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0 بررسی اثر عدم تطابق چینش آبپاش ها در فاز طراحی و بهره برداری بر عملکرد سیستم کلاسیک آبپاش متحرک Study of design and operation mismatch effect on classic sprinkler systems efficiency https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_59972.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.59972 0 توسعه سیستم‌های نوین آبیاری به‌عنوان یکی از راه‌کارهای بهبود راندمان آبیاری، افزایش عملکرد گیاه و بهره‌وری آب کشاورزی مطرح است. بهره‌برداری از سیستم‌های آبیاری لزوماً با آنچه در طراحی پیشنهاد می‌شود مطابقت ندارد. در این مطالعه، اثر شش چینش قرارگیری آبپاش که شامل چینش فاز طراحی و چینش‌هایی که بهره برداران استفاده می‌کنند می‌باشد، بر مولفه‌های مهم سیستم شامل؛ ضریب یکنواختی پخش کریستیانسن (CU)، یکنواختی توزیع (DU)، بازده واقعی آب در ربع پایین(AELQ)، توان مصرفی الکتروموتور(P) و راندمان پمپاژ، بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد به دلیل بر هم خورن توزیع فشار در تیمارهای متفاوت با چینش پیشنهادی در فاز طراحی، راندمان آبیاری و ضریب یکنواختی (CU) کاهش قابل ملاحظه‌ای می‌یابد. نتایج نشان داد، در برخی از چینش‌های مرسوم در بهره‌برداری، راندمان پمپاژ از 72 درصد به 52 درصد کاهش یافته است. ضریب یکنواختی (CU) در چینش‌های مختلف آبپاش بین 6/78 تا 8/44 متفاوت بود. بهترین چینش، چینش پیشنهادی طراح، که آبپا‌ش‌ها متقارن و مطابق با طراحی هیدرولیکی سیستم است، بوده است. این مطالعه اهمیت آموزش بهره‌برداری صحیح از سیستم‌های آبیاری بارانی در راستای افزایش راندمان آبیاری، کاهش تلفات آب، افزایش عملکرد گیاهان و کاهش هزینه‌های انرژی را خاطر نشان می‌سازد. همچنین، طراحان سیستم‌های آبیاری باید ملاحظات بهره‌بردار و به ویژه سهولت بهره‌برداری از سیستم را در فاز طراحی مدنظر داشته باشند. 1 Development of modern irrigation systems is one of the key solutions for improving irrigation efficiency, crop yield and agricultural water productivity. Usually, Irrigation system operation dose not match with design stage plane. In this study, effects of six type of sprinklers arrangement include proposed arrangement and 5 usual arrangements in farmers operation on Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU), uniformity distribution (DU), actual efficiency of low quarter (AELQ), electromotor power (P) and pumping efficiency was evaluated. Results showed that sprinkler arrangements mishmash has significant effect on system efficiency, energy consumption. Irrigation pump efficiency in the operation mode based on the planned arrangement of sprinklers was 72 % and in some usual arrangements was 52 % .The Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU) was ranged from 78.6 % to 44.8 % in various sprinkler arrangements. This study shows the importance of education in proper operation of sprinkler irrigation systems in order to increase irrigation efficiency, reduce water losses, improvement of crop yield and reduce of energy costs. Also, irrigation system designers should consider operation conditions and spatially operation easiness in system design stage. 649 656 فرشید رمضانی هومبری Farshid Ramezani Hoombari دانشجوی دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی ایران farshid118@gmail.com بیژن نظری Bijan Nazari استادیار گرو علوم و مهندسی آب دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی (ره) ایران b.nazari@eng.ikiu.ac.ir ضریب یکنواختی راندمان آبیاری راندمان پمپاژ آموزش بهره برداری Akbari, M., Sadghaen, H., and Dehghanisanih, H. (2006). The need for qualitative and quantitative development of irrigation in the country. Proceedings of the workshop sprinklers. Engineering Research Center of Karaj. 97,147-159##Carrion, P., J.M. Tarjuelo and J. Montero. (2001). SIRIAS: A simulation model for sprinkler irrigation: I. Description of model. Irrig. Sci. 20(2), 73-84. ##Demirel, K., and Sener, S. (2009). Performance of sprinkler irrigation systems at different pressures under varying wind speed conditions. The Philippine Agricultural Scientists. 92(3), 308-314.##Faryabi, A., Marufpoor, A., Ghamarnia, H., and Yaminmushrefi, Gh. (2010). Review and evaluate irrigation systems fixed Dehgolan Plain Kurdistan, water and soil Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources,14,54##Keller, J. and R.D. Bliesner. (1990). Sprinkler and trickle irrigation. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY, USA. 652 pp.##Li, J., and Rao, M. (2003). Field evaluation of crop yield as affected by nonuniformity of sprinkler applied water and fertilizers. Agricultural Water Management, 59, 1-13.##Li, J., Li, B., and Rao, M. (2005). Spatial and temporal distributions of nitrogen and crop yield as affected by nonuniformity of sprinkler fertigation. Agricultural Water Management, 76, 160-180.##Merriam,J.l, and Keller, J. (1978). Farm irrigation system evaiuation:a guide for management: Utah State University.Logan.,Utah.U.S.A##Nazari, B., Liaghat, A., and Parsinejad, M. (2013). Development and Analysis of Irrigation Efficiency and Water Productivity Indices Relationships in Sprinkler Irrigation Systems. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 4(3), 515-523.##Playan, E., N. Zapata, J.M. Faci, D. Tolosa, J.L. Lacueva, J. Pelegrin, R. Salvador, I. Sanchez and A. Lafita. (2006). Assessing sprinkler irrigation uniformity using a ballistic simulation model. Agric. Water Manag. 84: 89-100.##Sheikhesmaeili, O., Montero, J., & Laserna, S. (2016). Analysis of water application with semi-portable big size sprinkler irrigation systems in semi-arid areas. Agricultural Water Management, 163, 275-284.##Suliman, M. M. (2015). Effect Of Different Sprinkler Patterns On The Performance Of Solid-Set Sprinkler Irrigation System Under Shambat Conditions (Doctoral dissertation, UOFK).##Talebi, R., Dehanzade, B., Hooshmand, A. (2013). Evaluation of irrigation systems fixed with portable sprinklers city Shoosh. The first national conference on agricultural engineering and management, the environment and sustainable natural resources.##Yazar, A. (1984). Evaporation and drift losses from sprinkler irrigation systems under various operating conditions. Agric. Water Manage. 8, 439-449.##

0 توزیع اندازه ذرات پاشمان در طول فلوم آزمایشگاهی تحت تأثیر شیب‌ها و شدت‌های مختلف بارندگی Splash Particle Size Distribution along the Experimental Flume under Different Rainfall Intensities and Slopes https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_59973.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.59973 0 جدایش و انتقال پاشمانی ذرات خاک به‌وسیله اثر قطرات باران به‌عنوان شروع فرآیند فرسایش آبی محسوب می‌شود. در نتیجه پاشمان توزیع اندازه ذرات رسوبی ناشی از آن در مراحل دیگر فرآیند فرسایش بسیار مهم و تاثیرگذار ارزیابی شده است. حال آن‌که تغییرپذیری توزیع اندازه ذرات پاشمان در شرایط مختلف کم‌تر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. لذا در تحقیق حاضر به بررسی اثر یک‌جانبه و متقابل شیب و شدت بارندگی در بالادست و پایین‎دست فنجان پاشمان به‌صورت جداگانه روی مولفه‎های توزیع اندازه ذرات رسوبی پاشمان شده با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل واریانس دو طرفه پرداخته شده است. هم‌چنین گروه‌بندی مولفه‎ها با استفاده از آزمون توکی در نرم افزارRStudio انجام شد. نتایج آزمون تحلیل واریانس دو طرفه نشان داد که شدت‌های مختلف بارندگی تاثیر معنی‌داری بر همه مولفه‎ها غیر از ذرات کوچک‌تر از 2 میکرون و چولگی ذرات رسوبی در بالادست فنجان پاشمان داشت. اما در پایین‌دست فنجان پاشمان همه مولفه‎ها غیر از D10، جورشدگی و کشیدگی ذرات رسوبی نسبت به شدت‌های مختلف بارندگی، شیب‌های مختلف و تعامل آن‌ها دارای اختلاف معنی‌دار (05/0≥P) بودند که نتایج آزمون توکی نیز بیان‌گر تاثیرپذیری بیش‌تر متغیرهای مذکور از شدت 90 میلی‌متر بر ساعت نسبت به 30 و 60 میلی‌متر بر ساعت بود. 1 Splash detachment and transport of soil particles by raindrops are the initiating mechanisms of soil erosion by water. The size distribution of splashed particles is very important and effective in the rate of other erosion processes. However, this important issue has been less considered. Therefore, the present study investigated individual and interaction effects of slope, rainfall intensity and spatial variations along the plot and upward and downward splash cup. In addition, the variables were grouped by Tukey test in RStudio software. The tow-way ANOVA in upward splash cup showed that the rainfall intensities significantly affected all variables except particles of < 2 micron and skewness of sediment. A variable except D10, sorting and kurtosis of sediment in downward splash cup significantly differed in varying rainfall intensities and slopes and their interaction. Besides that, the Tukey test explained that the rainfall intensity of 90 mm h-1 significantly influenced study variables compared to those reported for rainfall intensities of 30 and 60 mm h-1. 657 664 سیدحمیدرضا صادقی Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi استاد/ دانشگاه تربیت مدرّس ایران sadeghi@modares.ac.ir محبوبه کیانی هرچگانی Mahboobeh Kiani Harchegani دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران mahboobeh.kiyani20@gmail.com حسین اسدی Hossein Asadi دانشگاه گیلان ایران ho.asadi@ut.ac.ir شبیه‌ساز باران مولفه‎های توزیع اندازه ذرات رسوب نرم افزارRStudio Agassi, M. and Bradford, J. M. (1999). Methodologies for interrill soil erosion studies. Soil and Tillage Research, 49(4), 277-287.##Armstrong, A., Quinton, J. N., Heng, B. C. P. and Chandler, J. H. (2011). Variability of interrill erosion at low slopes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 36(1), 97-106.##Asadi, H., Ghadiri, H., Rose, C. W., Rouhipour, H., (2007a). Interrill soil erosion processes and their interaction on low slopes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 32(5), 711-724.##Asadi, H., Ghadiri, H., Rose, C. W., Yu, B., Hussein, J., (2007b). An investigation of flow-driven soil erosion processes at low streampowers. Journal of Hydrology, 342(1), 134-142.##Barry, D. A., Sander, G. C., Jomaa, S., Heng, B. C. P., Parlange, J. Y., Lisle, I. G. and Hogarth, W. L. (2010). Exact solutions of the Hairsine-Rose precipitation-driven erosion model for a uniform grain size soil. Journal of Hydrology, 389 (3–4), 399–405.##Blott, S.S., Pye, K., (2001). Gradistat: A grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediment. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 10 (26), 1237-1248.##Ekern, P. C. (1950). Raindrop impact as a force initiating soil erosion. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 15, 7–10.##Ellison, W. D. (1944). Studies of raindrop erosion. Agricultural Engineering, 25 (4), 131–136.##Falsone, G., Bonifacio, E., Zanini, E., (2012). Structure development in aggregates of poorly developed soils through the analysis of the pore system. Catena, 95, 169–176.##Fox, D. M., Bryan, R. B., (1999). The relationship of soil loss by interrill erosion to slope gradient. Catena, 38(3), 211-222.##Fu, S., Liu, B., Liu, H. and Xu, L. (2011). The effects of slope on interrill erosion at short slopes. Catena, 84, 29-34.##Gerits, J. J. P., DeLima, J. L. M. P. and Van Den Broek, T. M. W. (1990). Overland flow and erosion. In: Anderson, M.G., Burt, T.P. (Eds.), Process Studies in Hillslope Hydrology. Wiley, Chichester, pp. 173–214.##Goebes, P., Seitz, S., Geißler, C., Lassu, T., Peters, P., Seeger, M., Nadrowski, K. and Scholten, T. (2014). Momentum or kinetic energy – How do substrate properties influence the calculation of rainfall erosivity? Journal of Hydrology, 517, 310–316.##Hawke, R. M., Price, A. G. and Bryan, R. B. (2006). The effect of initial soil water content and rainfall intensity on near-surface soil hydrologic conductivity: a laboratory investigation. Catena, 65(3), 237-246.##Huang, L., Wang, C. Y., Tan, W. F., Hu, H. Q., Cai, C. F.,Wang, M. K., (2010). Distribution of organic matter in aggregates of eroded Ultisols, Central China. Soil Tillage Research, 108 (1), 59–67.##Janeau, J. L., Bricquet, J. P., Planchon, O. and Valentin, C. (2003). Soil crusting and infiltration on steep slopes in northern Thailand. European Journal of Soil Science, 54, 543–553.##Khaledi Darvishan, A., Sadeghi, S. H. R., Homaee, M. and Arabkhedri, M. (2014). Measuring sheet erosion using synthetic color contrast aggregates. Hydrological Processes, 28(15), 4463-4471.##Kinnell, P. I. A. (2005). Raindrop impact induced erosion processes and prediction: A review. Hydrological Processes, 19, 2815–2844.##Legout, C., Leguedois, S., Le Bissonnais, Y., Malam, I.O., (2005). Splash distance and size distributions for various soils. Geoderma, 124 (3), 279–292.##Leguédois, S., Le Bissonnais, Y., (2004). Size fractions resulting from an aggregate stability test, interrill detachment and transport. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 29 (9), 1117–1129.##Ma, R. M., Li, Z. X., Cai, C. F., Wang, J. G., (2014). The dynamic response of splash erosion to aggregate mechanical breakdown through rainfall simulation events in Ultisols (subtropical China. Catena, 121: 279-287.##Misra, R. K. and Rose, C. W. (1995). An examination of the relationship between erodibility parameters and soil strength. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 33, 715–732.##Sadeghi, S. H. R., Abdollahi, Z. and Khaledi Darvishan, A. V. (2013). Experimental comparison of some techniques for estimating Natural Rain Drop Size Distribution in Caspian Sea Southern Coast, Iran. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58(6), 1374-1382.##Shi, Z. H., Yue, B. J., Wang, L., Fang, N. F., Wang, D., and Wu, F. Z. (2013). Effects of mulch cover rate on interrill erosion processes and the size selectivity of eroded sediment on steep slopes. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 77(1), 257-267.##Sutherland, R. A., Wan, Y., Ziegler, A. D., Lee, C. T., & El-Swaify, S. A. (1996). Splash and wash dynamics: an experimental investigation using an Oxisol. Geoderma, 69(1), 85-103.##Terry, J. P. (1998). A rain splash component analysis to define mechanisms of soil detachment and transportation. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 36, 525–542.##Torri, D. and Poesen, J. (1992). The effect of soil surface slope on raindrop detachment. Catena, 19, 561–578.##Vermang, J., Demeyer, V., Cornelis, W., Gabriëls, D., (2009). Aggregate stability and erosion response to antecedent water content of a loess soil. Soil Science Society American Journal, 73 (3), 718–726.##Yusefi, A., Farrokhian Firouzi, A. and Khalili Moghadam, B. (2014). Evaluation of temporal variation of splash erosion in different slopes and agricultural and forest land uses. Journal of Soil and Water Resources Conservation, 3(3), 11-20. (In Farsi)##Zhang G. H., Liu G. B., Wang G. L., Wang Y. X., (2011). Effects of vegetation cover and rainfall intensity on sediment-bound nutrient loss, size composition and volume fractal dimension of sediment particles. Pedosphere, 21(5): 676-684.##

0 مقایسه روش‌های پرکردن پیکسل‌های فاقد داده در تصاویر ماهواره لندست 7 ETM+ در برآورد نقشه ضریب گیاهی Comparison of gap filling methods in Landsat 7 ETM+ images to estimate crop coefficient https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_59974.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.59974 0 داده­های ماهواره­ای لندست 7 ETM+ به­طور گسترده­ای در مطالعات پوشش گیاهی و توزیع مکانی ضریب گیاه در مقیاس منطقه­ای و جهانی استفاده می­شوند اما شکست تصحیح کننده خط اسکن (SLC) در سال 2003 تا حد زیادی سودمندی آن را کاهش داده است. علاوه بر این، شکست مذکور دائمی است و تلاش­های متعاقب آن برای بازیابی تصحیح کننده خط اسکن ناموفق بوده، بنابراین راه لازم و عملی برای رسیدگی به این مشکل پر کردن پیکسل­های فاقد داده در تصایر SLC-off است. اگرچه روش­های پیشنهادی مختلفی برای پر کردن شکاف­ها وجود دارد اما کیفیت تصاویر پر شده در مناطق ناهمگن هنوز هم برای بیشتر برنامه­های کاربردی رضایت­بخش نیست. این پژوهش به مقایسه دو روش زمین آماری و استفاده از داده­های کمکی مودیس برای پر کردن شکاف­ها در تصاویر SLC-off در تصویر لندست 7 ETM+ و با هدف برآورد مقادیر ضریب گیاهی گیاه برنج در بخش شرقی واحد عمرانی F1 از شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی سفیدرود پرداخته است. نتایج نشان داد که برآوردها در روش IDW با مقدار NRMSE برابر 09/6 درصد دارای بیشترین دقت بوده و روش­های FGMAD و FAD به­ترتیب با مقدار NRMSE برابر 75/14 و 97/14 در رتبه­های بعدی از نظر دقت برآورد قرار می­گیرند. روش FDCAD، کم­ترین دقت را در برآوردها داشت.  1 Landsat 7 ETM+ data is widely used in studies of the spatial distribution Kc and vegetation cover parameters in regional and global scales but SLC failure has greatly reduces its usefulness. Additionally, the failure is permanent and has failed subsequent attempts to recover the SLC, so required and practical way to address this problem is filling the pixels of missed data in the SLC-off images. Although, there are several proposed methods to fill the gap, but still have filled images quality in heterogeneous area is not satisfactory for more applications. This study was conducted to compare the geostatistics and MODIS auxiliary data methods to fill the pixels of missed data in the SLC-off images. The results showed that the IDW method with NRMSE 6.09% was the best method. The fusion with auxiliary images (MODIS) and ordinary Kriging methods resulted in NRMSE 14.75 and 16.9, respectively. The method of fusion with classified auxiliary images (MODIS) presented the lowest accuracy in estimating missed data. 665 676 مریم طاهرپرور Maryam Taherparvar دانشگاه گیلان ایران maryamtaherparvar@yahoo.com نادر پیرمرادیان Nader Pirmoradian دانشگاه گیلان ایران npirmorad@yahoo.com مجید وظیفه دوست Majid Vazifedoust دانشگاه گیلان ایران majid.vazifedoust@yahoo.com سنجش از دور زمین آمار تبخیر-تعرق Abdoul Jabar, A.S., Sulang, G. and George, L.E. (2014). Survey on gap filling algorithms in Landsat 7 ETM+ images. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology. 63, 136-146.##Ahadnezhad Rooshti, M. (2011). Provide an algorithm to reconstruct the defect images of not working Scan Line Corrector (SLC) Landsat 7 ETM+ and its use in the preparation of land use and land cover maps, a Case Study of Znjan. GeographyandDevelopment. 22, 23-38.##Alexandridis, T.K., Cherif, I., Kalogeropoulos, C., Monachou, S., Eskridge, K.  and Silleos, N. (2013). Rapid error assessment for quantitative estimations from Landsat 7 gap-filled images. Remote Sens. 9, 920–928.##Ali S. M and Mohammed M. J (2013) Gap-filling restoration methods for ETM+ sensor images. Iraqi Journal of Science. 54, 206–214.##Allen, R.G., Pereia, L.S., Raes, D. and Smith, M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome.##Bédard, F., Reichert, G., Dobbins, R. and Trépanier, I. (2008). Evaluation of segment-based gap-filled Landsat ETM+ SLC-off satellite data for land cover classification in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 29, 2041–2054.##Belmonte, A.C., Jochum, A.M., Garcia, A.C., Rodriguez, A.M. and Fuster, P.L. (2005). Irrigation management from space: Towards user-friendly products. Irrigation and Drainage Systems. 19, 337-353.##Boloorani, A.D., Erasmi, S. and Kappas, M. (2008). Multi-source remotely sensed data combination: projection transformation gap-fill procedure. Sensors. 8, 4429–4440.##Byrne, G.F., Crapper, P.F. and Mayo, K.K. (1980). Monitoring land-cover change by principal component analysis of multi-temporal Landsat data. Remote Sensing of Environment. 10, 175–184.##Chen, F., Tang, L.  and  Qiu, Q. (2010). Exploitation of CBERS-02B as auxiliary data in recovering the Landsat 7 ETM+ SLC-off image. 18TH international conference, Bijing. 1–6.##Chen, J., Zhu, X., Vogelmann, J.E., Gao, F. and Jin, S. (2011). A simple and effective method for filling gaps in Landsat ETM+ SLC-off images. Remote Sensing of Environment. 115, 1053–1064.##Fisher, J.I., Mustard, J.F. and Vadeboncoeur, M.A. (2006). Green leaf phenology at Landsat resolution: Scaling from the field to the satellite. Remote Sensing of Environment. 100, 265–279.##Fuller, R.M., Groom, G.B. and Jones, A.R. (1994). The land-cover map of Great-Britain —An automated classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper data. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 60, 553–562.##Gao, F., Masek, J., Hall, J. and Schwaller, S. (2006). On the blending of the Landsat and MODIS surface reflectance: Predicting daily Landsat surface reflectance. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote sensing. 44(8), 2207-2218.##Goward, S.N., Arvidson, T.J., Faundeen, F., Williams, D.L., Irons, D.L. and Franks, S. (2006). Historical record of Landsat global coverage: Mission operations, NSLRSDA, and international cooperator stations. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 72(10), 1155–1169.##Hu, W., Li, M., Liu, Y., Huang, Q. and Mao, K. (2011). A new method of restoring ETM + SLC-off images based on multi-temporal images. 19TH international conference, Shanghai. 1-4.##Ju, J.C. and Roy, D.P. (2008). The availability of cloud-free Landsat ETM plus data over the conterminous United States and globally. Remote Sensing of Environment. 112, 1196–1211.##Masek, J.G., Huang, C.Q., Wolfe, R., Cohen, W., Hall F. and Kutler, J. (2008). North American forest disturbance mapped from a decadal Landsat record. Remote Sensing of Environment. 112: 2914–2926.##Maxwell, S. (2004). Filling landsat ETM+ SLC-off gaps using a segmentation model approach. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Eensing. 1109–111.##Maxwell, S. K., Schmidt, G.L. and Storey, J.C. (2007). A multi-scale segmentation approach to filling gaps in Landsat ETM+ SLC-off images. International Journal of  Remote Sensing. 28, 5339–5356.##Mohammady, M., Moradi, H.R., Zeinivand, H., Temme, A.J.A.M., Pourghasemi, H.R. and Alizadeh, H. (2013). Validating gap-filling of Landsat ETM+ satellite images in the Golestan Province, Iran. Arabian Journal Geosciences. 7, 3633-3638.##Liu, D. and Cai S. (2011). A spatial-temporal modeling approach to reconstructing land-cover change trajectories from multi-temporal satellite imagery. 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0 اثر دما بر خصوصیات تورمی یک خاک متورم‌شونده در چرخه‌های خشک و تر The effect of temperature on the behavior of an expansive soil during drying and wetting cycles https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_59975.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.59975 0 در این کار تحقیقاتی خواص مکانیکی یک خاک رسی متورم­شونده تحت تاثیر شرایط دمای ثابت و متغیر در چرخه­های خشک و تر متوالی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نمونه­های آزمایشگاهی با کیفیت­های مایع منفذی مختلف آب مقطر­، محلول سدیم­کلرید و کلسیم­کلرید ‌(با غلظت 250 گرم بر لیتر) به روش تراکم استاتیکی تهیه گردید. آزمایش­های چرخه­های­ خشک و تر روی نمونه­های ساخته شده در دو دستگاه تحکیم اصلاح ­شده تحت تاثیر سربار  ثابت 10  کیلوپاسکال انجام شد و درطول آزمایش تغییر شکل محوری اندازه­گیری گردید. در یکی از دستگاه­ها دما در چرخه­های خشک و تر متوالی مقدار ثابت 45 درجه سانتی­گراد و در دستگاه دیگر دمای چرخه­های خشک 45 درجه و دمای چرخه­های تر 25 درجه سانتی­گراد اعمال گردید. نتایج نشان داد در هر یک از حالات برای تمامی نمونه­ها پتانسیل تورمی تقریبا پس از طی 5 چرخه به تعادل می­رسد. هم­چنین مقایسه مقادیر پتانسیل تورمی نشان می­دهد که کاهش پتانسیل تورمی در حالت تعادل نسبت به چرخه­ای که بیشینه درصد تورم در آن اتفاق افتاده است برای نمونه ساخته شده با مایع منفذی مقطر در حالت دمای ثابت در مقایسه با نمونه­های ساخته شده با مایع منفذی سدیم­کلرید و کلسیم­کلرید به ترتیب به میزان  25/4 %  و 85/5 % بیشتر می­باشد هم­چنین در حالت دمای متغیر این کاهش به ترتیب 21/7 %  و 9/8 %  بیشتر می­باشد. علاوه بر این مقایسه نتایج در حالت دمای ثابت و متغیر نشان می­دهد که در حالت دمای ثابت پتانسیل تورمی نمونه‌­­ها با مایع منفذی سدیم­کلرید و کلسیم­کلرید در چرخه­های اولیه بیشتر از حالت دمای متغیر است. 1 In this research the mechanical behavior of an expansive soil (with different pore fluid) was investigated under the constant and variable temperature through experimental tests. The soil samples with different pore fluid (distilled water, NaCl and CaCl2 with concentration of 250 gr/Lit) were prepared by static compaction method. Experimental testes were conducted in two modified odometer under 10 KPa surcharge pressure at constant and variable temperature. The axial deformation of samples were determined during each test. The results showed that equilibrium condition is achieved nearly after 5 cycles. The reduction of swelling potential at equilibrium condition for sample with distilled water as pore fluid is more than samples with NaCl and CaCl2 solutions. In addition comparing the results for samples with NaCl and CaCl2 solution in variable and constant temperature indicated that reduction of swelling potential is not the same. 677 686 محدثه امینی کلهرودی mohadeseh amini kelehroudi دانشجو ایران amini.mohadeseh@ut.ac.ir علی رئیسی استبرق Ali Raeesi Estabragh دانشیار گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی دانشگاه تهران ایران raeesi@ut.ac.ir جمال عبدالهی jamal Abdolahi Baik مربی گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی دانشگاه تهران ایران jaabaik@ut.ac.ir پتانسیل تورمی دمای ثابت و متغیر تحکیم اصلاح‌شده سربار 10 کیلوپاسکال Ahmadi, H., Rahimi, H., and Rostami, M. E (2012). Control of swelling of soil under canal lining by wetting and drying cycles. Irrigation and Drainage, 61(4), 527-532.##Al-Homoud, A. S., Basma, A. A., Husein Malkawi, A. I., and Al Bashabsheh, M. A. (1995). Cyclic swelling behavior of clays. Journal of  Geotechnical Engineering, 121(7), 562-565.##Alonso, E. E., Romero, E., Hoffmann, C., and García-Escudero, E. (2005). 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0 توسعه مدل بهره‌برداری تلفیقی از منابع آب سطحی و زیرزمینی با تأکید بر کمیت و کیفیت منابع آب Development of conjunctive surface and ground water use model with emphasis on the quality and quantity of water resources https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_59976.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.59976 0 بسیاری از مسائل واقعی تخصیص بهینه منابع آب شامل اهداف متضادی هستند. در این تحقیق، الگوریتم ژنتیک NSGA-II، به‌منظور بهینه‌سازی بهره‌برداری تلفیقی چند‌هدفه از منابع آب و مدیریت بهینه عرضه و تقاضای آب در بخش کشاورزی توسعه یافته است. به­منظور تخصیص بهینه منابع آب و زمین به محصولات غالب در واحد هیدرولوژیکی نجف‌آباد، دو مدل جایگزین برنامه­ریزی ژنتیک و شبکه عصبی مصنوعی، با الگوریتم NSGA-II مرتبط شده‌اند. نتایج مدل بر اساس پارامتر‌های آماری خطا، کارایی مدل‌های جایگزین برای پیش‌بینی تراز آب زیرزمینی و غلظت کل جامدات محلول در تعدادی چاه­های مشاهده­ای نمونه را تأیید می‌نمایند. با توجه به نتایج نهائی الگوریتم شبیه‌سازی-بهینه­سازی، مقدار متوسط افت تراز آب زیرزمینی در شرایط بهینه نسبت به شرایط موجود (65/0 متر) به 18/0 متر محدود شده است. بعلاوه، بر اساس الگوی بهینه، متوسط ماهیانه غلظت املاح در منطقه از 1258 به 1229 میلی­گرم بر لیتر کاهش می‌یابد. 1 Many real water resources optimization problems involve conflicting objectives. In this study, multiobjective genetic algorithm NSGA-II, has been developed for optimization the conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater resources and optimal management of supply and demand of agricultural water. Here, optimal allocation of land and water resources to the dominant products in Najaf Abad plain, two surrogate models, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Genetic Programming (GP), has been linked with NSGA-II. Results according to Mean Squared Error and correlation coefficient values show the efficiency of alternative models for prediction the concentration of Total of Dissolved Solids (TDS) and groundwater level in observation wells. According to the final results of SO model, average drowdown in groundwater level is equal to 0.18 m in optimal conditions, compared to the current(pre-optimal) conditions has been reduced to one third,also average concentration of TDS decreased from 1258 mg/lit to 1229 mg/lit in optimal conditions. 687 699 فاطمه حیدری Fatemeh Heydari دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران fatemeh.heydari@modares.ac.ir بهرام ثقفیان Bahram Saghafian دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات ایران saghafian@scwmri.ac.ir مجید دلاور Majid Delavar هیات علمی-دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران delavar_we@yahoo.com بهینه‌سازی چند‌هدفه تراز آب زیرزمینی غلظت املاح Delavar, M. (2005). Assessment and modeling of Urmia lake level fluctuation and risk analysis of coastal areas. Master's thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran.##Alimohammadi, S. And Hosseinzadeh, H. (2010). Optimization of conjunctive operation of surface and groundwater resources of Abhar river basin. Journal of Water and Wastewater, 20 (3), 75-87.##Ghodrati, M. 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(1990). {MT3D}, A modular three-dimensional transport model.##Zitzler, E., and Thiele, L. (1999). Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms: a comparative case study and the strength Pareto approach. IEEE Trans. Evolutionary Computation, 3, 257-271.##

0 بررسی فشارهای دینامیکی ناشی از برخورد جتهای قائم دایره ای آزاد به سطح زبر در زوایای مختلف Investigation of Dynamic Pressure of Vertical and Circular Free Water Jets on Rough Surfaces with Variable Angles https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_59977.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.59977 0 امنیت و پایداری سد بایستی به ازای سیل عبوری از سرریز سدها تأمین گردد. بنابراین انرژی جنبشی جریان عبوری از روی سرریز‌ها باید مستهلک گردد. یکی از سازه­های مستهلک‌کننده­ی انرژی در پایین‌دست سدها، حوضچه­های استغراق می­باشند. هدف از این تحقیق، بررسی فشارهای دینامیکی به وجود آمده از برخورد جت دایره‌ای غیرمستغرق به یک صفحه زبر با اندازه زبری 8/0 سانتی‌متر در زوایای برخورد 30، 60 و 90 درجه است. بنابراین، در این تحقیق از حسگرهای سنجش لحظه­ای فشار با قابلیت ثبت و ذخیره فشارهای نوسانی استفاده گردید. نتایج حاصله نشان می­دهد با افزایش ارتفاع ریزش، ضریب میانگین فشارهای دینامیکی کاهش و ضرایب حدی فشارهای دینامیکی افزایش می­یابند. همچنین با کاهش زاویه­ی برخورد جت با سطح برخورد، فشارهای دینامیکی کاهش می‌یابند و زبری نیز باعث افزایش فشارهای دینامیکی تا حدود 70% در محدوده­ی برداشت­های آزمایشگاهی گردید. 1 The security and stability of dams for flood passing through the spillway should be provided. So, kinetic energy of flow over large spillway must be dissipated. One of the energy dissipation structures at downstream dams, are plunging pools. The aim of this paper is to investigate dynamic pressure that is created by the impact of a series of rounded non-submerged jets on a flat plate with the roughness height of 0.8 cm in the angles of the impact of 30, 60 and 90 degrees. This research uses sensors to measure the instantaneous pressure (Pressure transducer) with the ability to record and store the dynamic pressure oscillation of water jet. The results showed that increasing the drop height, average coefficient of dynamic pressure decreases. The extreme dynamic pressures coefficient increased with increase fall height. The mean coefficient of dynamic pressure increases with increasing discharge. As the angle of the impact jet decreases, the dynamic pressures reduce. Also, the roughness increases the dynamic pressure up to 70% in the test interval. 701 710 منوچهر فتحی مقدم Manoochehr Fathimoghaddam دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز- استاد دانشکده مهندسی علوم آب ایران fathi49@gmail.com سجاد کیانی Sajjad Kiani دانشجوی دکتری، گروه سازه‌های آبی دانشکده مهندسی علوم آب دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز ایران sajad.kiani508@gmail.com بابک لشکرآرا Babak Lashkarara استادیار، گروه مهندسی عمران دانشگاه صنعتی جندی شاپور دزفول ایران babak_lashkarara@yahoo.com ماهر عبیداوی Maher Obeidavi دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه سازه‌های آبی دانشکده مهندسی علوم آب دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، ایران m.obeydavi@yahoo.com ارتفاع ریزش حوضچه استغراق عدد فرود فشارهای دینامیکی حدی Bollaert, E. and Schleiss, A. (2003(a)). Scour of rock due to the impact of plunging high velocity jets, Part I: A state-of-the-art review. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 41(5), 451-464.##Bollaert, E. and Schleiss, A. (2003(b)). Scour of rock due to the impact of plunging high velocity jets, Part II: Experimental results of dynamic pressures at pool bottoms and in one-and two-dimensional closed end rock joints. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 41(5), 465-480.##Castillo, L., Puertas, J., and Dolz, J. (1999). Discussion: Pressure fluctuations on plunge pool floors (Ervine, D. A., Falvey, H. T. and Withers, W.). Journal of Hydraulic Research, 37(2), 272-277.##Castillo, L., Puertas, J. and Dolz, J. (2004). Discussion: Scour of rock due to the impact of plunging high velocity jets, Part I: A state-of-the art review. (Bollaert, E. and Schleiss, A.). Journal of Hydraulic Research, 41(5), 451-464.##Castillo, L. and Luis, G. (2006). Aerated jets and pressure fluctuation in plunge pools. Proceeding the 7th International Conference on Hydro Science and Engineering (ICHE), 10–13 Sep, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA.##Castillo, L. (2007). Pressure characterization of undeveloped and developed jets in shallow and deep pool. Proceeding 32nd Congress of IAHR, the International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research, Venice, Italy, 2, 645-655.##Ervine, D. A. and Falavey, H. T. (1987). Behavior of turbulent jets in atmosphere and in plunge pools. Proceeding of the Institution of the Civil Engineering, 83(1), 295-314.##Ervine, D. A., Falavey, H. T. and Withers, W. (1997). Pressure fluctuation on plunge pool floors. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 35(2), 491-513.##Hartung, F. and Häusler, E. (1973). Scours, stilling basins and downstream protection under free overfall jets at dams. Proceedings of the 11th Congress on Large Dams, Madrid, pp. 39–56.##Kerman Nejad, J., Fathi-Moghadam, M., Lashkarara, B. and Haghighipour, S. (2011). Dynamic pressure of Filip bucket jet. World Applied Sciences Journal, 12(8), 1165-1171.##Liu, P., Gao, J., Li, Z. and Li, Y. (1997). Mechanism of energy dissipation and hydraulic design for plunge pools downstream of large dams. The 27th Congress Energy and Water Sustainable Research, ASCE, pp. 417-422.##Peter, J. R. (1994). Force and pressure measurements in spillway plunge pools. The National Conference of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, pp. 553-557.##Salemnia, A., Fathi-Moghadam, M. and Haghighipour, S. (2014). Effect of nozzle diameter and falling height on the dynamic pressure coefficient of vertical free water jets. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 24(4), 185-195. (In Farsi)##

0 ارزیابی عملکرد روش پردازش تصویر در تخمین ضریب زبری مانینگ در لایه سطحی بستر رودخانه‌ها Evaluation of Image Processing Technique in Estimating the Manning’s Roughness Coefficient in the Surface Layer of Riverbeds https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_59978.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.59978 0 با توجه به اهمیت برآورد مناسب ضریب زبری در مطالعات مهندسی رودخانه، در تحقیق حاضر به ارزیابی روش پردازش تصویر در تخمین ضریب زبری مانینگ لایه سطحی بستر رودخانه‌ها پرداخته شده است. ارزیابی روش مزبور در بازه‌ای 5/7 کیلومتری از رودخانه شلمان‌رود گیلان با کاربرد هم‌زمان روش‌های دانه‌بندی با الک و پردازش تصاویر دیجیتال صورت گرفته است. پردازش تصاویر تهیه‌شده از بستر رودخانه حاکی از آن است که این روش از دقت بسیار بالایی در برآورد اندازه ذرات رسوبی (ذرات دارای اندازه 50d و بزرگتر) برخوردار بوده و می‌تواند به‌منظور تخمین ضریب زبری مانینگ ذرات رسوبی بستر از طریق روابط تجربی موجود، مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. برای ارزیابی نتایج روش پردازش تصویر در تخمین ضرایب مانینگ، از شبیه‌سازی جریان یک‌بعدی ماندگار توسط مدل هیدرولیکی Hec-Ras استفاده گردید و مدل در قالب سناریوهای مختلف اجرا شد. درنهایت، مقایسه مشخصه‌های هیدرولیکی به‌دست‌آمده در مقاطع موردبررسی، نسبت به نتایج روش Cowan نشان داد که رابطه تجربی 90Bray-d با حداکثر اختلاف نسبی عرض سطح آب به میزان 7/13%، در برآورد ضرایب زبری مانینگ در سطح بستر رودخانه بهترین کارایی را خواهد داشت. 1 Considering the importance of adequate roughness coefficient estimation in river engineering studies, evaluation of image processing technique in estimating Manning’s roughness coefficient in the surface layer of riverbeds carried out in this study. The mentioned approach evaluation conducted by implementing of sieving analysis and digital image processing methods simultaneously for a 7.5km reach of Shalmanrood River of Gilan. The processing of captured images signifies that this technique has an excellent accuracy in estimating the size of sediment particles (particles with a size of d50 or larger) and can be used to estimate Manning’s roughness coefficient of sediment particles of riverbed, utilizing the given empirical formulas. To evaluate the image processing results in estimating Manning’s coefficient values, one-dimensional modeling by HEC-RAS Hydraulic model was used and the model was conducted through different scenarios. Finally, on given cross sections, the comparison of output hydraulic properties with respect to Cowan’s method results showed that Bray’s empirical formula (d90) will have the best efficiency in estimating the Manning’s roughness coefficients in the surface of riverbed, with a maximum relative difference of 13.7% in top width. 711 722 فرزام حسن نژاد شریفی Farzam Hassannezhad Sharifi دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد ایران farzamhasannezhad@yahoo.com امیر صمدی Amir Samadi دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی-قزوین-دانشکده فنی و مهندسی- گروه مهندسی آب ایران samadi_59@yahoo.com اصغر عزیزیان قطار Asghar Azizian Ghatar عضو هیات علمی گروه مهندسی آب ایران azizian@eng.ikiu.ac.ir ذرات سطحی پردازش تصاویر ضریب زبری مانینگ روش Cowan HEC-RAS Abdesharif Esfahani, M., Karbasi, M., Rajabi-hashjin, M. and Kiasalari, A. (2005). Introduction of grid photography method of riverbed for determining armored-layer gradation of a coarse-grained bed (Case study: Karaj River). 5th Iranian Hydraulic Conference, 8-10 Nov., Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran. (In Farsi)##Aberle, J. and Nikora, V. (2006). Statistical properties of armored gravel bed surfaces. Water Resources Research, 42(11), W11414, doi:10.1029/2005WR004674.##Acement, G. S. and Schneider V. R. (1985). Guide for selecting Manning’s roughness coefficent for natural channels and flood plains, Water Resources paper 2339, US Geological survey, Washington DC. (updated 2002), 98 pages.##American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). (2006). Standard test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates. C136 / C136M: 14.##Azizian, A., Morshedi, F. and Arian, A. (2013). Utilization of image processing technique for obtaining surface material gradation curve of the riverbed. 9th River Engineering International Seminar, 22-24 Jan., Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran. (In Farsi)##Beggan, C. and Hamilton, C. W. (2010). New image processing software for analyzing object size-frequency distributions, geometry, orientation, and spatial distribution. Computers & Geosciences, 36(4), 539–549.##Bray, D.I. (1979). Estimating average velocity in gravel-bed rivers: American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 105(HY9), 1103-1122.##Chang, F.J. and Chung, Ch. H. (2012). Estimation of riverbed grain-size distribution using image processing techniques. Journal of Hydrology, 440-441: 102–112.##Cheng, Z. and Liu, H. (2015). Digital grain-size analysis based on autocorrelation algorithm. Sedimentary Geology, 327, 21–31.##Chow, V.T. (1959). Open-channel hydraulics, New York, McGraw-Hill, 680 p.##Chung, Ch. H. and Chang, F.J. (2013). A refined automated grain sizing method for estimating river-bed grain size distribution of digital images. Journal of Hydrology, 486, 224–233.##Cowan, W.L. (1956). Estimating hydraulic roughness coefficients, Agricultural Engineering, 377, 473–475.##Esmaeili Varaki, M., Zamani, A. and Kazemirad, M. (2012a). Numerical simulation of various cut-offs on meandering rivers, a case study: Shalman rood river in Guilan province. 11th Iranian Hydraulic Conference, 6-8 Nov., Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. (In Farsi)##Esmaeili Varaki, M., Shekholeslami, J. and Ashrafzadeh, A. (2012b). Effects of large floods on river morphology and flood zoning in areas vulnerable to damage, case study: Chabookroud river in Guilan province. 1st passive defence conference in Caspian sea basin, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. (In Farsi)##Garde, R.J., Ranga Raju, K.G. (1978). Mechanics of Sediment Transportation and Alluvial Stream Problems. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi.##Ghaffari, G. and Mosaedi, A. (2006). Effect of applying different Manning’s roughness coefficient determination methods to estimate the amount of flooding area (Case study, Babolroud River). J. Agric. Sci. Natur. Resour., 12(6), 11 – 20. (In Farsi)##Graham, D. J., Rice, S. P. and Reid, I. (2005). A transferable method for the automated grain sizing of river gravels. Water Resources Research, 41(7), 1-12.##Henderson, F.M. (1966). Open Channel Flow. MacMillan Publishing Co. Inc. New York, USA.##Lane, E.W., and Carlson, E.J. (1953). Some factors affecting the stability of canals constructed in coarse granular materials, Proceedings of International Association of Hydraulic Research, 5th Congress, Minneapolis.##Meyer – Peter, P.E., and Muller, R. (1948). Formulas for Bed Load Transport, Proceedings of the 3rd International Association for Hydraulic Research, Stockholm, 39-64.##Mohajeri, S.H. (2015). An investigation on gravel-bed roughness characterization. Journal of Hydraulics, 9(4), 73-86 (In Farsi).##Mohajeri, S.H., Grizzi, S., Righetti, M., Romano, G.P. and Nikora, V. (2015). The structure of gravel-bed flow with intermediate submergence: A laboratory study. Water Resources Research, 51(11), 9232-9255.##Nikora, V., Goring, D., McEwan, I. and Griffiths, G. (2001). Spatially averaged open-channel flow over rough bed. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 127(2), 123–133.##Penders, C.A. (2010). Determining mean grain-size in high gradient streams with autocorrelative digital image processing. Master of Science Thesis, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, United States.##Publication No. 331-a. (2009). Guideline for Determination of the Hydraulic Roughness Coefficient of Rivers. Draft, Bureau of Engineering and Technical Criterias for Water and Wastewater, Ministry of Energy, Iran. (In Farsi)##Raudkivi, A.J. (1976). Loose Boundary Hydraulics. 2nd ed., Pergamon Press, New York.##Rubin, D.M. (2004). A Simple Autocorrelation Algorithm for Determining Grain Size from Digital Images of Sediment, Journal of Sedimantary Research, 74(1), 160-165.##Rubin, D.M., Chezar, H., Harney, J. N., Topping, D. J., Melis, T. S. and Sherwood, C. R. (2007). Underwater microscope for measuring spatial and temporal changes in bed-sediment grain size. Sedimentary Geology, 202(3), 402–408.##Sadeghi, S. H. and Gharemahmoodli, S. (2013). Accuracy analysis of bed sediment gradation using the processing of images of cameras with different resolutions. Journal of Watershed Engineering and Management, 5(2), 115-124. (In Farsi)##Samadi, A. and Azizian, A. (2015). Evaluating the effect of different image resolutions on obtaining the surface material gradation curve of riverbed using image processing technique. 1st National Congress on Iran’s Irrigation & Drainage, 13-14 May., Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran. (In Farsi)##Storm, K. B., Kuhns, R. D. and Lucas, H. J. (2010). Comparison of automated image-based grain sizing to standard pebble-count methods. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 136(8), 461–473.##Strickler A. (1923). Beiträge zur Frage der Geschwindigkeitsformel und der Rauhigkeitszahlen fur Ströme, Kanäle und Geschlossene Leitungen, Berna.##Subramanya, K. (1982). Flow in Open Channels. vol. 1, Tata McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.##Warrick, J. A., Rubin, D. M., Ruggiero, P., Harney, J. N., Draut, A. E. and Buscombe, D. (2009). Cobble cam: grain-size measurements of sand to boulder from digital photographs and autocorrelation analyses. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 34(13), 1811–1821.##

0 ارزیابی عملکرد سامانه‌های آبیاری عقربه‌ای (سنترپیوت) در مزارع کشت و صنعت و دامپروری مغان Performance evaluation of center pivot systems in Moghan Agro-Industry and Livestock https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_59979.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.59979 0 با ارزیابی سامانه‌های آبیاری بارانی اجرا شده می‌توان میزان موفقیت این سامانه‌ها را تعیین کرد و راه‌کارهای عملی برای بهبود بازده آبیاری این سامانه‌ها و پیشنهادها برای سامانه‌های آتی را ارائه نمود. هدف اصلی این مطالعه، بررسی وضعیت و عملکرد سامانه‌های عقربه‌ای اجراشده در منطقه مورد مطالعه بود. در این تحقیق 5 سامانه آبیاری عقربه‌ای (عقربه ای) در مزارع یونجه، ذرت و چغندرقند کشت و صنعت و دامپروری مغان شهرستان پارس­آباد به‌عنوان نمونه انتخاب شد. هر سامانه در 3 آزمایش مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج ارزیابی شامل، میانگین ضریب یکنواختی، یکنواختی توزیع، بازده پتانسیل کاربرد آب در ربع پایین، بازده واقعی کاربرد آب در ربع پایین، تلفات بادبردگی و تبخیر در مزارع موردمطالعه به ترتیب 50/47، 40/60، 10/50، 10/50 و 32/5 درصد به دست آمد. تجزیه و تحلیل عوامل ارزیابی نشان داد که سامانه‌های عقربه ای موردمطالعه از کارایی مناسبی برخوردار نبودند. دلیل کارایی نامناسب، بیشتر مربوط به مسائل مدیریتی و اشکالات فنی سامانه‌ها بود که مورد توجه قرار نگرفته بود. مقادیر پایین AELQ و PELQ به علت ناسازگاری شرایط کارکرد و طراحی نامناسب سامانه بود که باید مورد توجه و بازبینی قرار گیرد. 1 Evaluating the implemented sprinkler irrigation systems, made it possible to determine these systems level of success; and presented practical solutions to improve the efficiency of these systems and offered suggestions for future systems. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the status and performance of the implemented center pivot systems in the study area. In this study, 5 center pivots were chosen in alfalfa, maize and sugar beet fields in Moghan Agro-Industry and Livestock. Each system was evaluated in 3 experiments. The results showed that, average distribution coefficient, distribution uniformity, PELQ, AEQL, evaporation and wind drift losses are about 47.5, 60.4, 50.1, 50.1 and 7.6, respectively. Analyses of these evaluation parameters showed that the existing center pivot systems in the study fields were not efficient. The Low efficiency of these systems was results of improper management and technical issues that were not considered. The reason for the low amount of AELQ and PELQ was improper designing and operation of these systems that should be considered and revised. 723 729 یاسر حمدی احمد آباد Yaser Hamdi Ahmadabad دانشجو کارشناسی ارشد ایران hamdiyaser71@ut.ac.ir عبدالمجید لیاقت Abdolmajid Liaghat استاد گروه آبیاری آبادانی دانشگاه تهران ایران a.lighat@ut.ac.ir تیمور سهرابی Tymor Sohrabi استاد گروه آبیاری و آبادانی دانشگاه تهران ایران myousef@ut.ac.ir علی رسول‌زاده Ali Rasoulzadeh دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی ایران rasoulzadeh@uma.ac.ir بیژن نظری Bijan Nazari استادیار، دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی (ره)، قزوین ایران nazari.bijan@gmail.com امین لیاقت Amin Liaghat دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد آبیاری و زهکشی دانشگاه تهران ایران a.liaghat@ut.ac.ir ارزیابی عملکرد ضریب یکنواختی یکنواختی توزیع بازده پتانسیل کاربرد آب بازده واقعی کاربرد آب ASAE Standards, 41 st ed (1994) The procedures for determining the uniformity of water distribiution of center pivot and moving lateral irrigation machines equipped with spray or sprinkler nozzles.##Ascough, G. W. and Kiker, G. A. (2002). The effect of irrigation uniformity on irrigation water requirements. Journal of Water SA, 28(2), 235-241.##Doustmohammdi, M., Soltanimohammadi, A., RezaiiRad, H. (2013). Evaluation performance center pivot irrigation system in Qom. In: First National Conference on Water Crisis, 15-16 May., Islamic Azad Univercity of Isfahan, Iran, pp. 410-419.##Frooghi, F. and Ghaemi, A. (2007). Determination of evaporation and wind drift losses under Center pivot irrigation machine in Badjgah region. Journal of Irrigation & Drainage, 1(1), 63-70.(InFarsi).##Ghaemi, A. A. (2004). Hydraulic Evaluation and Testing of Iranian Made Center Pivot Irrigation System. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 5(19), 28-48. (In Farsi).##Ghamarnia, H. and Sepehri, S. (2010). A comparison of private and public pressurized irrigation systems in different parts of the Kermanshah province west Iran. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 8(1), 321-325.##López-Mata, E., Tarjuelo, J. M., de Juan J. A., Ballesteros, R. and Domínguez, A. (2010). Effect of irrigation uniformity on the profitability of crops. Journal of Agricultural Water Management, 98(1), 190-198.##Louie, M. J. and Selker, J. S. (2000). Sprinkler head maintenance effects on water application uniformity. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 126(3), 142-148.##Markley, P. and Allen, G. (2004). Sprinkle and trickle irrigation lecture notes.1th Ed. Utah state university,Utah, 279 p.##Martinez, J. M., Valero, J. A. and Martin-Benito, T. (2003). Behaviour of several kinds of emitters on water distribution with center pivot equipments Comportement de quelques types d'asperseurs sur la distribution d'eau des pivots.##Merriam, J. L. and Keller, J. (1978). Farm irrigation system evaluation: A guide for management. Department of Agricultural and Irrigation Engineering, United States University, Logan, United States, 271P.##Merriam, J. L., Shearer, M. N., Burt, C. M. and Jensen, M. E. (1980). Evaluating irrigation systems and practices. Design and operation of farm irrigation systems.721-760.##Mikhak bairanvand, Z., BroomandNasab, S., IzadPanah, Z. and Maleki, A. (2014). The efficiency of irrigation systems, sprinkler irrigation in Khorramabab. Journal Of Water and Irrigation Management, 4(2), 191-202. (In Farsi).##Montazar, A. and Sadeghi, M. (2008). Effects of applied water and sprinkler irrigation uniformity on alfalfa grown and hay yield. Journal ofAgricultural water management, 95(11), 1279-1287.##Omary, M., Camp, C. R. and Sadler, E. J. (1997). Center Pivot irrigation system modification to provide variable water application depths. Journal ofApplied Engineering in Agriculture, 13(2), 235-239.##Ouazaa, S., Latorre, B., Burguete, J., Serreta, A., Playan, E., Salvador, R., Paniagua, P. and Zapata, N. (2015). Effect of the start – stop cycle of center-pivot towers on irrigation performance: Experiments and simulations. Journal ofAgricultural Water Management, 147(2015), 163-174.##Playa´n, E. and Mateos, L. (2006). Modernization and optimization of irrigation systems to increase water productivity. Journal ofAgricultural Water Management, 80(1), 100-116.##Roland, L. (1982). Mechanized sprinkler irrigation. FAO irrigation and drainage, 409p.##Salah, A. R. (2013). Evaluation of speed Effect on Center Pivot Irrigation System Performance at Waha Project under Sudan North State Conditions.In: International Conference on Civil and Architecture Engineering, Malaysia.##Sohrabi, T. and Asilmanesh, R. (1998). Evaluation performance center pivot irrigation system in karaj. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 2(2), 1-14.(In Farsi).##Yan, H., Jin, H. and Qian, Y. (2010). Characterizing center pivot irrigation with fixed spray plate sprinklers. Journal ofScience China Technological Sciences, 53(5), 1398-1405.##

0 بررسی اثرات مقادیر مختلف آبیاری، تراکم بوته و آرایش کاشت در روش آبیاری قطره‌ای- نواری بر عملکرد، اجزاء عملکرد و کارآیی مصرف آب ذرت دانه‌ای در اسلام‌آباد غرب Effect of different levels of irrigation, planting density, Planting pattern in drip irrigation on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of corn https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_59980.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.59980 0 کمبود منابع آب در کشور و بالا بودن تلفات آب در آبیاری سطحی لزوم توجه به روش­ آبیاری تحت‌فشار به‌خصوص آبیاری قطره­ای با لوله­های تیپ (به علت داشتن فشار کارکرد کم و هزینه­های پایین تهیه لوله­ها) و استفاده  بهینه از منابع آبی برای کشت محصولات پرمصرف مثل ذرت را افزایش داده است. در این راستا پژوهش حاضر به‌منظور تعیین اثرات کاربرد مقادیر مختلف آب آبیاری، تراکم بوته و آرایش کاشت بر عملکرد، اجزاء عملکرد و کارایی مصرف آب ذرت دانه­ای رقم سینگل کراس 700 (700KSC) با استفاده از سامانه آبیاری قطره­ای نواری (tape)، در ایستگاه تحقیقاتی اسلام‌آباد غرب در دو سال متوالی (1390-1391) انجام گردید. این طرح در قالب طرح آزمایشی فاکتوریل اسپلیت بلوک که نوار عمودی، عامل آبیاری شامل چهار تیمار آبیاری 50، 75، 100 و 125 درصد تبخیر و تعرق گیاه ذرت، و نوار افقی، عامل‌های آرایش کاشت شامل دو آرایش کاشت یک و دو ردیفه و تراکم بوته شامل سه تراکم 65، 75 و 85 هزار بوته در هکتار به‌صورت فاکتوریل با سه تکرار به اجرا درآمد. نتایج نشان داد که مقدار آب آبیاری و تراکم کشت در سطح 1% و اثرات متقابل آنها در سطح 5 درصد  اختلاف معنی­دار بر کارایی مصرف آب ایجاد کردند. تیمار50درصد نیاز آبی ذرت با 8/0 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب و تیمار 100درصد نیاز آبی ذرت با 25/1 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب به ترتیب کمترین و بیشترین کارایی مصرف آب را دارا بودند. مقادیر مختلف آبیاری در سطح 1% در عملکرد اختلاف ایجاد نمود به‌طوری‌که تیمار 125 درصد تبخیر و تعرق گیاه ذرت، با 11320 کیلوگرم در هکتار بیشترین و تیمار 50 درصد تبخیر و تعرق گیاه ذرت، با 3442 کیلوگرم در هکتار کمترین عملکرد را به خود اختصاص داد.  همچنین عملکرد تحت تأثیر  تراکم و آرایش کاشت قرار گرفت و در سطح 1% با یکدیگر اختلاف معنی­دار داشتند. به‌طوری‌که تراکم 65 هزار بوته و آرایش کاشت یک ردیفه به ترتیب با 6596 و 7894 کیلوگرم در هکتار کمترین و تراکم 75 هزار بوته و آرایش کاشت دو ردیفه به ترتیب با 8809 و 8195 کیلوگرم در هکتار بیشترین عملکرد داشتند. اثرات متقابل سطوح آبیاری و تراکم کشت در سطح یک درصد بر عملکرد ایجاد نمود اما اثرات متقابل سطوح آبیاری و آرایش کاشت و همچنین سطوح آبیاری، تراکم و آرایش کاشت، اثر سال و تکرار اختلاف معنی­دار بر هیچ‌یک از عوامل ایجاد نکردند. 1 , present study was performed in order to determine effects of different amounts of irrigation water, plant density and planting pattern on yield, yield components and water use efficiency (WUE) of corn, variety single cross 700 (700KSC) using drip irrigation systems (tape) , in the research Station of Islamabadgharb in two consecutive years (2011-2012). The project was in the form of split block factorial experiment design That the vertical bar, was irrigation factor consists of four irrigation treatments of 50, 75, 100 and 125 percent evapotranspiration corn, And horizontal bars, were factor planting pattern include two planting pattern of one and two-row And plant density consists of three density of 65, 75 and 85 thousand plants per hectare and was implemented as factorial with three replications. The results showed that amount of irrigation and plant density at 1% level and their interactions at the level of 5%, created significant difference on water use efficiency. 50% treatment of the water requirement of corn with 0.8 kilograms per cubic meter and 100% treatment of the water requirement of corn with 1.25 kilograms per cubic meter, respectively, had the lowest and highest water use efficiency. Different amounts of irrigation water created difference at 1% level in yield So that 125% treatment of evapotranspiration of corn, with 11320 kg per hectare had highest yield and 50% treatment of evapotranspiration of corn, with 3442 kg per hectare, had the lowest yield also yield was influenced by the density and planting pattern and had significant Differences at 1% level. So that the density of 65 thousand plants and planting pattern one-row respectively with 6596 and 7894 kg per hectare had the lowest yield and density 75 thousand plants per hectare and planting pattern two-rows respectively with 8809 and 8195 kg per hectare had the highest yield 731 741 پیمان افراسیاب peyman afrasiab هیئت علمی ایران p_afrasiab@yahoo.com معصومه دلبری masumeh delbari عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه زابل ایران m_delbari@yahoo.com حسین جعفری hossein jafari موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب ایران jafari52_h@yahoo.com آبیاری قطره‌ای نواری تبخیر و تعرق عمق آبیاری و تشت تبخیر Afshar, H., Sadreghaen, S. H., and Baghani, J. (2009). Effect of different levels of irrigation water, plant density and planting pattern in drip and the grooves irrigation methods on the cultivation of corn seed of 704 varieties in Mashhad Mashhad. Tenth Seminar of Irrigation and reduce evaporation.##Ahmadali, J., Majidi, A. and Razavi, R. (2012). Comparison of water use efficiency in tape drip and  surface irrigation system of corn. First National Conference on farm water management. In farsi.##Akhavan, K., Shir, M. R. and Kazemiazar, F. (2014). Effect of The amount of water in drip irrigation and planting arrangment  on yield of corn.  Journal of Water Research in Agriculture. 28(2A), 98. (In Farsi).##Akhavan, S., Moosavi, S. F., Mostafazadehfard, B. and Ghadamifiroozabadi, A. (2007). Investigate of tape and Furrow Irrigation on yield and water use efficiency in crop of potatoes. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources. (41A) 36. (In Farsi).##Alavi, S. M. and Shamsoddin saeid, M. (2008). Effects of different Direction and densities planting on forage and grain Sorghum yield in Bam. Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 12(45), 91-97.##Asadi, R. (2012). The effect of deficit irrigation using drip irrigation system on yield, yield components and water use efficiency corn. Journal of Research Water in Agriculture. 26(2B), 198. (In Farsi).##Azari, A., Broomandnasab, S. and Behzad, M. (2006). Evaluation of yield of crop corn in tape drip irrigation method.  National Conference On Irrigation and Drainage Networks Management. Chamran University. Ahvaz. (In Farsi).##Baghani , J. (2008). Comparison of the effects of furrow irrigation to drip on water use efficiency and yield of the crop row. Journalof Irrigation and Drainage. (In Farsi).##Bavace,. F., and  M.Bavace. (2001). Effect of maize plant double row spacing on nutrient uptake, leafe area index and yield. Rostlinna vyroba, 47 (3), 135-140.##Cakir, R. (2004). Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Field Crops. 89, 1-16.##Center for Information Technology and Communications Ministry of Agriculture[l1] . (2011). Amarnameh 89-90. V1. First Printing## Ehsani[l2] , M. and Khaledi, H. (2003). Agricultural water productivity. Iranian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage. First Printing. Page 110. (In Farsi).##Jafari, H., Hamedi, F., Ghaderi, J. and Zanganeh, R. (2005). Compare drip tape and surface irrigation system through the different levels of water requirement on corn yield. Ninth Congress of Soil Science. 120-121. (In Farsi).## Karimi, M. Gomrokchi, A. (2011). Yield and water use efficiency of corn planted in one or two rows and applying furrow or drip tape irrigation systems in Ghazvin Province Iran. Irrigation and Drainage. 60(1), 35–41, February 2011.##Koohi, N., Alizadeh, A., Ashrafi, Sh. and Najafi, A. (2005). The effect of different levels of drip irrigation and plant density on water use efficiency of corn in one and two-row cultivation. Journal Bulletin of Agricultural Sciences. 1(6),  49-58. (In Farsi).##Koohi, N., Farzamnia, M. and Ashrafi, Sh. (2007). Evaluation of different levels of irrigation, using drip irrigation tape system and soil moisture balance on corn yield in Kerman. Scientific Seminar of National Project of pressurized Irrigation system and Sustainable Development. Page 531-539. (In Farsi).##Lamm, F. R., Manges, H. L., Stone, L. R., Khan, A. H. and Rogers, D. H. (1995). water requirement of subsurface drip- irrigated zorn in northwest Kansas. Transaction of the ASAE, 38 (2).##Mazaheri, D. and Askarirad, M. and Bankehsaz, A. (2002). Study of planting pattern and plant density Effect on yield and its components in medium ripening maize single cross hybrid 647. Abstrac of seventh of iranian crop science                                            congress. Seed and plannt improvement institiut. (In Farsi).##Musick[l3] , J. T., and D. A. Dusek. (1980). Irrigated corn yield response to water. Transaction ion of the ASAE, 23(1), 92-98.##Nakhjavani, M. M., Sadreghaen, S. H., Zarei, GH. (2009). Effect of water different levels and plant density on yield and yield components of corn single cross 302. Tenth Seminar of Irrigation and reduce evaporation.##Rashidi[l4] , M. and Rezadoost, S. (2005). Study of different irrigation levels effects on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sunflower varieties. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 36. 1241-1250. (In Farsi).##Saberi, A., Mazaheri, D. and Heidari, H. (2006). Study of planting density and arrangment effect and some agronomic characteristics of corn 3v Cross 647. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 13, 67-76. (In Farsi).##Saberi, A., Faizbakhsh, M. T., Mokhtarpoor, H., Mosavat, & A., Askari, M. (2010).  Effect of Plant Density and Planting Pattern on Grain Yield and Yield Components in Grain Maize cv. KSC704. No2. P123-136.##Sohrabi[l5] . Y., Shakiba, M., Noghani, M., Rahimzadeh, F., Toorchi, M. and Fotoohi, K. (2006). Evaluation of limited irrigation effect and root harvesting time on yield and some quality characteristics of sugar beet. Journal of##Research and Construction 70. 8-13. (In Farsi).##Tokatlidis, I.S. Has, V. Melidis, V. Has, I. Mylonas, I. Evgenidis, G. Copandean, A. Ninou, E and Fasoula, V.A. (2011). Maize hybrids less dependent on high plant densities improve resource-use efficiency in rainfed and irrigated conditions. Field crop research. 120, 345-351.##

0 بررسی تأثیر تغییر اقلیم بر منحنی‌های سختی- مدت- فراوانی خشکسالی حوزه آبریز قره‌سو با استفاده از توابع مفصل The Survey of Climate Change Impact on Drought Severity- Duration- Frequency Curves Using Copulas https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_59981.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.59981 0 تغییر اقلیم تأثیرات متعددی بر مقدار بارش می­گذارد و گرمایش نیز با شتاب بخشیدن به خشک شدن زمین، منجر به افزایش فراوانی و شدت خشکسالی­ها می­شود که این خود بر منحنی­های سختی- مدت- فراوانی خشکسالی (SDF) مؤثر خواهد بود. هدف از این پژوهش، ارزیابی اثرات تغییر اقلیم بر منحنی­های SDF در حوزه آبریز قره‌سو واقع در استان گلستان در دوره آتی می­باشد. ابتدا متغیرهای بارش و دما با استفاده از سری زمانی میانگین حوزه طی سال­های 2012-1983 و خروجی­های مدل گردش عمومی جو CanESM2 تحت سه سناریو RCP 2.6، RCP 4.5 و RCP 8.5 و مدل ریزمقیاس­نمایی آماری SDSM در دوره 2048-2019 برآورد شدند. پس از آن با استفاده از شاخص شناسایی خشکسالی (RDI) سه‌ماهه و رویکرد تابع مفصل و دوره بازگشت شرطی منحنی­های SDF مربوط به حوزه در دوره پایه و آتی استخراج شدند. نتایج نشان داد که متغیرهای بارش و دمای ماهانه در حوزه، عموماً در دوره آینده تحت سناریوهای مختلف به ترتیب کاهش و افزایش می­یابد و در دوره پایه، دوره بازگشت یک رویداد خشکسالی با میزان سختی 10 و مدت برابر یا کمتر از 6 ماه، 5 سال می­باشد. دوره بازگشت همین رویداد خشکسالی تحت سناریوهای RCP 2.6، RCP 4.5 و RCP 8.5 به ترتیب برابر 21، 17 و 4 سال می­باشد. 1 Climate change has various effects on the quantity of rainfall and warming also is lead to increases in frequency and intensity of droughts by accelerating earth drying up and consequently. It is effective on the curves of severity- duration- frequency of drought (SDF). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of climate change on SDF curves in the future in Qareh su basin located in the Golestan province. First, precipitation and temperature variables were generated using basin-areal average time series from years 1983-2012 and “CanESM2” model outputs as a general circulation model under the RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios and “SDSM” model as a statistical downscaling model over the period 2019-2048. Then SDF curves were derived from 3-month Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) and Copula approach and conditional return period in the base and future time periods. The results showed that monthly precipitation and temperature for the future time period under different scenarios are generally decreased and increased, respectively and the return period of a drought event with severity equal to 10 with respect to 6-month duration or less, is 5 years in the base period. The return periods of the same event under RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 are 21, 17 and 4 years, respectively. 743 754 مسعوده عزیزآبادی - - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی منابع آب ایران mas_farahani66@yahoo.com بهرام بختیاری - - عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان ایران drbakhtiari@mail.uk.ac.ir کورش قادری - - عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان ایران kouroshqaderi@uk.ac.ir محسن رضاپور - - عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان ایران mohsenrzp@uk.ac.ir استان گلستان دوره بازگشت شرطی SDSM سختی- مدت- فراوانی خشکسالی Arora, V. K., Scinocca, J. F., Boer, G. J., Christian, J. R., Denman, K. L., Flato, G. M., Kharin, V. V., Lee, W. G. and Merryfield, W. J. (2011). Carbon emission limits required to satisfy future representative concentration pathways of greenhouse gases. Geophysical Research Letters, 38(5), 1-6.##Asadi Zarch, M. A. Mobin, M. H., Malekinejad, H., Dastorani, M. T., Rezaei Zarchi, S. 2009. Introduce a new index to determine drought severity, duration and its extent on arid regions of Iran. In: 5thNational Seminar on Watershed Management, 22-23 Apr, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. (In Farsi)##Bazrafshan, J., Nadi, M. and Ghorbani, Kh. (2015). Comparison of Empirical Copula-Based Joint Deficit Index (JDI) and Multivariate Standardized Precipitation Index (MSPI) for Drought Monitoring in Iran. Water Resources Management, 29(6), 2027-2044.##Farrokhnia, A. and Morid, S. (2008). Analysis of drought severity and duration using Copula functions. In: 4th National Congress on Civil Engineering, 6-8 May, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. (In Farsi)##Genest, Ch., Rémillard, B., Beaudoin, D. (2009). Goodness-of-fit tests for copulas: A review and a power study. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 44(2), 199-213.##Ghavidel Rahimi, Y. (2010). Statistical reveal the effect of global warming on the Jolfa annual precipitation anomalies using artificial neural networks. Journal of GeographyandEnvironmental Planning, 21(2), 65-82. (In Farsi)##Golmohammadi, M. and Massah Bavani, A. R. (2011). The Perusal of Climate Change Impact on Drought Intensity and Duration. Journal of Water and Soil, 25(2), 315-326.##Khalili, A. (1997). Integrated water plan of Iran. Meteorological studies, Ministry of power, Iran.## IPCC, 2014. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.##IPCC, 2007. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 976pp.##Kao, S. C., Govindaraju, R. S. (2008). Trivariate statistical analysis of extreme rainfall events via the Plackett family of copulas. Water Resources Research, 44(2), 1-19.##Katiraei, P. S., Hojam, S. and Irannejad, P. (2007). Contribution of frequency and intensity variations of daily precipitation in precipitation trend in Iran in 1961-2001 period. Journal of the Earth and Space Physics, 33(1), 67-83. (In Farsi)##Kwak, J., Kim, S., Singh, V. P., Kim, H. S., Kim, D., Hong, S., Lee, K. (2015). Impact of Climate Change on Hydrological Droughts in the Upper Namhan River Basin, Korea. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 19(2), 376-384.##Laio, F., (2004). Cramer-von Mises and Anderson-Darling goodness of fit tests for##extreme value distributions with unknown parameters. Water Resources Research, 40(9), 1-10.##Li, J., Zhang, K., Chen, Y. D., Singh, V. P. (2015). Future joint probability behaviors of precipitation extremes across China: Spatiotemporal patterns and implications for flood and drought hazards. Global and Planetary Change, 124, 107-122.##Moradi, H. R., Sepahband, A. R. and Khazaei, M. (2009). Evaluating meteorological and hydrological drought by modified SPI and SDI (case study: Khorram abad Basin). In: 5thNational Seminar on Watershed Management, 22-23 Apr, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. (In Farsi)##Mosaedi, A. and Ghabaei Sough, M. (2011a). Modification of Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) based on relevant probability distribution function in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. 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0 بررسی مشخصات پرش هیدرولیکی مستغرق و توسعه‌ی روابطی جدید برای برآورد خصوصیات آن Evaluate and develop new relationships to estimate submerged hydraulic jump characteristics https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_59982.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.59982 0 در این پژوهش، یک مطالعه آزمایشگاهی به‌منظور توسعة روابطی جدید و با دقت مناسب برای برآورد مشخصات پرش هیدرولیکی مستغرق انجام شده است. آزمایش‌ها در یک فلوم آزمایشگاهی با مقطع مستطیلی با طول 9 متر، عرض 5/0 متر و عمق 45/0 متر انجام شده است. این آزمایش‌ها در محدوده اعداد فرود بین 5/3 تا 5/11 و همچنین نسبت‌های استغراق­های 1/0 تا 4 تنظیم شده است. بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده، نیمرخ سطح آب در اعداد فرود و در نسبت استغراق­های مختلف مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. همچنین روابطی با دقت مناسب برای برآورد مشخصاتی همچون طول پرش مستغرق، عمق استغراق روی دریچه و همچنین افت انرژی نسبی توسعه یافته است. نتایج نشان داد که در یک عدد فرود معین، طول پرش هیدرولیکی مستغرق و افت انرژی نسبی پرش مستغرق به ترتیب بیشتر و کمتر از این مشخصات برای پرش هیدرولیکی آزاد است. به‌علاوه اینکه برای پرش مستغرق، در یک عدد فرود معین با افزایش نسبت استغراق، طول پرش و عمق استغراق روی دریچه افزایش و افت انرژی نسبی آن کاهش می­یابد. در پایان نیز با انجام تحلیل حساسیت روابط توسعه‌یافته، میزان تأثیر پارامترهای حاکم بر تغییرات عمق استغراق روی دریچه و افت انرژی نسبی تعیین گردید. 1 In this research, in order to develop new relationships with reasonable accuracy for estimation of the ‎submerged hydraulic jump characteristics, a study has been conducted experimentally. Experiments have ‎been done in a rectangular channel with a length of 9 m, a width of 0.5 m and a depth of 0.45 m. Froude ‎numbers in these tests range from 3.5 to 11.5 and between submergence ratios of 0.1 to 4. According to the results, the water surfaces profiles have been obtained in different Froude numbers and submergence ‎ratios. Also, some relationships with high accuracy to estimate such characteristics as jump length, ‎submerged depth on the gate, and the relative energy loss have been developed. The results also showed ‎that, in a given Froude number, length and relative energy loss for submerged hydraulic jump are, respectively, more and less than those for free hydraulic jumps. In addition, for submerged hydraulic jump, ‎at a given Froude number, by increasing the submergence ratio, the jump length and submergence depth on the gate increases and relative energy loss decreases. Finally, using sensitivity analysis technique, the ‎effectiveness of dominant parameters on the developed expressions on the changes in submergence depth ‎on the gate parameters and relative energy loss has been determined. 755 764 امین قاسمی Amin Ghassemi گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی دانشگاه تهران ایران amin_ghassemi@ut.ac.ir محمد حسین امید Mohammad Hosein Omid گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی دانشگاه تهران ایران momid@ut.ac.ir محسن نصرآبادی Mohsen NasrAbadi گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی دانشگاه تهران ایران nasrabadim@ut.ac.ir علی رئیسی استبرق Ali Raeesi Estabragh گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی دانشگاه تهران ایران raeesi@ut.ac.ir پرش هیدرولیکی مستغرق نیمرخ سطح آب عمق استغراق روی دریچه افت انرژی نسبی تحلیل حساسیت Abdel-Aal, G. M. (2004). Modeling of rectangular submerged hydraulic jumps. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 43(6), 865-873.##Bradley, J. N., & Peterka, A. J. (1957). The hydraulic design of stilling basins: hydraulic jumps on a horizontal apron (basin i). Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 83(5), 1-24.##Castro-Orgaz, O., Mateos, L., & Dey, S. (2012). Revisiting the energy-momentum method for rating vertical sluice gates under submerged flow conditions. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 139(4), 325-335.##Ead, S. A., & Rajaratnam, N. (2002). Plane turbulent wall jets in shallow tailwater. Journal of engineering mechanics, 128(2), 143-155.##Ghassemi, A., Soltani, A. and Raeesi Estabragh, A. (2015). Laboratory modeling of the free swelling and swelling pressure curves for high plasticity clays stabilized with chemical additives. In Proceeding of 10th International Congress on Civil Engineering, Tabriz, Iran##Hager, W. H., Bremen, R., & Kawagoshi, N. (1990). Classical hydraulic jump: length of roller. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 28(5), 591-608.##Khatibi, M., Estabragh, A. R., Soltani, A. & Rafatjoo, H. (2014). Assessment of swelling behavior of randomly reinforced expansive soils using regression analysis. In Proceeding of 8th National conference on Civil Engineering, Babol, Iran. (In Farsi)##Kindsvater, C. E. (1944). The hydraulic jump in sloping channels. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 109(1), 1107-1120.##Long, D., Steffler, P.M. and Rajaratnam, N. (1990). "LDA study of flow structure in submerged Hydraulic jumps". J. of Hydraulic Res, 28(4), pp 437-460.##Madsen, P. A., & Svendsen, I. A. (1983). Turbulent bores and hydraulic jumps. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 129, 1-25.##Mahmoodian Shooshtari, M. (2009) Principles of flow in open channels, Volume 1 (2th ed.). Shahid Chamran University Press. (In Farsi) ##Nasrabadi, M., Omid, M.H. & Farhoudi, J. (2010). “Comparative study of free and submerged hydraulic jump downstream of sluice gates”. In Proceeding of 9th Iranian Hydraulics Conference, Tehran, Iran. (In Farsi)##Rajaratnam, N. (1967). Hydraulic jumps. Advances in hydroscience, 4, 197-280.##Rajaratnam, N. (1968). "Hydraulic jump on rough bed". Trans. Eng. Inst. Canada, 11, pp 1-8.##Rajaratnam, N., & Subramanya, K. (1967a). Flow equation for the sluice gate.Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, 93(3), 167-186.##Rajaratnam, N., & Subramanya, K. (1967b). Flow immediately below submerged sluice gate. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 93(4), 57-77.##Ranjan, G., Vasan, R. M., & Charan, H. D. (1996). “Probabilistic analysis of randomly distributed fiber-reinforced soil”. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 122(6), 419-426.##Sivakumar Babu, G. L., & Vasudevan, A. K. (2008). “Seepage velocity and piping resistance of coir fiber mixed soils”. Journal of irrigation and drainage engineering, 134(4), 485-492.##Soltani, A., Estabragh, A. R. & Khatibi, M. (2014). Regression-aided analysis of improving piping resistance using randomly distributed fibers. In Proceeding of 8th National conference on Civil Engineering, Babol, Iran.(In Farsi)##Woodward, S. M., & Beebe, J. C. (1917). Theory of the Hydraulic Jump and Backwater Curves. State of Ohio, Miami Conservancy District.##Wu, S., & Rajaratnam, N. (1995). Free jumps, submerged jumps and wall jets. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 33(2), 197-212.##

0 بررسی انتشارپذیری یون نیترات در خاک ماسه‌ای با استفاده از مدل HYDRUS-1D The Study of Nitrate Dispersivity in Sandy Soil Using HYDRUS-1D Model https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_59983.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.59983 0 افزایش استفاده از کودهای ازته به دلیل پویایی زیاد نیترات در خاک تهدیدی جدی برای آب­های زیرزمینی و درنتیجه سلامت انسان است. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی مقادیر انتشارپذیری نیترات در خاک­های ماسه­ای درشت، متوسط و ریز در فواصل انتقال 20، 40 و 80 سانتی­متری در شرایط آزمایشگاهی با مدل HYDRUS-1D می­باشد. بدین منظور محلول نمک خالص نیترات پتاسیم به‌عنوان آلاینده پایدار تحت رژیم ماندگار با غلظت 160 میلی­گرم بر لیتر به ستون­های خاک اضافه شد، سپس به‌منظور استخراج پارامترهای موردنیاز برای رسم منحنی رخنه غلظت نیترات خروجی در حجم­های تخلخل متفاوت اندازه­گیری و منحنی رخنه برای هر ستون رسم گردید. نتایج نشان داد با افزایش اندازه ذرات خاک انتشارپذیری افزایش می­یابد. همچنین با افزایش متوسط فاصله انتقال در ماسه درشت و متوسط، مقدار انتشارپذیری نیترات بیش­تر شد. اما در ماسه ریز مقدار انتشارپذیری با افزایش فاصله انتقال کاهش یافت. مقادیر انتشارپذیری برای ماسه ریز از 50/30 تا 55/42 سانتی­متر، ماسه متوسط 06/57 تا 51/68 سانتی­متر و ماسه درشت 08/68 تا 26/97 سانتی­متر، محاسبه شد. درصد متوسط خطای مدل (Er) در تخمین پارامتر ضریب انتشارپذیری برای خاک ماسه­ای ریز کم­تر و مقدار ضریب تعیین (R2) در آن نسبتاً بیش­تر از خاک­های ماسه­ای درشت و متوسط به­دست آمد که به معنای پایین­تر بودن روند کلی مقدار خطا و بالاتر بودن دقت در شبیه­سازی انتقال نیترات در این مدل برای خاک ماسه­ای ریز می­باشد. 1 The increasing use of nitrogen fertilizers due to high dynamics of nitrate in the soil would be a serious threat to groundwater, and therefore, to thuman health. This study is aimed to investigate the disperdivity values of nitrate in the coarse, medium and fine sandy soils in the short travel distance of 20, 40 and 80 cm in vitro using the HYDRUS-1D model. For this purpose, pure potassium nitrate salt solution under the sustainable regime with concentration of 160 (mg/lit) was added to the soil columns as persistent contaminants, then for extracting the needed parameters the concentration of output nitrate in three different porosities volumes were measured and Breakthrough curves were plotted for each column. The results showed that dispersivity increases as the soil particle size increases. Also, by increasing the average travel distance in medium and coarse sands nitrate disperdivity values increased. But in the fine sand the disperdivity values decreased as the transmission distance increased. The disperdivity values for fine, medium and coarse sand were from 30/50 to 42/55 cm, 57/06 to 68/51 cm, and 68/50 to 97/06 cm, respectively. The average model error percent (Er) was less for fine sandy soil, and coefficient of determination (R2) was relatively more for fine sandy soil than the coarse and medium sandy soils, which means the lower error value and higher precision of the overall process in simulation of nitrate transfer in this model for the fine sandy soils. 765 774 عاطفه آزادی فر Atefeh Azadifar دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز ایران a.azadifar20@yahoo.com امیر سلطانی محمدی Amir Soltani mohammadi استادیار، گروه آیاری و زهکشی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز ایران a.soltani@scu.ac.ir هادی معاضد Hadi Moazed استاد، گروه محیط زیست، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز ایران hmoazed955@yahoo.com احمد فرخیان فیروزی Ahmad Farrokhian Firuzi استادیار دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز ، گروه علوم خاک ایران a.farrokhian@scu.ac.ir فاصله انتقال منحنی رخنه خاک ماسه‌ای همگن انتقال آلاینده Abbasi, F., Feyen, J. and van Genuchten, M. Th. (2004). Two dimensional simulation of water flow and solute transport below furrows: Model calibration and validation. Journal of Hydrology 290 (1-2): 63-79. (In Farsi)##Abbasi, F., Jacques, D., Simunek, J., Feyen, J. and Genuchten, M. Th. (2003). Inverse estimation of the soil hydraulic and solute transport parameters from transient field experiments: heterogeneous soil.Trans, ASAE 46 (4), 1097–1111. (In Farsi)##Al-Tabbaa, A., Ayotamuno, j.m. and R.J, Martin. (2000). One- dimensional Solute transport in stratified sands at short travel distances. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 73, 1-15.##Asadian feli, Z. (2013). Effect of irrigation with municipal wastewater and potassium zeolite to retention and transport nitrate in sandy-loam soil. master thesis, Faculty of Water Sci, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. (In Farsi)##Brigham, W.E. (1974). Mixing equations in short laboratory columns. Journal of society Petroleum Engineering, 14, 91-99.##Derakhshannejad, Z., Sayyad, GH. and jafarnejadi, A. R. (2010). Simulation of nitrate transportation in a soils under sugarcane cultivation using HYDRUS-1D solute transport model. First National Conference on Sustainable agriculture and healthy product production, Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Isfahan, 9-10 November.( In Farsi)##Dontsova, KM., Pennington, JC., Hayes, C., Simunek. J. and Williford. CW. (2009). Dissolution and transport of 2, 4-DN and 2, 6-DNT from M1 propellant in soil. Chemosphere, 77(4), 29-41.##Ebrahimian, H. and Liaghat, A. (2011). Field evaluation of various mathematical models for furrow and border irrigation systems. Soil and Water Research, 6(2), 91–101.## Esfandiari, B.L. and Maheshwari. (2001). Field evaluation of furrow irrigation models. http://www.idealibrary.com on IDE.##Forkutsa, I., Sommer, R., Shirokova, Y.I., Lamers, J.P.A., Kienzler, K., Tischbein, B., Martius, C. and Vlek .P.L.G. (2009). Modeling irrigated cotton with shallow groundwater in the Aral Sea Basin of Uzbekistan: II. Soil salinity dynamics, Irri. Scie 27, 319–330.##Heatwole, KK. and Mccary, JE. (2007). Modeling potential vadose-zone transport of nitrogen from onsite wastewater at the development scal. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 91, 184-201.##Jacques, D., Simunek, J., Mallants, D. and Van Genuchten, M. Th. (2008). Modelling coupled water flow, salt transport and geochemical reactions affecting heavy metal migration in a podzol soil. Geoderma, 145, 449-461.##Jellali, S., Diamantopoulos, E., Kallali, H., Bennaceur, S., Anane, M. and Jadidi, N. (2010 ). Dynamic sorption of ammonium by sandy soil in fixed bed columns: Evaluation of equilibrium and non-equilibrium transport processes. Journal of Environmental Management, 91, 897-905.##Jiang, Sh., Pang, L., Buchan, GD., Simunek, J., Noonan, MJ. And Close, ME. (2009). Modeling water flow and bacterial transport in undisturbed lysimetrs under irrigation of dairy shed effluent and water using HYDRUS-1D. Water Research, 44, 1050-1061.##Maroufpour, E., Kashcoli, H., Moazed, H. and Vali samani, H.M. (2008). Comparative study of mathematical models of Fried-Combernous Brigham to dispersion of conservative pollutants in the homogeneous sandy soil. Journal of Agricultural Scientific, 30, 77-89. (In Farsi)##Moradi, A., Abbaspour, K. C. and Afyuni, M. (2005). Modling field-scale cadmium transport below the root zone of a sewage sludge amended soil in arid region of central Iran. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 42, 99-111.##Moradzadeh, M., Moazed, H. and Sayyad, GH .(2012). Simulation of Nitrate Ion Leaching in a Sandy - Loam Soil Treated with Zeolite using Hydrus-1D Model. Journal of Science Soil and Water, 23, (1), 95-107.(In Farsi)##Mualem , Y. (1976). A new model for prediction of the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media. Water Resources Research, 12 (3), 13–522.##Ramos, T.B., Simunk, J., Goncalves, M.C., Martins, J.C., Prazeres, A., Castanheira, N.I. and Pereira. (2011). Field evaluation of a multicomponent solute transport model in soil irrigated with saline water , Journal of Hydrology, 407, 129-144.##Saifadeen, A. and  Gladnyeva, H. (2012).  Modeling of solute transport in the unsaturated zone using HYDRUS-1D, paper 81.##Sayyad, GH., Mousavi, S.F., Abbaspoor, K. and Afuni, M. (2008).  Simulation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn transport though an undisturbed calcarous soil under wheat and safflower using HYDRUS-1D solute transport model. Journal of Agricultural Sciences in Iran, 39(1), 187-200. (In Farsi).##Simunek, J., D. Jacque., Van Genuchten, M. Th. and Malleants, D. (2006). Multicomponent Geochemical Transport Modeling using Hydrus-1D and HP1. Journal of the American water resources Association, 42(6), 1537-1547.##Simunek, J., M  Sejna and van Genuchten ,M. Th. (1998). The HYDRUS-1D software package for simulating the one-dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solute in variably saturated media, Version 2.0, IGWMC-TPS-70, Int. 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0 ارزیابی کمی کیفیت خاک در کاربری‌های مختلف در بخشی از اراضی جنوب شرق قزوین Quantitative soil quality assessment in different land uses at some Parts of south eastern of Qazvin https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_59984.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.59984 0 یکی از ابزارهای مفید برای بررسی وضعیت مدیریت خاک در کاربری­های مختلف، ارزیابی کیفیت خاک است و استفاده از شاخص­های کمی، یکی از مناسب­ترین روش­های تعیین و مقایسه کیفیت خاک­ها می­باشد. در این تحقیق شاخص­ها و روش­های انتخاب ویژگی­های مؤثر برای ارزیابی کیفیت خاک در کاربری­های مختلف مورد مقایسه قرار گرفتند. 17 ویژگی فیزیکی، شیمیایی و زیستی خاک در پنج کاربری باغ، مرتع، زراعت آبی، زراعت دیم و اراضی رها شده در سه کلاس شیب کمتر از 2، 7-5 و 11-9 درصد، در جنوب شرق قزوین به عنوان مجموعه کل داده­های  Total Data Set)) انتخاب شدند. سپس با استفاده از روش تجزیه مولفه­های اصلی (Principle Component Analysis)، هفت ویژگی به عنوان دسته داده­های حداقل (Minimum data set) انتخاب شدند. با استفاده از دو شاخص کیفیت تجمعی (Integrated quality index) و شاخص کیفیت نمرو (Nemero quality index) در این دو مجموعه داده، کیفیت خاک ارزیابی شد. نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد که کاربری­های باغ و مرتع به ترتیب بیشترین مقدار شاخص­ کیفیت تجمعی و شاخص کیفیت نمرو را در هر دو مجموعه داده به خود اختصاص می­دهند اما کاربری­های زراعت آبی، زراعت دیم و اراضی رها شده دارای کمترین کیفیت خاک هستند و تفاوت محسوسی با دو کاربری باغ و مرتع دارند. ضریب تبیین بین دو مجموعه داده برای شاخص کیفیت تجمعی و شاخص کیفیت نمرو به ترتیب برابر 95/0 و 88/0 است که بیانگر قابل اطمینان بودن استفاده از دسته داده­های حداقل به جای مجموعه کل داده­ها و همچنین کارائی بهتر شاخص کیفیت تجمعی برای ارزیابی کیفیت خاک منطقه مورد مطالعه است. 1 Assessment of soil quality is one of the most useful tools for evaluation the soil management condition and different land uses. Quantity indices of soil quality are most suitable methods for determination and comparison of soils quality. In this study soil quality indices and selection methods of effective soil properties were compared for evaluating the soil quality in different land uses. Seventeen soil physical, chemical and biological properties were selected as total data set (TDS) at five different land uses including orchard, rangeland, irrigated farming, dry land farming and unutilized lands, in slope classes of 0-2, 5-7, and 9-11 %, at some parts of south eastern of Qazvin (Iran). Then, 7 properties selected as minimum data set (MDS) using Principle Component Analysis (PCA). Soil quality was evaluated by integrated quality index (IQI) and nemero quality index (NQI) in two set of soil properties including MDS and TDS. The results showed that orchard and rangeland had the highest IQI and NQI in both data sets, respectively, however irrigated farming, dry land farming and unutilized lands have the least IQI and NQI in both data sets, respectively and have significant different compared to orchard and rangeland. Correlation coefficient between TDS and MDS was 0.95 and 0.88 for IQI and NQI, respectively, indicating the reliability of the MDS instead of TDS, and showed that the IQI offers better results for evaluating the soil quality in this case study. 775 784 جلیل کاکه Jalil Kakeh دانشجوی دانشگاه تهران ایران jalil.kakeh@gmail.com منوچهر گرجی Manoochehr Gorji عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه تهران ایران mgorji@ut.ac.ir علیرضا علی محمدی Alireza Alimohammadi فارغ التحصیل دانشگاه تهران ایران jalil.kakeh@yahoo.com شاخص کیفیت تجمعی شاخص کیفیت نمرو مجموعه کل داده‌ها دسته داده‌های حداقل کاربری اراضی Alexander, M. 1982. Most probable number method for microbial populations. In: Page AL., Miller RH., Keeney DR. 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0 برآورد ارقام مرجع نظام تلفیقی تشخیص و توصیه برای ارزیابی وضعیت تغذیه‌ای پیاز Norms establishment of the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) for nutritional diagnosis of Onion (Allium cepa L) in Western Azarbaijan Provice, Iran https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_59985.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.59985 0 نظام تلفیقی تشخیص و توصیه می­تواند به­عنوان روشی مؤثر در تفسیر نتایج تجزیه گیاه در محصولات زراعی و باغی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. برای تعیین ارقام مرجع این نظام در پیاز (Allium cepa L.) نمونه­های برگ از 50 مزرعه جمع­آوری و غلظت عناصر غذایی N، P، K، Ca، Mg، Fe، Mn، Zn، Cu و B تعیین شدند. با توجه به عملکرد محصول، مزارع به دو گروه با عملکرد زیاد و کم تقسیم شدند. ارقام نظام تلفیقی تشخیص و توصیه  برای نسبت­های مختلف عناصر غذایی تعیین و شاخص­های نظام تلفیقی تشخیص و توصیه که در ارزیابی تعادل عناصر غذایی و اولویت­بندی کمبود و بیش بود عناصر غذایی در گیاه مورد استفاده قرار می­گیرند، محاسبه شدند. از لحاظ میانگین شاخص­های این نظام، ترتیب نیاز غذایی برای عناصر پر مصرف به صورت Ca> K> P> Mg> N و برای عناصر کم مصرف Cu > Mn > B > Zn > Fe برای مزارع با عملکرد کم بدست آمد. دامنه کفایت غلظت عناصر غذایی پر مصرف و کم مصرف با استفاده از روش نظام تلفیقی تشخیص و توصیه تعیین گردید. دامنه کفایت برای غلظت عناصر غذایی پر­مصرف N، P، K، Ca، Mg به­ترتیب 68/3-9/2، 39/0-21/0، 4/6-7/3، 6/2-38/1 و 33/0-23/0 درصد و برای عناصر غذایی کم­مصرف Fe، Zn، Mn، Cu و B به­ترتیب 154-86، 32-9، 65-44، 18-9 و 35-23 میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم بودند. همچنین شاخص­های تعادل تغذیه­ای نظام تلفیقی تشخیص و توصیه در کلیه مزارع با عملکرد کم خیلی بیشتر از صفر بود.  1 Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) can be used as efficient methods to interpret the results of plant analysis and the nutritional diagnosis in crops and fruit trees. To establish DRIS norms in onion (Allium cepa L) leaf samples were collected from 50 fields and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B concentrations were determined. On the bases of yield, the studied fields were divided into two groups low and high yield groups. DRIS norms were established for the different nutrient ratios. DRIS indices were calculated to evaluate nutrients balances and order of nutrients requirements. On the bases Means of DRIS indexs, the respective for requiremen of nutrients were Ca>K>P>Mg>N for macro nutrients and Cu>Mn>B>Zn>Fe for micro nutrients. Sufficiency ranges of macro and micro nutrients were derived by DRIS technique. DRIS-derived sufficiency ranges were 2.9-3.68, 0.21-0.39, 3.7-6.4, 1.38-2.6 , 0.23-0.33 % for N, P, N, Ca, Mg, and 86-154, 9-32, 44-65, 9-18, 23-35 mg/kg for Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, B respectively. 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0 بهبودپذیری نفوذ آب در یک خاک حساس به فرسایش در شرایط آزمایشگاهی از طریق افزایش مصنوعی جمعیّت ریزموجودات خاکزی Improvability of Water Infiltration in an Erosion-Prone Soils under Laboratorial Conditions through Artificial Increasing of Soil Microorganisms Population https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_59986.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.59986 0 ویژگی‌های تولید رواناب یکی از مهم‌ترین مؤلفه‌های هیدرولوژیکی و ، نمایان‌گر وضعیت سلامت آبخیزها می‌باشد. هم‌چنین نفوذ آب در خاک یکی از مؤلفه‌های خاکی مهم تعیین‌کننده تولید رواناب بوده که راه‌کارهای متعددی برای بهبود آن مورد استفاده و بررسی آزمایش قرار گرفته، ولی  است. حال آن‌که نقش افزایش جمعیت ریزموجودات خاک‌زی با هدف بهبود مقدار نفوذ آب در خاک کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. لذا در پژوهش حاضر سعی شد تأثیر افزایش مصنوعی جمعیت باکتری‌های خاک به‌عنوان راه‌کاری کاملاً زیستی و نوین در بهبود ویژگی‌های نفوذپذیری خاک مورد ارزیابی قرار گیرد. بر همین اساس، ضمن نمونه­برداری از یک خاک حساس به فرسایش از منطقه مرزن‌آباد-کندلوس، باکتری‌های مفید خاک شامل گروه Bacillus subtilisوAzotobacter sp. جداسازی و به‌همراه ماده‌ی غذایی محرّک B4 به‌صورت جداگانه و ترکیبی روی فلوم‌های کوچک فرسایشی تلقیح شدند. با گذشت 60 روز از تلقیح، مقدار نفوذ آب در خاک پس از شبیه‌سازی باران در شرایط آزمایشگاهی اندازه‌گیری شده و تجزیه و تحلیل‌های آماری صورت گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که تمام تیمارهای تلقیحی جداگانه باکتری‌های گروه Bacillus subtilis و Azotobacter sp.، ماده‌ی غذایی محرّک B4 و ترکیبی باکتری‌ها با ماده‌ی غذایی محرّک B4 در سطح اطمینان 99 درصد باعث افزایش نفوذ آب در خاک و طبعاً کاهش حجم و ضریب رواناب نسبت به تیمار شاهد شدند. تیمارهای تلقیح جداگانه باکتری‌‌های گروه Bacillus subtilis و Azotobacter sp.، ماده غذایی B4 و ترکیبی آن‌ها به‌ترتیب منجر به افزایش 18، 10 و 21 درصدی نفوذ آب در خاک شدند. نتایج پژوهش فعلی ضمن تأیید نقش غنی‌سازی جمعیت باکتریایی سطح خاک از طریق تلقیح و تحریک باکتری‌ها در افزایش نفوذ، نشان داد که تلقیح ترکیبی باکتری با ماده حمایتی محرّک و غذایی بهترین عملکرد در افزایش نفوذ آب در خاک مورد مطالعه را داشت.  1 Runoff production process is a key hydrological component illustrating watersheds health. Water infiltration in soil is also one of the determinant factors on runoff generation for which many techniques were used to improve it. However, the role of microorganisms for the improvement of water infiltration in soil has been less considered. The present study therefore tried to investigate the effect of artificial soil bacteria population proliferation as a completely biologically and modern technique to improve soil surface properties and increase soil infiltration. To this end, the beneficial bacteria include Bacillus subtilis strain and Azotobacter sp. were isolated and inoculated individually and combined with B4 stimulant nutrient matter to small erosion plots filled by an erosion-prone soil of Marzanabad-Kandelus road neighboring region and left for 60 days. The water infiltration in soil was then measured after rainfall simulation in experimental condition and then the statistical analyses were conducted. The results showed that the inoculation treatments (individually inoculation of Bacillus subtilis strain and Azotobacter sp., individually injection of B4 stimulant nutrient matter and combined inoculation of bacteria and B4 stimulant nutrient matter) improved the water infiltration in soil and reduced volume and consequently coefficient of runoff in 99% of confidence level compared to control. The water infiltration in soil in Bacillus subtilis strain and Azotobacter sp. bacteria inoculation, B4 stimulant nutrient matter and their combined treatments increased about 18, 10 and 21%, respectively. In conclusion, enrichment of soil crust bacteria population through inoculation and simulation techniques was approved in reducing runoff yield. 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0 ویژگی‌های ژئوشیمیایی برخی خاک‌های تشکیل شده بر روی سنگ‌های بازالت شمال‌غرب ایران Geochemical properties of some soils developed on basalt rocks of North-West Iran https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_59987.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.59987 0 مطالعات پیدایش و تکامل خاک مبتنی بر درک صحیح از فرآیندهای ژئوشیمیایی حاکم بر محیط­های خاک­سازی و نحوه تشکیل خاک­ها می­باشد. در این تحقیق ویژگی­های فیزیکوشیمایی و ژئوشیمیایی خاک­های تشکیل شده بر روی سنگ مادر بازالت در 6 خاکرخ منتخب در یک ردیف اقلیمی متشکل از سه اقلیم خشک (اشتهارد)، نیمه­خشک (قزوین) و نیمه­مرطوب (رودبار) مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. غلظت کل برخی عناصر در تمام افق­های خاک تعیین و با سنگ مادر مقایسه شد و نقش ترکیب ژئوشیمیایی سنگ مادر بر غلظت کل عناصر مذکور در خاک بررسی گردید. به­علاوه، الگوهای غنی­شدن-تهی­شدن و آنالیز توازن جرم عناصر با استفاده از عنصر مرجعTi  تعیین شد. عناصر مختلف الگوهای غنی­شدن-تهی­شدن متفاوتی را نشان دادند. در خاک­های منطقه خشک، نقش ماده مادری و خصوصیات لیتوژنیک در غلظت عناصر نسبت به دو منطقه دیگر بیشتر است و غلظت عناصر موجود در خاک به دلیل هوادیدگی و آبشویی کمتر خاک­ها به سنگ مادر نزدیک­تر بود. درحالی­که با حرکت به اقلیم­های مرطوب­تر، فرآیندهای خاک­سازی شدت بیشتری پیدا کرده و الگوهای غنی­شدن-تهی­شدن عناصر روند متفاوتی نشان می­دهند. توزیع برخی عناصر مانند منیزیم، کلسیم، آهن و مس بیشتر تحت تاثیر فرآیندهای خاک­سازی و برخی عناصر دیگر مانند سدیم، آلومینیوم، سیلیس، فسفر، کلر، منگنز، مولیبدن، کادمیوم و سرب متاثر از مواد مادری هستند. به طور کلی بخشی از تفاوت مشاهده شده در تغییرات غلظت عناصر را می­توان به ماهیت شیمیایی و قابلیت تحرک بالای برخی عناصر، و بخش دیگر را به سرعت هوادیدگی ماده مادری تحت تاثیر تغییرات زیست اقلیمی نسبت داد. 1 Soil genesis and evolution studies are based on well understanding of geochemical processes involved in pedogenic processes and formation of soil. Parent materials are main factors controlling soil properties in arid and semiarid regions. In this study, physicochemical and geochemical properties of 6 selected soil profiles developed on basalt rocks along arid (Eshtehard), semiarid (Qazvin) and semihumid (Roodbar) climosequence representing three different climatic zones were investigated. The total content of Si, Al, Fe, K, Mg, Ca, Na, Mn, P, Zn, Cl, Cu, Pb, Mo and Cd of all soil horizons were compared to parent rocks to reveal the role geochemical composition of rock on total concentrations of these elements in soil. Enrichment/depletion patterns of elements were assessed using Ti as reference element. The studied elements exhibited different enrichment/depletion patterns. In soils of arid region, the role of parent material and lithogenic properties in concentration of elements were greater than other areas and the content of these elements due to lower weathering and leaching were closer to the parent rock. While, in more humid climates pedogenic processes were more intensive and enrichment/depletion patterns of elements showed states that are more progressive. Distribution of some studied elements such as magnesium, calcium, iron and copper were significantly affected by soil forming process and the parent material affected some other elements such as sodium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, manganese, molybdenum, cadmium and lead. In general, part of the difference in the concentrations of elements can be related to their chemical nature and the mobility of some elements, and some part to rapid weathering of parent materials affected by bioclimatological changes. 807 818 علیرضا راهب Alireza Raheb دانشگاه تهران ایران araheb@ut.ac.ir احمد حیدری Ahmad Heidari دانشگاه تهران ایران ahaidari@ut.ac.ir شهلا محمودی Shahla Mahmoodi دانشگاه تهران ایران smahmodi@ut.ac.ir اقلیم خشک فاکتور غنی‌شدن فرآیندهای خاکسازی عوامل خاکسازی تشکیل خاک Abbaslou, H., Martin, F., Abtahi, A. and Moore, F. 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0 بررسی اثر متقابل آب و نیتروژن بر عملکرد و بازده مصرف آب در ذرت با استفاده از تئوری الاستیسیته Interaction of water and nitrogen on the yield and water use efficiency in maize using elasticity theory https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_59988.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.59988 0 آب و کود نیتروژن دو نهاده اصلی تولید محصولات کشاورزی­اند و کمبود هر یک باعث کاهش عملکرد محصول می­گردد. کم‌آبیاری یکی از راه‌کارهای مدیریت آب در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک بوده ولی بر روی نیاز نیتروژن اثرگذار است. استفاده از نیتروژن بیشتر از نیاز گیاه، باعث اتلاف سرمایه و آلودگی محیط‌زیست خواهد شد. در این پژوهش اثر متقابل آب و کود نیتروژن بر روی حداکثر عملکرد محصول و حداکثر بازده مصرف آب در محصول ذرت با استفاده از تئوری الاستیسیته بررسی شد. آزمایش‌ها در تابستان 1393 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی پردیس ابوریحان واقع در منطقه پاکدشت، جنوب شرق تهران اجرا شد. کرت­های خردشده به‌صورت طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با چهار تیمار آب و چهار تیمار کود نیتروژن در سه تکرار پیاده شد. حداکثر عملکرد محصول بدون اعمال کم‌آبی و حداکثر بازده مصرف آب با اعمال کم آبیاری با استفاده معادلات حاکم بر تئوری الاستیسیته محاسبه گردید. نتایج نشان داد، حداکثر عملکرد محصول به میزان 27467 کیلوگرم در هکتار با مصرف 1011 میلی‌متر آب و 300 کیلوگرم کود ازت به دست می­آید و بازده مصرف آب برابر با 75/2 کیلوگرم در مترمکعب برآورد شد. حداکثر بازده مصرف آب برابر با 02/3 کیلوگرم در مترمکعب با اعمال کم آبیاری به میزان 87 درصد نیاز آبی ذرت و مصرف 375 کیلوگرم کود ازت در هکتار برآورد شد. 1 Water and nitrogen fertilizer are two main factors of agricultural production and deficiency of each one makes reduction in the yield. Deficit irrigation is one of the ways for water management in arid and semiarid areas, but it is effective on the need of nitrogen. Excessive use of nitrogen will be a waste of capital and environmental pollution. In this study the interaction of water and nitrogen fertilizer on maximum of crop yield and maximum of water productivity in maize was investigated using elasticity analysis theory. The tests in the summer of 1393 in the research farm Pardis Aboureihan located in Pakdasht in the South East was Tehran. Split plot randomized complete block design with four treatments for water and four treatments for nitrogen fertilizer in three replications was used. The maximum yield without deficit irrigation and maximum water use efficiency were calculated using the equations of the theory of elasticity.Results showed that maximum yield of 27467 kg ha-1 and 300 kg N ha-1 achieved with 1011 mm of water and water use efficiency was estimated at 2.75 kg per cubic meter. The maximum water use efficiency of 3.02 kg m-3 was obtained with 87% water deficit and 375 N per hectare. 819 827 فرزانه شعاری آزاد Farzaneh Shoariazad دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد گروه آبیاری و زهکشی پردیس ابوریحان ایران farzaneh.shoari@ut.ac.ir علی رحیمی خوب Ali Rahimi Khoob استاد، پردیس ابوریحان ایران akhob@ut.ac.ir مجید قربانی جاوید Majid Ghorbanijavid استادیار پردیس ابوریحان دانشگاه تهران ایران mjavid@ut.ac.ir محمد هادی نظری فر Mohammad Hadi Nazarifar کارشناس پژوهشی پردیس ابوریحان دانشگاه تهران ایران nazarifar@ut.ac.ir کم آبیاری کود اقتصاد رابطه آب و گیاه تابع عملکرد Blum, F.A. (2009). Effective use of water (EUW) and not water-use efficiency (WUE) is the target of crop yield improvement under drought stress. Field Crops Research, 112(2-3), 119–123.##Debaek, P. and Aboudrare, A. (2004). Adaptations of crop manage to water-limited environments. European Journal of Agronomy, 21(4), 433–446.##Doltra, J. and Mu˜noz, P. (2010). Simulation of nitrogen leaching from a fertigated crop rotation in a Mediterranean climate using the EU-Rotate N and Hydrus-2D models. Agricultural Water Management, 97, 277–285.##Farre, F. and Faci, J. M. (2009). Deficit irrigation in maize for reducing agricultural water use in a Mediterranean environment. Agricultural Water Management, 96, 384–394.##Fathi, P. and Soltani, M. (2013). Optimization of water use efficiency and yield in potato using marginal analysis theory. Journal of Conservation of Soil and Water, 2(2), 85-93. (In Farsi)##Fereres, E. M. and Soriano, A. (2007). Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58(2), 147–159.##Fooladmand, H. R., Nyazi, N. and Jokar, L. (2006). The effect of different amounts of water and nitrogen fertilizers on wheat yield. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, 4, 779-786. (In Farsi)##Geerts, S. and Raes, D. (2009). Deficit irrigation as on-farm strategy to maximize crop water productivity in dry areas. Agricultural Water Management, 96,1275–1284.##Gheysari, M., Mirlatifi, S. M., Bannayan, M., Homaee, M., Hoogenboom, G. (2009). Interaction of water and nitrogen on maize grown for silage. agricultural water management, 96, 809–821.##Hamzezadeh, M.,  Fathi, P., Javadi, T. and Hassani, A. (2011).  The effect of different irrigation water levels on Water Use Efficiency in Basil Plant (Ocimum Basilicum var. Keshkeny Levelu) Using Marginal Analysis Theory. Journal of Water and Soil, 25(5), 953-960. (In Farsi)##Lemaire, G., Jeuffroy, M. H. and Gastal, F. (2008). Diagnosis tool for plant and crop N status in vegetative stageTheory and practices for crop N management. European Journal of  Agronomy, 28, 614–624.##Liu W. Z., Hunsaker D.J., Li Y.S., Xie X.Q and Wall G.W. (2002). Interrelations of yield, evapotranspiration, and water use efficiency from marginal analysis of water production functions. Agricultural Water Management, 56, 143–151.##Liu, W. Z. and Zhang, X. C. (2007). Optimizing water and fertilizer input using an elasticity index: A case study with maize in the loess plateau of china. Field Crops Research, 100, 302–310.##Pl´enet, D. and Lemaire, G. (2000). Relationships between dynamics of nitrogen uptake and dry matter accumulation in maize crops. Plant Soil, 216, 65–82.##Rahimikhoob, H.  Sotoodehnia, A. (2014). Optimizing Water Use Efficiency using Elasticity Index - A Case Study For Silage Maize in the Qazvin Region. Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2(8), 304-310. (In Farsi)##Rosegrant, M. W., Cai, X. and Cline, S. A. (2002). World Water and Food to 2025: Dealing with Scarcity. International Food Policy Reasearch Institute.##Zabet, M., Bahamin, S., Ghoreyshi, S., Sadeghi, H. and Moosavi, S. Gh. (2014). The effect of deficit irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on yield of the aerial parts of forage millet in Birjand. 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0 برآورد پارامترهای هیدرولیکی خاک به روش معکوس با استفاده از داده‌های نفوذ استوانه‌های دوگانه Estimation of soil hydraulic parameters using double-ring infiltrometer data via inverse method https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_59989.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.59989 0 در پژوهش حاضر از نرم­افزار HYDRUS-2D/3D برای برآورد پارامترهای هیدرولیکی مدل ون­گنوختن-معلم در سه بافت متفاوت خاک به روش معکوس، با استفاده از داده­های نفوذسنج استوانه­های دوگانه، استفاده شد. برای این منظور نه گزینه با تعداد متفاوت پارامترهای هیدرولیکی انتخاب­شده برای فرایند بهینه­سازی (5، 4 و 3 پارامتر)، در سه گروه مجزا تعریف شد. در گروه اول تنها از داده­های نفوذ تجمعی اندازه­گیری­شده به عنوان ورودی نرم­افزار استفاده شد. در گروه دوم مقدار رطوبت خاک اندازه­گیری­شده در پتانسیل ماتریک 330- سانتی­متر (FC) و در گروه سوم از میزان رطوبت در پتانسیل­های ماتریک 330- (FC) و15000- سانتی­متر (PWP) به عنوان داده­های تکمیلی برای حل معکوس در کنار داده­های نفوذ تجمعی، استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد با کاهش تعداد پارامترهای برآوردی در هر گروه، خطای برآورد کاهش و دقت تخمین سایر پارامترهای هیدرولیکی خاک افزایش می­یابد. همچنین استفاده از رطوبت FC در کنار داده‌های نفوذ تجمعی باعث کاهش خطای برآورد شد. بنابراین انتخاب سه پارامتر هدایت هیدرولیکی اشباع (Ks)، شکل منحنی رطوبتی (n) و پارامتر مرتبط با عکس مکش در نقطه ورود هوا (α) به عنوان پارامترهای تخمینی و استفاده همزمان ازFC و داده­های نفوذ تجمعی اندازه­گیری­شده با کمترین میزان خطای شبیه­سازی همراه بود. در این گزینه مقادیر RMSE(cm3)، NRMSE، AIC و R2 به ترتیب برابر با 1259، 2/528، 0081/0 و 9999/0 برای خاک لوم شنی، 242، 0/79، 0059/0 و 9988/0 برای خاک لومی و 298، 6/153، 0174/0 و 9983/0 برای خاک رس سیلتی بود.  افزودن رطوبت PWP میزان خطا را در هر سه نوع بافت خاک افزایش داد.  1 In this study, HYDRUS2D/3D software was used to estimate the hydraulic parameters of van Genuchten-Mualem model via inverse modeling using double-ring infiltrometers data in 3 different soil textures. Nine scenarios of inverse modeling (divided in three groups) were considered with different number (5, 4 and 3) of fitted hydraulic parameters for optimization. In the first group, simulation was carried out solely using cumulative infiltration data. In the second group, cumulative infiltration data plus water content at h = −330 cm (i.e. field capacity, FC) were used as inputs. In the third group, cumulative infiltration data plus water contents at h = −330 cm (FC) and h = −15000 cm (i.e. permanent wilting point, PWP) were used simultaneously as predictors. The results indicated that by reducing the number of hydraulic parameters involved in the optimization process, simulation error is reduced and the prediction accuracy of other soil hydraulic parameters would be increased. Including FC as an additional data was important to better optimize/define soil hydraulic functions. So using of (Saturated hydraulic conductivity) Ks, (Shape parameter of soil water characteristic curve) n and (the parameter that inversely related to the air entry value) a as predictor parameters an FC as an additional data was the best scenario. RMSE(cm3)، NRMSE، AIC، and R2 were respectively 1259, 528.2, 0.0081 and 0.9999 in Sandy Loam soil, 242, 79.0, 0.0059 and 0.9988 in Loamy soil and 298, 153.6, 0.0174 and 0.9983 in Silty Clay soil. Using PWP as additional data, increased the simulation error in all 3 soil textures. 829 838 پریسا مشایخی Parisa Mashaiekhi دانشجوی دکتری/دانشگاه شهرکرد ایران mashayekhi_enj@yahoo.com شجاع قربانی دشتکی Shoja Ghorbani Dashtaki هیئت علمی ایران shoja2002@yahoo.com محمدرضا مصدقی Mohammadreza Mosadeghi هیات علمی/دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان ایران mosaddeghi@iut.ac.ir حسین شیرانی Hosein Shirani هیات علمی/دانشگاه حضرت ولی عصر رفسنجان ایران shirani379@yahoo.com مهدی پناهی Mahdi Panahi هیات علمی/موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب کرج ایران panahi40@yahoo.com محمدرضا نوری Mohammadreza Noori هیات علمی/دانشگاه شهرکرد ایران nouri1351@gmail.com حل عددی مدل ون‌گنوختن-معلم نفوذ غرقابی نرم‌افزار HYDRUS Abbasi, F., and Tajik, F. (2007). Inverse simultaneous estimation of hydraulic and solute transport parameters in soil at field scale. J. Sci. Technol. Agric. Nat. Resour., 11(1A), 111–122. (In Farsi)##Abbasi, F., Šimůnek, J., Feyen, J., van Genuchten, M.Th., and Shouse, P. J. (2003). 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Parameter estimation of soil hydraulic and thermal property functions for unsaturated porous media using the HYDRUS-2D code. J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 62(1), 7–15.##Pollalis, E. D., and Valiantzas, J. D. (2015). Isolation of a 1D infiltration time interval under ring infiltrometers for determining sorptivity and saturated hydraulic conductivity: numerical, theoretical, and experimental approach. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 141(2), 10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000796.##Raoof, M., and Pilpayeh, A. R., (2013). Estimating soil wetting profile under saturated infiltration process by numerical inversion solution in land slopes. Middle East J. Sci. Res., 13(6), 732–736.##Ramos, T. B., Šimůnek, J., Gonҫalves, M. C., Martins, J. C., Prazeres, A., and Pereira, L. S. (2012). Two-dimensional modeling of water and nitrogen fate from sweet sorghum irrigated with fresh and blended saline waters. Agric. Water Manage., 111, 87–104.##Rashid, N.S.A., Askari, M., Tanaka, T., Šimůnek, J., and van Genuchten, M.Th. (2015). Inverse estimation of soil hydraulic properties under oil palm trees. Geoderma, (241–242), 306–312.##Ritter, A., Hupet, F., Carpena, R. M., Lambot, S., and Van Clooster, M. (2003). Using Inverse Methods for Estimating Soil Hydraulic Properties from Field Data as an Alternative to Direct Methods. Agric. Water Manage., (59), 77–96.##Ritter, A.R ., Carpena, M., Regalado, C.M.,  Vanclooster, M., and Lambot, S.(2004). Analysis of alternative measurement strategies for the inverse optimization of the hydraulic properties of a volcanic soil. J. Hydrol., (295), 124–139.##Russo, D. Bresler, E. Shani, U. and Parker, J.C. (1991). Analysis of infiltration events in relation to determining soil hydraulic properties by inverse problem methodology. Water Resour. Res., (27), 1361–1373.##Rocha, D., Abbasi, F. and Feyen, J. (2006). Sensitivity analysis of soil hydraulic properties on subsurface water flow in furrows. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 132(4), 418–424.##Sillers, W.S., Fredlund, D.G., and Zakerzadeh, N. (2001). Mathematical attributes of some soil–water characteristic curve models. Geotech. Geol. Eng., (19), 243–283.##Šimůnek, J. and van Genuchten, M. Th. (1996). Estimating unsaturated soil hydraulic properties from tension disc infiltrometer data by numerical inversion. Water Resour. Res., 32(9), 2683–2696.##Šimůnek, J., Wendroth, O., and van Genuchten, M.Th., (1998). Parameter estimation analysis of the evaporation method for determining soil hydraulic properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., (62), 894–905.##Šimůnek, J., Šejna, M., and van Genuchten, M. Th.1999. The HYDRUS-2D software package for simulating the two-dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably saturated media, version 2.0, IGWMC-TPS-70, International Ground Water Modeling Center, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colo.##Šimůnek, J., Šejna, M. and van Genuchten, M. Th. (2012). HYDRUS: model use, calibration and validation. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 55(4), 1261–1274.##Tiago, B., Ramos, M. C., Goncalves, J. C. M., Van Genuchten, M. Th., and Pires, F. P. (2006). Estimation of Soil Hydraulic Properties from Numerical Inversion of Tension Disk Infiltrometer Data. Vadose Zone J., 5(2), ##684–696.##Toomanian, N. (2009). Detailed soil survey of Khoor and Biabanak(Naiin). Technical report.No, 654. 100p. (In Farsi)##US Department of Agriculture Natural Resources and Conservation Service, 2005. National Engineering Handbook, Part 623, Surface Irrigation. National Technical Information Service,Washington, DC, Chapter 4.##Vanclooster, M., Javaux, M. and Lambot, S. (2007). Recent advances in characterizing flow and transport in unsaturated soil at the core and field. Estudios de la Zona No Saturada del Suelo, 3, 19–35.##Zhou, Q., Kang, S., Zhang, L., and Li, F. (2007). Comparison of APRI and HYDRUS-2D models to simulate soil water dynamics in a vineyard under alternate partial root zone drip irrigation. Plant Soil, 291(1), 211–223.##

0 بهینه‌سازی مقطع سد انحرافی بر اساس الگوریتم ژنتیک Optimization of Division Dam Section Based on Genetic Algorithm https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_59990.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.59990 0 سدهای انحرافی به‌منظور بالا بردن تراز سطح آب رودخانه و انتقال آب به کانال اصلی شبکه‌های آبیاری طراحی می‌شوند. در صورتی که ابعاد قسمت‌های مختلف سد انحرافی در طراحی بزرگ در نظر گرفته شود، پایداری آن تأمین شده اما به دلیل افزایش حجم مصالح مورداستفاده، هزینه احداث آن بیشتر می‌شود. بنابراین مهندس طراح باید مقطع سدی را انتخاب کند که کمترین حجم مصالح به‌کاررفته را داشته باشد و در ضمن پایدار نیز باشد. مقطع بهینه سد انحرافی را می‌توان با استفاده از روش‌های کلاسیک و هوشمند به دست آورد. هدف از این پژوهش ارائه مدل کامپیوتری بر اساس الگوریتم ژنتیک برای طراحی بهینه ابعاد سد انحرافی می‌باشد که علاوه بر رعایت ضوابط و قوانین طراحی، کمترین حجم مصالح مورداستفاده را داشته باشد. متغیرهای تصمیم مورداستفاده در بهینه‌سازی مقطع سد انحرافی شامل ارتفاع دیواره آب‌بند بالادست و پایین‌دست سد، شیب بدنه در بالادست، ضخامت حوضچه آرامش، ضخامت کف بند بتنی و طول کف بند بتنی بالادست است. تابع هدف نیز حداقل کردن حجم مصالح مورداستفاده و قیدهای طراحی شامل رعایت ضرایب اطمینان پایداری سد در مقابل آبشستگی، لغزش، واژگونی و گسیختگی خاک می‌باشد. در این مطالعه، ابتدا برنامه بهینه‌سازی مقطع سد انحرافی با استفاده از الگوریتم ژنتیک به زبان ویژوال‌بیسیک تهیه شد و سپس مقطع سد انحرافی نازلیان با استفاده از مدل بازطراحی و با مقطع اجراشده، مقایسه گردید. نتایج نشان می‌دهد در صورت استفاده از الگوریتم ژنتیک در طراحی سد انحرافی نازلیان برای ضریب واژگونی مجاز 1/2 حدود 4/15 درصد حجم مصالح کاهش می‌یافت و ازلحاظ اقتصادی مقرون به صرفه‌تر طراحی می‌شد. همچنین مقدار مناسب برای تعداد نسل، اندازه جمعیت، احتمال تزویج و احتمال جهش برای بهینه‌سازی سد انحرافی به ترتیب 100، 30، 55/0 و 05/0 تعیین شد. 1 Diversion dams in order to raise the water level of river and conveys of water into the main canal irrigation network is designed. If the dimensions of different parts of the diversion dam be considered large, stability will be supplying, but due to the increase volume of materials, construction costs will be more. Design engineer must choose sections of dam that had least amount of materials and meantime be sustainable. Optimize section of diversion dams can be calculated with classic and genetic algorithm methods. The purpose of this study evaluation the efficiency of genetic algorithm to find optimized section of diversion dam in addition to regard laws and regulations designed the least volumes of materials. Decision variables that used in this study include wall height upstream and downstream of dam, slope in the upper body, thickness of stilling basin, thickness of concrete blanket upstream and length of concrete blanket. The objective function is to minimize amount of materials is used. Design constraints used include abide the stability of dam safety factors against Piping, Sliding, overturning and failure. In this research, section of Nazelian Dam by using genetic algorithm optimized and the effect of GA operators in objective function were investigated. Results show, if the genetic algorithm was used in design for overturning with a minimum safety factor of 2.1, the body weight of the dams and volume of materials decreased by 15.4%. Suitable values for the number of generation, population size, probability crossover and mutation to optimize Diversion Dam were 50, 30, 0.55 and 0.05, respectively. 839 848 محمد مهدی حیدری Mohammad Mahdi Heidari عضو هیئت علمی ایران mm_heidari79@yahoo.com سمیرا یوسفی Samira Yousefi دانشگاه رازی ایران yusefi4421@yahoo.com محمد حسین ادیب راد Mohammad Hosein AdibRad عضو هیئت علمی ایران madibrad@yahoo.ca سد نازلیان ضرایب اطمینان پایداری تابع جریمه عملگرهای ژنتیکی Amiri Tokaldany, A. (1996). TABDAM software for designing of diversion dams. In: Proceedings of the 8th Conference National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage, Tehran, Iran, pp. 31-58. (In Farsi)##Aslani, M., Emadi, A.R., and Nazarpour, H. (2013). Determination of appropriate values of genetic algorithm parameters in optimization of gravity dams cross section. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 20(5): 231-239. (In Farsi)##Goldberg D. (1989). Genetic algorithms in search, optimization and machine learning. Addison Wesley.##Heidari, M.M. (2006). Development of a perfect software for designing diversion dams, including: the computations of hydraulic, stability and economic aspects and hydraulic design of intake and sluiceway. M.SC. dissertation, University of Tehran. (In Farsi)##Lane, E. W. (1934). Security from under-seepage masonry dams on earth foundations, TransASCE 60(4): 929–966.Leliavsky, S. (1965). Design text book in civil engineering: design of dams for percolation and erosion. Chapman and Hall press.##Lin, G., Wang, Y., and Hu, Z. (2010). Hydrodynamic pressure on arch dam and gravity dam including absorption effect of reservoir sediments OP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 19–23 July, Sydney, Australia, 1-10.##Qi, G. (2012). Optimized program design of gravity dam section. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Modern Hydraulic Engineering, 9-11 Mar., Nanjing, China , 419-423.##Rajeev S., and Krishnamoorthy C. S. (1992). Discrete Optimization of Structures Using Genetic Algorithms. Journal of Structural Engineering, 118: 1233-1249.##Simoes, L. and Lapa, J. (1994). Optimal shape of dams subject to earthquakes. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Computational Structures Technology, In Advances in Structural Optimization, 19-21 jan, Athens, Greece, 119-130.##U.S.B.R. (1976). Design of gravity dams, design manual for Concrete Gravity Dams. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.##Wu, X., Qie, Z., Zhou, Z., and Zhang, H. (2008). Application of improved PSO to optimization of gravity dam and sluice gate. In: Proceedings of the 7thWorld Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation, 25-27 Jun., Chongqing international convention, Chongqing, China, pp. 6178-6182.##

0 طراحی یک مدل تصمیم‌گیری چندهدفه به‌منظور تعیین الگوی کشت بهینه تحت تأثیر پدیده تغییر اقلیم (مطالعه موردی: دشت بیرجند) Designing a multiobjective decision-making model to determine optimal crop pattern influenced by climate change phenomenon (case study: Birjand plain) https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_59991.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.59991 0 با توجه به محدودیت منابع اساسی تولیدی نظیر آب، تخصیص این منابع از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. به‌منظور جلوگیری از هدر رفت منابع آب زیرزمینی و سطحی و همچنین افزایش رونق اقتصادی زارعین، اعمال سیاست‌هایی که بر اساس الگوی کشت و حفظ منابع آب پایه‌ریزی شده‌اند، ضرورت می‌یابد. در چنین شرایطی انتخاب روشی که بتواند اهداف متعدد را در یک محیط شبیه‌سازی نموده و مدیر را برای انتخاب بهترین روش راهنمایی نماید مهم و ضروری به‌حساب می‌آید. یکی از این روش‌ها استفاده از الگوریتم‌های فرا ابتکاری چندهدفه است. در این مطالعه به‌منظور تعیین الگوی کشت بهینه در افق سال 1418 شمسی، افزایش درآمد کشاورزان و همچنین کاهش افت سطح آب در آبخوان دشت بیرجند تحت تأثیر پدیده تغییر اقلیم به‌عنوان هدف انتخاب شدند. همچنین برای رسیدن به هدف فوق از الگوریتم بهینه‌سازی چندهدفه ازدحام ذرات استفاده شد. به‌منظور شبیه‌سازی رفتار مؤلفه‌های اقلیمی از خروجی‌های مدل BCM2 تحت سناریوی انتشار B1 استفاده شد. نتایج و یافته‌های تحقیق حاضر نشان داد که ظرفیت‌های لازم برای رسیدن به حالت مطلوب‌تری نسبت به وضعیت فعلی وجود دارد، به‌طوری‌که مقادیر بهینه الگوی کشت برای محصولات زراعی و باغی دشت می‌توانند علاوه بر افزایش درآمد کل حاصل از فروش محصولات به کاهش افت سطح آبخوان نیز کمک شایانی را نمایند. افزایش سطح زیر کشت محصولاتی نظیر زعفران، زرشک و عناب به‌عنوان ظرفیت‌های بخش کشاورزی در الگوی کشت بهینه می‌تواند ضمن کاهش افت ارتفاع سطح آبخوان موجبات توسعه اقتصادی را نیز فراهم نماید. همچنین نتایج نشان داد در حالتی که کمترین افت سطح آبخوان به وجود آید، مقدار میانگین سود به هزینه کل محصولات معادل 86/3 خواهد بود. میزان افت سطح آب آبخوان در این وضعیت معادل 9/26 سانتی‌متر در سال به دست آمد. 1 Due to the limitation of Production Main resources such as water, allocation of this resources has a high importance. In order to prevent the Loss of surface water and groundwater resources And also promoting economic prosperity farmers, Applying policies that have been established based on the pattern of cultivation and protection of water resources, will be necessary. In such a situation the choice of method that multiple targets simulated in a environment and guide administrator to choose the best method counts necessary. One of these methods is using of multiobjective metahuristic algorithms. In this study for determinate optimal cultivation pattern on 2039, Increase farmers' income and reduce loss of water levels (influenced climate change effects) in the aquifer Birjand were selected as fitness function. Also for reach to this aim used of multi objective particle swarm optimaization algorithm (MOPSO). for simulation of climate parameters used of BCM2 outputs model under B1emission senarion. Results and discovers of this study showed that there is needful potentioals for reach to better sitution proportion now, So that the optimum values for crops and horticultural crops can moreover raise of total income saling crops, aids to lessen groundwater loss in aqufer. Results showed that Raise of area in crops such as saffron, jujube and barnerry as agriculture potentioal in cultivation pattern In addition to the reduce of groundwater loss can also obtain economic development In the event that caused minimal loss of aquifer level, the average profit to the cost of products will be equivalent to 3.86. Value of groundwater loss in this sitution equal with 26.9 centimeter per year. 849 859 احمد جعفرزاده ahmad jafarzadeh دانشگاه بیرجند ایران mnt.jafarzadeh@chmail.ir عباس خاشعی Abbas Khaseii گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند ایران abbaskhasheei@birjand.ac.ir علی شهیدی Ali Shahidi گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند ایران a47sh@yahoo.com آب زیرزمینی سود به هزینه عملکرد MOPSO Aghajani, A., Bidabadi, F. S., Joolaei, R. and Keramatzadeh, A. (2013). Managing cropping patterns agricultural crops of Three Counties of Mazandarn province of Iran. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 5, 596-611.##Alabdulkader, A. M., Al-Amoud, A. I. and Awad, F. S. (2012). Optimization of the cropping pattern in Saudi Arabia using a mathematical programming sector model. Agricultural Economics/Zemedelska Ekonomika, 12, 58-69.##Alamirew, T., Olumana, M. D., Ayalew, S. Aklog, D. and Birhanu, K. T. (2015). Optimizing Cropping Pattern Using Chance Constraint Linear Programming for Koga Irrigation Dam, Ethiopia. Irrigation & Drainage Systems Engineering. 12, 192-201.##Alizadeh, a., Majidi, n., Ghorbani, m. and Mohammadian, f. (2012) cultivation pattern optimization to balance groundwater resource (case study: Mashhad-Chenaran plain). Iran irrigation and drinage, 1, 55- 68 (In Farsi).##Asadpoor, h., Hasani moghadam, m. and Ahmadi, g. (2000). design a multiobjective determination model to appointment optimal pattern cultivation in Naz plain of Sari county. 6th conference of economic iran agriculture. society of economic iran agriculture. (In Farsi).##Ashofteh, P.-S., Bozorg-Haddad, O., and Mariño, M. A. (2015). Risk analysis of water demand for agricultural crops under climate change. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 20 (4), Doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001053, 04014060##Bagherian, a., saleh, a. and peykani, g. (2006). optimization of cultivation pattern in Kazeroon region using linear programming. 6th conference of iran Ariculture economic. (In Farsi).##Bavali, m., Adeli, k., Mohammadianm f. and Delangizan, s. (2015). Determine the optimum model for sustainable development of agriculture. Economic of Agriculture and development, 23, 191-216.##Baltar, A. M. and Fontane, D. G. (2008). Use of multiobjective particle swarm optimization in water resources management. Journal of water resources planning and management, 134, 257-265.##Coello, C. A. (2004) Handling Multiple Objectives With Particle Swarm Optimization. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION, 8, 256-279.##Dury, J., Garcia, F., Reynaud, A. and Bergez, J. E. (2013). Cropping-plan decision-making on irrigated crop farms: A spatio-temporal analysis. European Journal of Agronomy, 50, 1-10.##Eberhart, R. C. and Kennedy, J. (1995). A new optimizer using particle swarm theory. Proceedings of the sixth international symposium on micro machine and human science, 39-43. New York, NY.##Erfanifar, s., zibaei, m. and kasraei, m. (2013). usage of multiobjective programming ideal-phazy in cultivation pattern optimization insist on use of soil protection methods. Agriculture science and indosterial 28, 118-124.##Food And Agriculture Organization. NO 33. (2000). yield response to water: the original FAO water production function. Retrieved Novamber 20, 2014. from http://www.fao.org.##Fasakhodi, A. A., S. H. Nouri and Amini, M. (2010). Water resources sustainability and optimal cropping pattern in farming systems; a multi-objective fractional goal programming approach. Water resources management, 24, 4639-4657.##Gill, M. K., Kaheil, Y. H., Khalil, A., McKee, M. and Bastidas, L. (2006). Multiobjective particle swarm optimization for parameter estimation in hydrology. Water Resources Research, 42.##Haouari, M. and Azaiez, M. N. (2001). Optimal cropping patterns under water deficits. European Journal of Operational Research, 130, 133-146.##Water Regional Organization of Southern Khorasan. (2008). Office Water Resource Base Studies. Interdict Rerival Report. (In Farsi)##Jafarzadeh, a. (2015). Development of pumping model of groundwater resources to determine crop pattern in clime change (case study: Birjand plain). Department of Water Science & Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture. university of Birjand. (In Farsi).##Jafarzadeh, a., Khashei, a. and Shahidi, a (2015a) Modeling of climate change effects on saffron water requirement in south. Khorasan province by GIS. Journal of Saffron Research, 3, 163-174.##Jafarzadeh, a., Khashei, a. and Shahidi, a. (2015b). Study of Integrated Urban Wastewater Impacts on Groundwater Levels Influenced Climate Change Effects on 2020-2014 (Case Study: Birjand Plain). iran irrigation and drinage, 9, 490-499. 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0 چکیده های انگلیسی Abstract https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_61927.html 10.22059/ijswr.2016.61927 0 1 - 1 20