابه قطعه B بود ولی 75% سطح کود اوره در نظر گرفته نشد. نتایج تجزیه واریانس برای گیاه سویا نشان داد که برهمکنش نوع آب آبیاری و نیتروژن بر عملکرد رویشی و بهره‌وری بیولوژیکی آب اثر معنی‌داری در سطح یک درصد (P<0.01) و بر وزن تر علوفه در سطح 5 درصد (P<0.05) داشت. نتایج تجزیه واریانس برای گیاه آفتابگردان نشان داد که برهمکنش نوع آبیاری و سطح مصرف کود نیتروژن نیز بر وزن صد دانه، عملکرد دانه و بهره‌وری آب دانه در سطح 5 درصد (P<0.05) اثر معنی‌داری نشان داد. به‌طورکلی، برتری سیستم آبیاری سریالی با زهاب (با استفاده متوالی از زه آب) نسبت به آبیاری معمولی در میزان صرفه‌جویی آب با کیفیت مطلوب به میزان 59/45 درصد و افزایش بهره‌وری آب به میزان حداقل 2 برابر در این تحقیق مشاهده شد. 1 In order to evaluate using effluent (as sequential irrigation), a study was conducted at research farm at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz (located at latitude 31˚ 18’, longitude 48˚ 39’ and elevation 18m) during 2014-2015. Regarding to this purpose, a farm (with long 30m and width 24m) was selected and divided into 3 parts (A, B and C). Corn, soybean and sunflower were cultivated in parts A, B and C, respectively and effluent was used for irrigation of next parts. In part B, a split-plot design as randomized complete blocks with two treatments: irrigation type (Karun River and effluent) and urea fertilizer (100%, 75% and 50% application) was applied. Experiment design in part C was similar to part B except at 75% urea fertilizer. ANOVA results for soybean revealed that interaction between irrigation type and urea levels had significant effects on growth yield and biological water productivity (P<0.01) and fresh leaf weight (P<0.05). ANOVA results for sunflower showed that interaction between irrigation type and urea levels had significant effects on 100-seed weight, seed yield and seed water productivity (P<0.05). In general, it was found that sequential irrigation saved water and increased water productivity as 45.59% and 100%, respectively, compared to normal irrigation. 679 688 محمد عزیزی Mohammad Azizi گروه آبیاری و زهکشی ،دانشکدة مهندسی علوم آب ،دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز ایران mazizi@yahoo.com محمد الباجی Mohammad Albaji استادیار دانشکده مهندسی علوم آب، گروه آبیاری و زهکشی دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز ایران m_albaji2000@yahoo.co.uk سعید برومندنسب Saeid Broman Nasab گروه آبیاری و زهکشی ،دانشکدة مهندسی علوم آب ،دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز ایران boroomandsaeed@yahoo.com زهکشی زه‌آب کشت متوالی کود اوره Babaei Aghdam, J., Abdi, M., Seyfzadeh, S., & Khiavi, M. (2009). The effect of nitrogen fertilizer and bush density on seed yield and yield components of Azargol sunflower cultivar in Takestan region, Iran. Agroecology Journal (Journal of New Agricultural Science), 4(14), 1-12. (In Farsi).##Banisaeidi, A. (2012). Effect of nitrogen on yield, grain yield components and nitrogen use efficiency of sunflower cultivars (Heliantus annus L.) in Khozestan environmental conditions. Crop Physiology, 4(15), 71-86. (In Farsi).##Beese, F., & Moshrefi, N. (1985). Physiological reaction of Chile – pepper to water and salt stress proceeding of the Third International Drip. Trickle Irrigation Congress, November, Fresno, California, USA, 18-21.##Besharati, H., & Aghajani, A. (2014). Effect of Salinity Stress on Biological Nitrogen fixation and growth indices of two soybean varieties at different phenological stages. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 28(2), 285-293. (In Farsi).##Bonaiti, G., & Borin, M. (2010). Efficiency of controlled drainage and subirrigation in reducing nitrogen losses from agricultural fields. Agricultural Water Management, 98(2), 343-352.##Borzouei, A., Hashempour, N., & Paknejad, F. (2015). Effects of different levels of salinity and nitrogen fertilizer on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of two wheat cultivars at tillering stage. Journal of Greenhouse Culture Science and Technology, 5(20), 177-191. (In Farsi).##Bourgeals-Chaillou, P., Perez-Alfo, F., & Guerrier, C. (1992). Comparative effect of N sources on growth and physiological responses of soybean exposed to NaCl stress. Exp. Bot, 43(254), 1225-1233.##Caterina, R., Giuliani, M., Rotunno, T., Caro, A., & Flagella, Z. (2007). Influence of salt stress on seed yield and oil quality of two sunflower hybrids. Applied Biology, 151(2), 145-154.##Cucci, G., Rotunno, T., Caro, A., Lacolla, G., Caterina, R., & Tarantino, E. (2007). Effects of saline and sodic stress on yield and fatty acid profile in sunflower seeds. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 2(1), 13-21.##Dehghani, M., Shiresmaeili, G., & Parsadoost, F. (2014). Effects of Irrigation Water Salinity on Three Commercial Sunflower Hybrids. 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(In Farsi).##Kiani, S., Alizadeh, O., Bazr Afshan, F., & Zakernezhad, S. (2012). Investigaition The effect of mulch application, Hand weeding weeds and plant density on yiled and yiled comonenets of sweet corn KSC (403) in Ahvaz. Crop Physiology, 4(13), 53-69. (In Farsi).##Mashal, M., Kamrani, J., & Mirzaie Asli, F. (2013). Water table management effects on quantity and quality of water drains out of Underground drainage. Water and Irrigation Management, 3(1), 135-145. (In Farsi).##Ming, C., Kang, Y., ShuQin, W., & ShiPing, L. (2009). Drip irrigation with saline water for oleic sunflower. Agricultural Water Management, 96(12), 1766-1772.##Nobre, R., Gheyi, H., Soares, F., & Cardoso, J. (2011). Sunflower production under saline stress and nitrogen fertilization. Journal of Revista Brasilia, 35(3), 929-937.##Rostami Hir, M., Ghaleshi, S., Soltani, A., & Zeynali, E. (2004). Symbiolic nitrogen fixation in soybean cultivars (Glycine Max L.). 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The effect of salinity stress and the Application of zinc on the chlorophyll content, soluble proteins, growth, yield and the mineral nutrients of soybean (Glycine Max L.) . Plant and Ecosystem, 9(34), supplement 1, 75-96. (In Farsi)##