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0 اثر توأم نوسانات فصلی دمای سطح آب خلیج فارس و دریای مدیترانه بر پیش‌بینی آبدهی ماهانۀ رودخانۀ کرخه The Combined Effect of Seasonal Fluctuations of Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Sea Surface Temperature on Monthly Streamflow Forecasting of Karkheh River, Iran https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_56784.html 10.22059/ijswr.2015.56784 0 در مقالة حاضر، اثر توأم نوسانات فصلی دمای سطح آب خلیج فارس و دریای مدیترانه بر پیش‌بینی آبدهی ماهانة رودخانة کرخه بررسی شده است. در این راستا، روش داده‌کاوی تجزیه به مقادیر منفرد (SVD) برای تشخیص گره‌های اثرگذار دریاها بر اقلیم منطقه و ایجاد سری‌های زمانی هم‌بسته از دمای سطح آب و جریان رودخانه استفاده شده است. همچنین، مدل شبکة عصبی رگرسیون تعمیم‌یافته (GRNN) بر مبنای صحت‌سنجی متقاطع برای تشخیص بهترین پیش‌بینی‌کننده‌های جریان از میان ترکیب‌های مختلف پیش‌بینی‌کننده‌ها برای هر ماه به‌کار رفته است. نتایج پیش‌بینی آبدهی در محل ورودی به سد گرشا نشان می‌دهد که دمای پاییزة سطح آب مدیترانه بر آبدهی بهمن تا فروردین و دمای تابستانه و پاییزة خلیج فارس بر آبدهی فروردین و اردیبهشت اثرگذار است، به‌طوری‌که به‌کارگیری این دو متغیر در پیش‌بینی آبدهی فروردین و اردیبهشت به طور متوسط سبب افزایش 118 و 282 درصدی شاخص نش در مراحل واسنجی و صحت‌سنجی می‌شود. 1 In the current paper, the combined effect of seasonal fluctuations of Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTS) on the forecast of monthly streamflow of Karkheh River has been investigated. To follow the purpose, Singular Value Decomposition method (SVD) has been made use of to determine the effective nodes of the seas on the climate of the region and to produce the correlated series of sea surface temperatures vs streamflow’s. Moreover, Generalized Regression Neural Network method (GRNN) based on cross-validation technique has been applied to determine the most appropriate predictors from same several combinations of predictors for each month. Results for the forecast of the inflow in to Garsha dam show that the Mediterranean sea SST, during autumn, affects the streamflow from February to April, and while summer and autumn SSTs of Persian Gulf affect the streamflow in April and May such that applying these two indices for streamflow forecast in April and May results in an average increase of 118% vs 282% in Nash-Sutcliff index during calibration vs validation phases, respectively. 597 607 فرشته مدرسی Fereshteh Modarresi دانشجوی دکتری مهندسی منابع آب، گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی، دانشکدة مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران ایران fmodaresi@ut.ac.ir شهاب عراقی تژاد Shahab Araghinejad استادیار، گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران ایران araghinejad@ut.ac.ir کیومرث ابراهیمی Kumars Ebrahimi دانشیار، گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران ایران ebrahimik@ut.ac.ir پیش‌بینی آبدهی ماهانه خلیج فارس دریای مدیترانه GRNN SVD Araghinejad S. (2014). Data-Deriven Modeling: Using MATLAB in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering. NewYork: Springer.##Borhani Dariane, A. and Fatehi Marj, A. (2008). Application of artificial neural network in stream flow forecasting using climatic indices (Case study: Nazloochay River Basin). Journal of Faculty of Eng, 35 (3) (Civil Eng), 25-36. (In Farsi)## Bretherton C.S., Smith C. and Wallace J.M. (1992). An intercomparison of methods for finding coupled patterns in climate data. J. Climate, 5: 541–560.##Chen, L., Ye, L., Singh, V., Zhou, J. and Guo, S. (2014). Determination of input for artificial neural networks for flood forecasting using the copula entropy method. J. Hydrol. Eng, 19(11), 04014021.##Cigizoglu, H. K. and Alp, M. (2004). Rainfall-runoff modelling using three neural network methods. ‌J. Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing,‌‌ 3070, 166-171.##Cigizoglu, H. K. (2005). Generalized regression neural network in monthly flow forecasting. ‌J. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, ‌22 (2), 71-81.##Gray Robert.M. (2013). Entropy and Information Theory. NewYork: Springer-Verlag.## Kassomenos P. A. and McGregor G. R. (2006). The interannual variability and trend of Precipitable Water over Southern Greece. J. Hydrometeorol, 7: 271-284.##Kişi, Ö. (2008). River flow forecasting and estimation using different artificial neural network techniques. Hydrol. Res, 39(1), 27–40.##Kutiel, H., Hirsch-Eshkol, T. R. and Turkes, M. (2001). Sea level pressure patterns associated with dry and wet monthly rainfall conditions in Turkey. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 69, 39-67.##Meidani E., and Araghinejad S. (2014). Long-lead streamflow forecasting in southwest of Iran by the Sea Surface Temperature of Mediterranean Sea. J. Hydrol.Eng,19(8), 05014005.##Nazemosadat  M.J.  (1998). The Persian Gulf Sea Surface Temperature as a drought diagnostic for southern parts of Iran. Drought News Network, 10:12-14.##Nazemosadat, M. J.  (2008). Improving neural network models for forecasting seasonal precipitation in southwestern Iran: The evaluation of oceanic-atmospheric indices. Advances in Geosciences, 16, 133-145.##Nazemosadat, M.J., Ghasemi, A.R., Amin, S.A. and Soltani, A.R. (2008). The simultaneous effect of ENSO and Persian Gulf SSTs on the occurrence of the drought and wet condition over the western and northwestern parts of Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science (University of Tabriz), 18(3), 1-17. (In Farsi)##NOAA_OI_SST_V2 data Available at##http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.noaa.oisst.v2.html)(visited 26 May 2015).##Mahab Ghodss Consulting Engineering Company. (2010). Report of water resources planning and management for Karkheh basin. (In Farsi)##Rezayi Banafsheh, M., Jahanbakhsh, S., Bayati Khatibi, M. and Zeinali, B. (2010). Forecast of autumn and winter precipitation of west Iran by use from summer and autumn Mediterranean sea surface temprature. Physycal Geography Research Quarterly, 24, 47-62. (In Farsi)##Rowell D. P.  (2003). The impact of Mediterranean SSTs on the Sahelian rainfall seasonal. J. Climate, 16(5): 849–862.## Soukup T.L., Aziz O.A., Tootle G.A., Piechota T.C., and Wulff, S.S. (2009). Long lead-time streamflow forecasting of the North Platte River incorporating ocean-atmospheric climate variability.  J.  Hydrology, 368: 131-142.##Uvo C.B., Repelli C.A., Zebiak S.E., and Kushnir Y. (1998). The relationship between tropical Pacific and Atlantic SST and northeast Brazil monthly precipitation. J. Climate, 11:551-562.## Wallace J.M., Smith C., and Bretherton C.S. (1992). Singular value decomposition of wintertime sea surface temperature and 500-mb height anomalies. J. Climate, 5:561-576.##Wang, W.C., Chau, K.W., Cheng, C.T. and Qui, L. (2009). A comparison of performance of several artificial intelligence methods for forecasting monthly discharge time series. ‌J. Hydrology, ‌374, 294-306.##Wu, C. L., Chau, K.W. and Fan, C. (2010). 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0 آنالیز همبستگی پایۀ زمانی و تأخیر زمانی بین خشکسالی اقلیمی و خشکسالی آب‌شناختی دشت هشتگرد Time and Lag Correlation Analysis between Climate Drought and Hydrological Drought in Hashtgerd Plain https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_56785.html 10.22059/ijswr.2015.56785 0 به منظور بررسی آثار زمانی خشکسالی اقلیمی بر خشکسالی آب‌شناختی در منابع آب زیرزمینی، تحقیق حاضر در دشت هشتگرد انجام شد. در این تحقیق، ابتدا SPI به عنوان نمایة خشکسالی اقلیمی استانداردشده و GRI به عنوان شاخص منابع آب زیرزمینی محاسبه شد. از آزمون من‌کندال برای بررسی وجود روند در داده‌ها استفاده شد. همبستگی پیرسون بین SPI و GRI از طریق همبستگی متقابل محاسبه شد. برای بررسی دقیق همبستگی، از پایه‌های زمانی 0 تا 200 ماهة SPI و هم تأخیر زمانی صفر تا 150 ماهه با GRI استفاده شد. در نهایت، مشخص شد که در ارتباط زمانی بین SPI و GRI علاوه‌بر وابستگی به پایة زمانی شاخص خشکسالی و تأخیر زمانی بین این دو شاخص، به ارتباط درونی بین تأخیر و پایة زمانی نیز وابسته است و الگوی رفتاری هر پیزومتر منجر به گروه‌بندی پیزومترها در سه گروه متفاوت شد. 1 The aim followed in this research work was a study of effects the of temporal climatic drought on the hydrological drought, the study being carried out in Hashtgerd plain, karaj. Throughout the study the SPI (Standardized precipitation Index) for climatic drought and GRI for the hydrological drought were assessed. Mann-Kendall trend test was applied to assess data (rainfall and water level). Pearson correlation was determined through cross-correlation between SPI and GRI. For a detailed study of the correlation, the SPI time scales were calculated from 0 to 200 months and the monthly lag time from 0 to 150. The results indicated a high correlation related to interaction between SPI and the lag time with the GRI. Also, the behavior patterns of piezometers led to three groups of time actions within the study area. 609 616 بهرام بختیاری عنایت Bahram Bakhtiare Enayat دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد آبخیزداری دانشگاه تهران ایران bakhtiare@ut.ac.ir آرش ملکیان Arash Malekian استادیار، دانشکدة منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران ایران malekian@ut.ac.ir علی سلاجقه Ali Salajegheh استاد دانشکدة منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران ایران salajegh@ut.ac.ir الگوی پیزومتر GRI SPI Azizi, G. 2004. Releationship of Last Drought and Ground Water Resource in Qazvin Plain. Geographical Research. 46, 131-143.##Ekrami, M., M. R. Ekhtesasi., and H. Malekinezhad. 2013a. The Effects and Consequences of Climatic Drought on Time Delay and the Change in Water Discharge of Springs and Qanats(Yazd-Ardakan Plain). Iranian-Water Resources Research. 9 (2), 19-26.##Ekrami, M., H. Malekinezhad., and M. R. Ekhtesasi. 2013b. Evaluation of Meteorological drout and Hydrological Drought Impacts on Ground Water Resource. Iran-Watershed Management Scince & Engineering. 7 (20).##Hayes, M. J., M. D. Svoboda, D. A. Wilhite., and O. V. Vanyarkho. 1999. Monitoring the 1996 drought using the standardized precipitation index. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 80 (3), 429-438.##Hoseinzade, M. M., A. Nohegar., and 2011. Effects of Last Two-decade on Ground Water Resource of Minab Plain and Subsidence Occurenss. Environmental Erosion. 9 (1), 75-97.##Khan, S., H. F. Gabriel., and T. Rana. 2008. Standard precipitation index to track drought and assess impact of rainfall on watertables in irrigation areas. Irrigation & Drainage Systems. 22 (2), 159-177.##Lloyd‐Hughes, B., and M. A. Saunders. 2002. A drought climatology for Europe. International Journal of climatology. 22 (13), 1571-1592.##McKee, T. B., N. J. Doesken., and J. Kleist. 1993. The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. Paper read at Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Applied Climatology.##Mendicino, G., A. Senatore., and P. Versace. 2008. A Groundwater Resource Index (GRI) for drought monitoring and forecasting in a Mediterranean climate. Journal of Hydrology. 357 (3), 282-302.##Naderianfar, M., and H. Ansari. 2011. Effects of Drought Rate-Duration in Multi-Time Scale on Ground Water Levels Change (Neyshabor Plain). Water Resource Engineering. (4), 1-15.##Naderianfar, M., H. Ansari, A. Ziaie., and K. Davari. 2010. Evaluating the Ground Water Level Fluctuations under Different Climatic Condition in the Basin Neyshabour. Irrigation & Water Engineering. (3), 21-37##Shemshaki, A., Y. Mohammadi., and M. J. Bolourchi. spring2011. Investigation on Confined Aquifer & its Role on Subsidence Occurrence in Hashtgerd Plain. Scientific Quarterly Journal, GEOSCIENCES. 20 (79), 137-142.##Vicente-Serrano, S. M., and J. I. López-Moreno. 2005. Hydrological response to different time scales of climatological drought: an evaluation of the Standardized Precipitation Index in a mountainous Mediterranean basin. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions. 9 (5), 523-533.##Wilhite, D. A., and M. H. Glantz. 1985. Understanding: the drought phenomenon: the role of definitions. Water international. 10 (3), 111-120.##

0 بازسازی جریان رودخانه با استفاده از گاه‌شناسی درختی، و مدل‌سازی و طبقه‌بندی خشکسالی هیدرولوژیکی در حوضۀ کرخه Streamflow Reconstruction Using Tree Rings Chronology, Modeling and Classification of Hydrological Drought in the Karkheh Basin https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_56786.html 10.22059/ijswr.2015.56786 0 با اندازه‌گیری حلقه‌های رویشی سالیانة درختان و ساخت گاه‌شناسی از آن‌ها، امکان مطالعه و بازسازی جریان رودخانه‌ها در محدودة رویشگاه‌‌ها فراهم می‌شود. هدف از انجام این پژوهش، بازسازی جریان رودخانه با استفاده از گاه‌شناسی درختی، و مدلسازی و طبقه‌بندی خشکسالی هیدرولوژیکی در حوضة کرخه است. در این تحقیق از شاخص گاه‌شناسی درختی منطقه‌ای زاگرس مرکزی دو گونة درختی بلوط ایرانی ( Quercus brantii) و بلوط مازو (Quercus infectoria) طی دورة 1840-2010 برای بازسازی جریان رودخانه در حوضة کرخه استفاده شده است. سه ایستگاه آب‌سنجی در حوضة رودخانة کرخه انتخاب و دورة پرآبی آن‌ها تعیین شد. با توجه به همبستگی مثبت و معنادار جریان رودخانه در دورة پرآبی سه ایستگاه آب‌سنجی در این حوضه با شاخص گاه‌شناسی درختی منطقه‌ای، میانگین جریان رودخانه در دورة پرآبی برای این سه ایستگاه طی سال‌های 1840 تا 2010 بازسازی شد. مقادیر مشاهداتی جریان رودخانه و مقادیر بازسازی‌شدة آن در دورة آماری مشترک به خوبی با هم مطابقت دارد. در ادامه، وضعیت هیدرولوژیکی در طول دورة گاه‌‌شناسی و بر اساس آن خشکسالی هیدرولوژیکی در حوضة کرخه برای سال‌های 1840 تا 2010 بررسی شد. شدت و تداوم خشکسالی‌ها، همچنین دهه‌های پرآب و کم‌آب تعیین شد. همچنین، نتایج این تحقیق با سایر محققان نیز مقایسه شد. پس از بازسازی جریان رودخانه، از مدل شبکة عصبی احتمالاتی برای طبقه‌بندی دوره‌های بسیار کم‌آب، کم‌آب، پرآب و بسیار پرآب استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که مدل ارائه‌شده با دقت زیاد قادر به تشخیص دوره‌های نامبرده در منطقة مورد نظر است. 1 Through an assessment of the annual growth of tree rings and making up of the chronology, the possibility of the study and reconstruction of streamflows in the habitats could be provided. The aim followed in this research was to reconstruct streamflow, applying dendrochronology, modeling, and classification of hydrological drought in Karkheh basin. Throughout the research the chronology indexes of two oak species, Quercus brantii, and Quercus infectoria, in the central Zagross region during the period 1840-2010 were used to reconstruct streamflow in Karkheh basin. Three gage stations were selected within the basin and their high flow periods determined. Correlations between streamflow, in high flow periods, as well as regional chronology index for gage stations were found out as positive and significant at 1% confidence level. With regard to these data  average streamflows at high flow periods recorded at these gage stations (from year 1840 to 2010) were reconstructed. The values of the observed and reconstructed streamflows. Within the timely common statistical periods are well consistent with each other. Hydrological conditions during the chronology period were studied and accordingly, hydrological drought analyzed within Karkheh Basin for the years 1840 to 2010. Severity and duration of the droughts as well as low vs high flow decades were determined. In addition, the results were compared with those obtained by other researchers as well. Following the reconstruction of streamflow a probabilistic neural network model was employed to classify the periods of very low, low, high, and very high flows. The results revealed that through the provided model it would be possibleto recognize the mentioned periods with a high accuracy within the region. 617 629 فرید فروغی Farid Foroughi دانشجوی دورة دکتری گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرج، دانشگاه تهران ایران foroughifarid@gmail.com شهاب عراقی نژاد Shahab Araghinejad استادیار، گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران ایران araghinejad@ut.ac.ir قاسم عزیزی Ghasem Azizi دانشیار، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران ایران ghazizi@ut.ac.ir محسن ارسلانی Mohsen Arsalani دانشجوی دکتری، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران ایران arsalan_ mohsen@yahoo.com اقلیم‌شناسی درختی بازسازی جریان رودخانه حلقه‌های درختی حوضة کرخه طبقه‌بندی خشکسالی Akkemik, U., and Aras, A. (2005). Reconstruction (1689–1994) of April-August precipitation in southwestern part of central Turkey. International Journal of Climatology, 25, 537–548.##Akkemik, U., Dagdeviren, N., and Aras, N. (2005). A preliminary reconstruction (A.D. 1635–2000) of spring precipitation using oak tree rings in the western Black Sea region of Turkey. International Journal of Biometeorology, 49(5), 297–302.##Akkemik, U., D’Arrigo, R., Cherubini, P., Köse, N., and Jacoby G. C. (2008). Tree-ring reconstructions of precipitation and streamflow for north-western Turkey. International Journal of Climatology, 28, 173–183.##Akkemik, U., Nüzhet, D. H., and Ozeren, M. S. (2011). Tree-ring Reconstructions of May–June Precipitation for Western Anatolia. Quaternary Research, 75(3), 438-450.##Arsalani, M. (2012). Reconstruction of precipitation and temperature variations using Oak tree rings in central Zagros, M.A. dissertation , University of Tehran, Faculty of Geography, Tehran, Iran.##Arsalani, M., Azizi, GH., and Bräuning, A. (2015). Dendroclimatic reconstruction of May–June maximum temperatures in the central Zagros Mountains, western Iran. International Journal of Climatology, 35: 408–416.##Azizi, Gh., Arsalani, M., Bräuning, A., and Moghimi E. (2013). Precipitation variations in the central Zagros Mountains (Iran) since A.D. 1840 based on oak tree rings. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 386, 96–103.##Büntgen, U., Esper, J., Frank, D. C., Nicolussi K., and Schmidhalter, M. (2005). A 1052-year tree-ring##proxy for Alpine summer temperatures. Climate Dynamics, 25, 141–153.##Carson, E. C., and Munroe, J. S. (2005). Tree-ring based streamflow reconstruction for Ashley Creek, northeastern Utah: implications for palaeohydrology of the southern Uinta Mountains. The Holocene, 15(4), 602-611.##D’Arrigo, R., and Cullen, H. M. (2001). A 350-year (AD 1628–1980) reconstruction of Turkish precipitation. Dendrochronologia, 19(2), 169–177.##Eckstein, D. (2005). Human time in tree rings. Abstract book of Eurodendro. International Conference of Dendrochronology, September, 28-October 2nd, Viterbo – Italy.##Fritts, H. C. (1976) Tree rings and climate. Academic press, University of Arizona, Tucson, 567p.##Fritts, H. C., Guiot, J., Gordon, G. A., and Schweingruber, F. (1990.) Methods for calibration, verification and reconstruction. In: Kairiukstis L, Cook E, eds Methods of Tree-Ring Analysis: Applications in the Environmental Sciences, Reidel Press, Dordrecht. pp. 163-218.##Garcia- Suarez, A. M., Butler, C.J., Bailli, and M. G. L. (2009). Climate signal in tree-ring chronologies in temperature climate: A multi-species approach. Dendrochronologia, 27, 183-198.##Hessari, B,. Bruggeman, A,. Akhoond-Ali1, A., Oweis, T., and Abbasi, F. (2012). Supplemental irrigation potential and impact on downstream flow of Karkheh River Basin of Iran. Hydrology and Earth System Science. Discussions, 9, 13519–13536.##Hughes, M. K, Kuniholm, P. I, Garfin, G. M, Latini, C, and Eischeid, J. (2001). Aegean tree-ring signature years explained. Tree-ring Research, 57(1), 67-73.##Jamab Consulting Engineers. (2006). Water balance report of Karkheh River basin area: Preliminary analysis, Ministry of Energy, Tehran. Iran.##Karamoz, M., and Araghinejad, Sh. (2010) Advance Hydrology. Amir Kabir University Press, Tehran, Iran.##Kim, D.K., Lee, J. J., Lee, J. H., and Chang, S. K. (2005). Application of probabilistic neural networks for prediction of concrete strength. ASCE, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 17(3), 353–362.##Knight, T.A., Meko, D. M., and Baisan, C. H. (2010). A bimillennial-length tree-ring reconstruction of precipitation for the Tavaputs Plateau, Northeastern Utah. Quaternary Research, 73, 107-117.##Kuniholm, P.I. (1996). Long tree-ring chronologies for the eastern Mediterranean. Archaeometry 1994. In Proceedings of the 29th International Symposium on Archaeometry, Ankara, Turkey; 401–409.##Liu J., Yang, B., and Chun, Q. (2010). Tree-ring Based Annual Precipitation Reconstruction Since AD 1480 in South Central Tibet. 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0 تحلیل مقایسه‌ای اثر شدت باران و شیب پلات‌های آزمایشگاهی بر مؤلفه‌های فرسایش ناشی از اثر قطره‌های باران (RIIE) Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Rainfall Intensity and Experimental Plot Slope on Raindrop Impact Induced Erosion (RIIE) https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_56787.html 10.22059/ijswr.2015.56787 0 جدایش پاشمانی و انتقال ذرات خاک به‌وسیلة اثر قطره‌های باران در خاک سطحی شروع روند فرسایش آبی محسوب می‌شود. این در حالی است که به تحلیل فرایندی و اثر عوامل مختلف روی آن کمتر توجه شده است. به‌همین منظور پژوهش حاضر با هدف تحلیل مقایسه‌ای اثر شیب و شدت باران بر مؤلفه‌های فرسایش ناشی از اثر قطره‌های باران (RIIE) در خاک لوم رسی شنی در مقیاس آزمایشگاهی برنامه‌ریزی شد. برای این کار، 81 آزمایش شبیه‌سازی بارش در پلات‌های 1×6 متر در شیب‌های 5، 15 و 25 درصد متناسب با شرایط فعلی منطقه و در شدت‌های 30، 60 و 90 میلی‌متر بر ساعت با استفاده از منحنی شدت، مدت و فراوانی منطقه و در سه تکرار با شبیه‌ساز باران و در بالادست و پایین‌دست فنجان پاشمان مورگان و در سه موقعیت بالادست، وسط و پایین‌دست پلات‌ها صورت گرفت. طبق نتایج پژوهش حاضر، تأثیرپذیری تمامی متغیرهای مورد بررسی شامل پاشمان بالادست و پایین‌دست و پاشمان کل و خالص ناشی از شدت بارش و تغییرات مکانی در سطح 99 درصد معنا‌دار بود. تنها تأثیر تغییرات مکانی بر پاشمان خالص معنا‌دار نبود (13/0 ≥ P). همچنین تحلیل نتایج، بر نبود اثر معنا‌دار شیب بر متغیرها (11/0 ≥ P) به جز پاشمان خالص (01/0 P ≤) دلالت داشته است. 1 Splash detachment and transport of soil particles through the impact of raindrops on the soil surface form the initiating mechanisms of water erosion. However, mechanistic analysis of different affecting factors has less been taken into account. The present study was therefore formulated for a comparative analysis of the effective intensities as well as slopes on Raindrop Impact Induced Erosion (RIIE) components within a laboratory scale and for a sandy clay loam soil. Towards this end, a total of 81 rainfall simulation experiments were conducted in a set of 1 × 6 m plots with varying slopes of 5, 15 and 25% while using the current situation prevalent in the region. The experiments were performed in three replications and with simulated rainfall intensities of 30, 60, and 90 mm h-1 using region IDF. The experiments were also adopted while using rainfall simulation system along with upward as well as downward Morgan’s splash cups placed at upper, middle and lower parts of the plot. Results indicated that all the study variables viz. total vs net splash and upward downward splash were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) influenced by rainfall intensity and cups' locality, but net splash was not statistically influenced (p ≥ 0.13) by spatial variation of cups. In addition, the results showed that slope did not affect any study variables (p ≥ 0.11) except the phenomenon of net splash (p ≤ 0.01). 631 640 محبوبه کیانی هرچگانی Mahboobeh Kiani Harchegani دانشجوی دکتری گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکدة منابع‌طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، مازندران، نور ایران mahboobeh.kiyani20@gmail.com سیدحمیدرضا صادقی Seyed Hamid Reza Sadeghi استاد گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکدة منابع‌طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، مازندران، نور ایران sadeghi@modares.ac.ir حسین اسدی Hossein Asadi دانشیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه گیلان ایران ho.asadi@ut.ac.ir خاک شبیه‌ساز باران عوامل فرسایش فرسایش بارانی فرایند فرسایش Abdollahi, Z., Sadeghi, S. H. R. and Khaledi Darvishan, A. V. (2013). 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0 دویست سال بازسازی حلقه-درختی دمای حداکثر در کلیک نوشهر Two Hundred Year Based Tree-ring Reconstruction of Maximum Temperature Koliak, Nowshahr https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_56788.html 10.22059/ijswr.2015.56788 0 یکی از روش‌های بازسازی متغیرهای اقلیمی، به‌ویژه دما، استفاده از گاه‌شناسی درختی (عرض حلقه‌های درختان) است. تاکنون تحقیقی در زمینة بازسازی درازمدت دما در اکوسیستم خزری انجام نشده است. تحقیق حاضر با استفاده از گاه‌شناسی درختان راش ارتفاعات نوشهر به بازسازی دما پرداخته است. برای این منظور، همبستگی حلقه‌های سالانة درختان با متغیرهای هواشناسی ایستگاهی و جهانی بررسی شد. تحلیل همبستگی نشان داد که کاهش دمای حداکثر در دورة رشد عامل محدودکنندة رشد درختان است. بنابراین، متوسط دمای حداکثر مارس- سپتامبر ایستگاه هواشناسی نوشهر بازسازی شد. نتایج بازسازی دما نشان داد که در دو قرن گذشته، در این منطقه سال‌های بسیار سرد بیش از سال‌های بسیار گرم بوده است. همچنین، دهة اول قرن بیستم و سال‌های 1950-1970 گرم‌ترین و دهة 1830 و سال‌های 1930-1950 سردترین دوره‌ها بوده‌اند. به‌علاوه، تأثیر معنادار فاز منفی NAO در ماه‌های ابتدایی رشد بر افزایش دما مشخص شد. دماهای بازسازی‌شده در این تحقیق مشابه تحقیقات انجام‌شده در شرق مدیترانه، روند جهانی افزایش دما در سال‌های اخیر را نشان نداد. 1 One of the ways to reconstruction of climatic variables, especially temperature, is dendroclimatology or the use of tree-ring width chronology. There did not so far exist any tree-ring based reconstruction of long term temperature in Caspian Ecosystem. Throughout the present research, temperature was reconstructed using Fagus Orientalis tree-ring chronology samples collected from high elevated regions of Koliak (Nowshahr). To follow the target, a correlation between annual tree ring width and meteorological variables in local and as well in global scales was considered. Correlation analysis revealed that drop in maximum temperature is a limiting factor of tree growth, particularly in the period March-September. So, the average of March-September maximum temperature (based on data taken from Nowshahr’s station) was reconstructed. The results of temperature reconstruction showed that this region has experienced very cold years more than it has very warm ones within the past two centuries. Also the first decade of 20th century and years, 1950-1970 vs the decade of 1830th, and years 1930-1950 formed the warmest vs coldest periods, respectively. Besides, the significant effect of negative NAO on temperature rise in the early months of growth period was revealed. Reconstructed temperatures of this research as like the results obtained by other researchers in Eastern Mediterranean didn’t show any warming trend within recent years. 641 652 مهدی نادی Mehdi Nadi دکتری هواشناسی کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، دانشکدة مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، گروه آبیاری و آبادانی، بخش هواشناسی کشاورزی ایران mehdi.nadi@gmail.com جواد بذرافشان Javad Bazrafshan استادیار، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، دانشکدة مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، گروه آبیاری و آبادانی، بخش هواشناسی کشاورزی ایران jbazr@ut.ac.ir کامبیز پورطهماسی Kambiz Pourtahmasi دانشیار، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، دانشکدة منابع طبیعی، گروه علوم و صنایع چوب و کاغذ ایران pourtahmasi@ut.ac.ir آخیم براونینگ Achim Bräuning عضو هیئت علمی گروه جغرافیای دانشگاه ارلانگن- نورنبرگ ایران achim.braeuning@fau.de بازسازی دما حلقه‌های درخت راش نوشهر NAO Arsalani, M., Azizi, G. and Bräuning, A. 2014. Dendroclimatic reconstruction of May–June maximum temperatures in the central Zagros Mountains, western Iran. International Journal of Climatology, DOI: 10.1002/joc.3988.##Azizi, Gh., Arsalani, M., Bräuning, A. and Moghimi, E. 2013. Precipitation variations in the central Zagros Mountains (Iran) since A.D. 1840 based on oak tree rings. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 386: 96-103.##Balapour, Sh., Jalilvand, H., Raeini, M., and Asadpour, H. 2010. Relationship between tree rings of Beech (Fagus orientalis) with some climatic variables in experimental forest of Natural Resources Faculty (Darabcola). Watershed Management Research Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi). 88. 1-10. (In Persian)##Bazrafshan, O. (2012). Hydrologic Drought Forecasting using Teleconnection and Intelligent Models (Case Study:Karkheh watershed Basin). Ph. D. Dissertation. University of Tehran. Karaj.##Bräuning, A. 2006.Tree-ring evidence of ‘Little Ice Age’ glacier advances in southern Tibet. 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Tree ring reconstruction of summer temperature for A.D. 1475–2003 in the central Hengduan Mountains, Northwestern Yunnan, China. Climatic Change. 110: 455-467.##Nadi, M. Khalili, A. Pourtahmasi, K and Bazrafshan, J. 2013. Comparison of Various Interpolation Techniques of Climatic Data for Determining the Most Important Factors Affecting the Trees Growth at the Elevated Areas of Chaharbagh, Gorgan. Journal of Forest and Wood Products. 66: 1. 83-95. (In Persian)##Najafi Harsini, F. Pourtahmasi, K and Karimi, A.N. 2012. Dendrochronological Investigation of Radial Growth of Quercus infectoria in Kermanshah Oak Forests. Journal of Forest and Wood Products. 65: 1. 119-129. (In Persian)##Pourtahmasi, K. Parsapajouh, D. Brauning, A. Esper, J. Schweingruber, H.F. 2007. Climatic analysis of pointer years in Tree-ring chronologies from northern Iran and neighboring high mountain areas. GEOÖKO. 28: 27-42.##Pourtahmasi, K., Poursartip, L., Bräuning, A. and Parsapjouh, D. 2009. Comparison between the radial growth of juniper (Juniperus polycarpus) and Oak (Quercus macranthera) trees in two sides of the Alborz Mountains in Chaharbagh region of gorgan. Journal of Forest and Wood Products. 62: 2. 159-169. (In Persian)##Rahimi, J. Ebrahimpour, M. Khalili, A. 2013. Spatial changes of extended De Martonne climatic zones affected by climate change in Iran. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 112(3-4): 409-418.##Türkes¸ M. Erlat, E. 2003. Precipitation changes and variability in Turkey linked to the North Atlantic oscillation during the period 1930–2000. Int J Climatol. 23:1771–1796.##Yang, B. Brauning, A. 2007. Temperature variations on the Tibetan Plateau during the Last Millennium. Adv. Clim. Change Res. 3: 31-34.##Zhang, Y., Shao, X. M., Yin, Z.-Y., Wang, Y. 2014. Millennial minimum temperature variations in the Qilian Mountains, China: evidence from tree rings, Clim. Past, 10, 1763-1778, doi:10.5194/cp-10-1763-2014.##

0 تعیین ضریب پخش طولی با انجام آزمایش‌های ردیابی Determination of Longitudinal Dispersion Coefficient Involving Tracer Experiment Data https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_56789.html 10.22059/ijswr.2015.56789 0 تاکنون سه رویکرد شامل آزمایش‌های ردیابی، انتگرال‌گیری از پروفیل سرعت و کاربرد رابطه‌های تجربی به عنوان روش‌های متداول به منظور برآورد ضریب پخش طولی در رودخانه‌ها و انهار به کار رفته است. در مقالة حاضر معادلة جدید ضریب پخش طولی بر مبنای داده‌های برداشت‌شده از آزمایش‌های ردیابی با استفاده از ردیاب نمک و کاربرد دو گروه مختلف از روابط بنیادی تجربی این ضریب تعیین و ارزیابی شده است. برای این منظور طولی معادل 500 متر از کانال بتنی برای اجرای آزمایش‌های ردیابی، در سه طول اختلاط متفاوت برابر با 45، 75 و 100 متر، در بهمن‌ماه 1393 به‌کار برده شد. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که اختلاف بین میانگین، واریانس و غلظت ماکزیمم بین داده‌های اندازه‌گیری‌شده و برآوردشده با استفاده از بهترین رابطة تجربی موجود به ترتیب 79، 6 و 99 و در رابطة استخراجی از مقالة حاضر 66، 1- و 44 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر است. 1 Longitudinal dispersion coefficient is normally affected by many hydraulic parameters. So far three approaches namely, integral method, dye tracing filed measurements and empirical formulae have been widely employed to estimate the above mentioned coefficient in rivers and streams. In this paper a new equation of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient is devised and evaluated using an environmentally safe tracer plus the basic empirical equations. To achieve the aim, a length of 500 meters of a manmade concrete canal was chosen, to be used in carrying out the tracer tests. A set of experiments were conducted in Feb.2015, within three different mixing lengths, of: 45, 75 and 100 meters. The results show that differences of average, variance and maximum concentration between the measured vs estimated data using the lastly available equation) are equal to 79, 6, and 99 mg/lit while using the newly equation found in the present study they are respectively equal to 66, -1 and 44 mg/lit. 653 662 مهدی محمدی قلعه نی Mehdi Mohammadi Ghaleni دانشجوی دکتری مهندسی منابع آب، دانشگاه تهران ایران mohammadighm@ut.ac.ir کیومرث ابراهیمی Kumars Ebrahimi دانشیار گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی، دانشگاه تهران ایران ebrahimik@ut.ac.ir محمدحسین امید Mohammad Hosein Omid استاد گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی، دانشگاه تهران ایران momid@ut.ac.ir رابطة تجربی ردیاب طول اختلاط مشخصه‌های هیدرولیکی Ahmad, Z. (2013). Prediction of longitudinal dispersion coefficient using laboratory and field data: relationship comparisons. Hydrology Research, 44(2), 362-376.##Chatwin, P. C. (1980). Presentation of longitudinal dispersion data. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 106(1), 71-83.##Day, T. (1977). Field procedures and evaluation of a slug dilution gauging method in mountain streams. Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand), 16(2), 113-133.##Day, T. J. (1975). Longitudinal dispersion in natural channels. Water Resources Research, 11(6), 909-918.##Day, T. J., and Wood, I. R. (1976). Similarity of the mean motion of fluid particles dispersing in a natural channel. Water Resources Research, 12(4), 655-666.##Deng, Z. Q., Singh, V. P., and Bengtsson, L. (2001). Longitudinal dispersion coefficient in straight rivers. Journal of hydraulic engineering, 127(11), 919-927.##Elder, J. (1959). The dispersion of marked fluid in turbulent shear flow. Journal of fluid mechanics, 5(4), 544-560.##Elder, K., R. Kattelmann, and R. Ferguson. (1990). Refinements in dilution gauging for mountain streams. In Hydrology in mountainous regions. I - Hydrological measurements; the water cycle, IAHS Publication No. 193, International Association for Hydrological Science, Proceedings of two Lausanne Symposia, August 1990, 247–254.##Etemad-Shahidi, A., and Taghipour, M. (2012). Predicting Longitudinal Dispersion Coefficient in Natural Streams Using M5′ Model Tree. Journal of hydraulic engineering, 138(6), 542-554.##Fischer, H. B. (1967). The mechanics of dispersion in natural streams. Journal of Hydraulic Division, 93(6), 187-216.##Fischer, H. B. (1968). Dispersion predictions in natural streams. Journal of the Sanity Engineering Division, American Society of Civil Engineering, 94(5), 927-941.##Fischer, H. B. (1975). Discussion of "Simple Method for Predicting Dispersion in Streams". Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, 101(3), 453-455.##Fischer, H. B., List, E. J., Koh, R. C. Y., Imberger, J. and Brooks, N. H. (2013). Mixing in Inland and Coastal Waters. Elsevier Academic Press, New York.##Guymer, I. (1998). Longitudinal dispersion in sinuous channel with changes in shape. Journal of hydraulic engineering, 124(1), 33-40.##Kashefipour, S. M. and Falconer, R. A. (2002). Longitudinal dispersion coefficients in natural channels. Water Research, 36(6), 1596-1608.##Leopold, L. B. and Maddock, T. J. (1953). The hydraulic geometry channels and some physiographic implications. Geological survey professionals. paper 252, United States Goverment Printing Office, Washington, 57 p.##Liu, H. (1977). Predicting dispersion coefficient of streams. Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, 103(1), 59-69.##Moore, R.D. (2004a). Introduction to salt dilution gauging for streamflow measurement: Part 1. Streamline Watershed Management Bulletin 7(4):20–23.##Moore, R.D. (2004b). Introduction to salt dilution gauging for streamflow measurement Part II: Constant-rate injection. Streamline Watershed Management Bulletin 8(1):11–15.##Nordin, C. F., and Troutman, B. M. (1980). Longitudinal dispersion in rivers: The persistence of skewness in observed data. Water Resources Research, 16(1), 123-128.##Palancar, M. C., Aragón, J. M., Sánchez, F., and Gil, R. (2003). The determination of longitudinal dispersion coefficients in rivers. Water environment research, 324-335.##Sahay, R., and Dutta, S. (2009). Prediction of longitudinal dispersion coefficients in natural rivers using genetic algorithm. Hydrology Research, 40(6), 544–552.##Seo, I. W., and Baek, K. O. (2004). Estimation of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient using the velocity profile in natural streams. Journal of hydraulic engineering, 130(3), 227-236.##Seo, I. W., and Cheong, T. S. (1998). Predicting longitudinal dispersion coefficient in natural streams. Journal of hydraulic engineering, 124(1), 25-32.##Singh, S. K., and Beck, M. (2003). Dispersion coefficient of streams from tracer experiment data. Journal of environmental engineering, 129(6), 539-546.##Taylor, G. (1954). The dispersion of matter in turbulent flow through a pipe. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 223A, 446-468.##Zeng, Y., and Huai, W. (2014). Estimation of longitudinal dispersion coefficient in rivers. Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 8(1), 2-8.##Zhang, X., Q, X., Zhou, X., and Pang, H. (2006). An in situ method to measure the longitudinal and transverse dispersion coefficients of solute transport in soil. Journal of Hydrology, 328(3), 614-619.##

0 مقایسۀ روش‌های مختلف تخمین بده سرریز جانبی لبه‌‌ تیز نیم‌دایره‌ای در رژیم جریان زیربحرانی Comparison of Different Discharge Estimation Methods for Sharp-Crested Semi-Circular Side Weir under Subcritical Flow Regimes https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_56790.html 10.22059/ijswr.2015.56790 0 سرریز جانبی یکی از سازه‌های کنترل جریان است که به طور گسترده در شبکه‌های آبیاری و زهکشی و شبکه‌های فاضلاب استفاده می‌شود. تحقیق حاضر با 162 آزمایش روی سرریز جانبی دایره‌ای لبه ‌تیز انجام شده است. با توجه به متغیربودن ارتفاع لبة سرریز و گسترش عرض فوقانی در سرریز جانبی دایره‌ای، این سرریز توانایی کنترل بهتر سیلاب را نسبت به سرریز جانبی مستطیلی داراست. معادلة دیفرانسیل حاکم بر سرریز جانبی دایره‌ای حل تحلیلی ندارد و با استفاده از روش‌های عددی حل می‌شود. از آنجا که روش‌های عددی هزینة محاسباتی دارد، در این تحقیق از معادلة سرریزهای معمولی و خطی فرض‌کردن پروفیل سطح آب در طول سرریز جانبی استفاده شده است. در نهایت، با انجام سه آزمایش دیگر در شرایط متفاوت از شرایط آزمایش‌های انجام‌شده مشخص شد که روش خطی فرض‌کردن پروفیل سطح آب نسبت به سایر روش‌های مورد استفاده در این تحقیق دقت بیشتری دارد. 1 Side weir is a flow control structure that used extensively in irrigation and drainage as well as sewer networks. Throughout the present research, a study comprised of 162 experiments was done on sharp-crested semi-circular side weir. Since the height in this side weir varies along its length, this feature enables it to more properly control flood than rectangular side weirs in various flood conditions. The governing differential equation of the circular side weir has no analytical solution, and thus it is necessary to use numerical methods to be solved. Since numerical methods bear computational costs, normal weir equation along with linear assumption of water surface profile are employed in solving the problem. Lastly, by doing three other experiments under completely different conditions from the former ones, it was found that the method of considering linear water surface profile is of less error in comparison with other methods employed in the current research. 663 671 وحید حق شناس Vahid Haghshenas دانشجوی دکتری سازه‌های آبی، گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران vahid.haghshenas86@gmail.com علیرضا وطن خواه Alireza Vatankhah دانشیار، گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران ایران arvatan@ut.ac.ir جریان متغیر مکانی سرریز جانبی سرریز جانبی دایره‌ای ضریب بده Borghei, S. M., Jalili, M. R., and Ghodsian, M. (1999). Discharge coefficient for sharp-crested side weir in subcritical flow. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 125(10), 1051-1056.##Cosar, A., and Agaccioglu, H. (2004). Discharge coefficient of a triangular side-weir located on a curved channel. Journal of irrigation and drainage engineering,130(5), 410-423.##De Marchi, G. (1934). Saggio di teoria del funzionamento degli stramazzi laterali. L’Energia elettrica, 11(11), 849-860.##El-Khashab, A., and Smith, K. V. (1976). Experimental investigation of flow over side weirs. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 102(9), 1255-1268.##Emiroglu, M. E., Agaccioglu, H., and Kaya, N. (2011). Discharging capacity of rectangular side weirs in straight open channels. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 22(4), 319-330.##Frazer, W. (1957). The behavior of side weirs in prismatic rectangular channel. Hydraulic papers No 14. Symposium of four papers on side spillways. In ICE Proceedings, 6(2), 305-328.##Gerald CF and Wheatley PO (1994) Applied Numerical Analysis. Addison-Wesley, Boston, MA, USA.##Ghodsian, M. (2004). Flow over triangular side weir. Scientia Iranica, 11(1-2), 114-120.##Kumar, C. P., and Pathak, S. K. (1987). Triangular side weirs. Journal of irrigation and drainage engineering, 113(1), 98-105.##May, R. W. (2003). Hydraulic design of side weirs. Thomas Telford.##Muslu, Y. (2001). Numerical analysis for lateral weir flow. Journal of irrigation and drainage engineering, 127(4), 246-253.##Pathirana, K. P. P., Munas, M. M., and Jaleel, A. L. A. (2006). Discharge coefficient for sharp-crested side weir in supercritical flow. J. Institution Eng,39(2), 17-24.##Rahimpour, M., Keshavarz, Z., and Ahmadi, M. M. (2011). Flow over trapezoidal side weir. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 22(6), 507-510.##Te Chow, V. (1959). Open channel hydraulics.##Uyumaz, A., and Smith, R. H. (1991). Design procedure for flow over side weirs. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 117(1), 79-90.##Vatankhah, A. R. (2010). Flow measurement using circular sharp-crested weirs. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 21(2), 118-122.##Vatankhah, A. R. (2012). Analytical solution for water surface profile along a side weir in a triangular channel. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation,23(1), 76-79.##

0 بررسی صفات رویشی و زایشی گل محمدی در رژیم‌های مختلف آبیاری قطره‌ای سطحی و زیر‌سطحی Investigation of Vegetative and Reproductive Characteristics of Damask Rose in Different Irrigation Regimes through Surface and Subsurface Drip Irrigation https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_56791.html 10.22059/ijswr.2015.56791 0 در این تحقیق، صفات تعداد شاخه در هر بوته، قطر سایه‌انداز، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد غنچه، وزن گلبرگ، وزن تر یک گل، درصد مادة خشک گل و وزن خشک کل گل محمدی تحت سه سطح آبیاری (100، 70، و 40 درصد مقدار تبخیر- تعرق پتانسیل) از طریق دو سامانة آبیاری قطره‌ای (سطحی و زیرسطحی) بررسی شد. بدین منظور، آزمایشی دوساله در قالب طرح کرت‌های خرد ده بر پایة بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کرمان در ایستگاه تحقیقاتی جوپار در سال‌های 1391 و 1392 اجراشد. نتایج نشان داد صفات ارتفاع بوته، تعداد غنچه، وزن تر یک گل، وزن گلبرگ و درصد مادة خشک گل در دو نوع سامانة آبیاری تفاوت معناداری نداشت، اما تمامی صفات به غیر از درصد مادة خشک گل تحت رژیم‌های مختلف آبیاری تفاوت معناداری داشت. در مجموع، با توجه به محدودیت منابع آب در منطقة مورد مطالعه، تیمار 70 درصد تبخیر- تعرق پتانسیل مناسب تشخیص داده شد، زیرا با کاهش 30 درصدی آب آبیاری، تنها 8/5 و 15 درصد کاهش به‌ترتیب در تعداد غنچه و قطر سایه‌انداز حاصل شد که با ضریب همبستگی 99/0 مؤثرترین صفات بر عملکرد بود. 1 Throughout the present study some vegetative and reproductive characteristics of Rosa damascene fewer than three different irrigation regimes (100, 70 and 40% of potential evapotranspiration) through an application of surface vs subsurface drip irrigation systems were investigated. Some morphological characteristics investigated, included the number of branches per plant, shading diameter, plant height, number of blooms, petals, weight, fresh weight of a single flower, percentage dry matter of a flower as well as its total dry weight. The experiment was performed in the framework of a split plot design based on randomized complete blocks of three replications at the Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Kerman (Joopar Research Station) during 2012 and 2013. Results revealed  that the plant height, number of blooms, fresh weight of one flower, petals, weight and percentage dry matter of flower were not significantly different for the two types of irrigation systems but all the plant traits (except percentage of dry matter of flower)  significantly differed under different irrigation management regimes. Due to severe limitations of water resources in the study area, the 70% potential evapotranspiration treatment was recognized as the most appropriate one because of having a 30% decrease in irrigation water use. There were only 5.8%  and 15% decrease observed respectively in the number of blooms and in the shading diameter, the most effective traits on yield (correlation coefficient = 0.99). 673 683 اسماء مقبلی مهنی دررودی Asma Moghbeli Mehni Dareroodi دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد آبیاری و زهکشی، گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکدة آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل ایران asma.moghbeli@gmail.com معصومه دلبری Masoomeh Delbari دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکدة آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل ایران mas_delbari@yahoo.com نادر کوهی Nader Koohi عضو هیئت علمی، بخش فنی و مهندسی، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کرمان ایران nakch71@yahoo.com آبیاری قطره‌ای صفات مورفولوژی کم‌آبیاری گل محمدی همبستگی Agricultural and Natural Resources Recearch Center of Kerman. (2003). Amarnamh Kerman province. Retrieved May2, 2014, from http://www. kerman.areo.ir. (In Farsi)##Alizadeh, A. (2004).Soil water-plant relation ship. Mashhad: beh nashr. (In Farsi)##Basal, H., Dagdelen, N., Unay, A. and Yilmaz, E. ( 2009). Effects of deficit drip irrigation ratios on Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum) yield and fiber quality. Agron. and Crop Sci, 159, 19–29.##Bradford, K. J., and Hsiao, T. C. (1982). Physiological responses to moderate water stress. In: Encyclopedia of plant physiology. Vol. 12:264-312.##Carins, T. (2003). Horticultural classification Schemes. 117-124. In: Robertes A.V., Debener T. and Gudin S. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Rose Science. Elsevier Aacademic press.##Cetin, O. and Bilget, L. (2002). Effects of different irrigation methods on shedding and yield of Cotton. Agric. Water Manage, 54: 1–15.##Chevallier, A. (1996) The encyclopedia of medicinal plants. Dorling Kindersely: London,  pp 336.##Devasirvatham, V. (2009) A Review of Subsurface Drip Irrigation in Vegetable Production. CRC for Irrigation Futures. Irrigation Matters Series No. 03/09.##English, M.J. and Raja, S.N. (1996). Perspectives on deficit irrigation. J Irrig and Driain Eng in, 10: 91-106.##Guenther, E.(1952) The essential oils. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company Malabar, Florida, (Vol. 5), pp. 506.##Hsiao,T. C. (1973). Plant responses to water stress . Annual Rev . Plant Physiol . 24: 519-570.##Katsoulas, N., Kittas, C., Dimokas, G. and Lykas, Ch.( 2006). Effect of irrigation frequency on rose flower production and quality. Biosystems Engineering, 93, 237–244.##Kodori, M. R. and Tabaei-Aghdaei, S. R.(2007). Evaluation of flower yield and yield components in nine Rosa damascena Mill accessions of Kerman Province. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Reserch, 23(1), 100-110. (In Farsi)##Mardi, M., Taleei, A. R. and omidi, M.(2003). A Study of Genetic Diversity and Identification of Yield Components in Desi Chickpea. Iranian, J. Agric. Sci, 34(2),445-451. (In Farsi)##Ministry of Agriculture Jihad.(2007). Amarnamh: Volume second. Retrieved May2, 2014, from http://www.maj.ir. (In Farsi)##Ministry of Agriculture Jihad.(2013). Amarnamh: Volume second. Retrieved May18, 2015, from http://www.maj.ir. (In Farsi)##Moghbeli Mehni Dareroodi, A., Delbari, M. and Kouhi, N. (2014). Effect of surface vs. subsurface drip irrigation on yield of Damask Rose under different irrigation regimes. Iranian J. Soil and Water Research, 45 (4): 405-412. (In Farsi)##Mousavi, A. (2002) Effect organic manure, nitrogen and irrigation on qualitative and quantitative yield of Damask rose. Tat Publications Council of Isfahan Province. Registration Number: 58-335. (In Farsi)##Nagano, T., and Shimaji, H.(1976) Internal plant water status and its control.I. Measurment of internal plant water status. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology, 32:67-71.##Najafi, P. (2006) Effect of using sub-surface drip irrigation to increasing WUE in irrigation of some crops. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 73: 156-162. (In Farsi)##Nemati Lafmajani, Z., Tabaei-Aghdaei, S.R., Lebaschi, M.H., Jafari, A.A. Najafi Ashtiani, A. and Daneshkhah, M. (2011). Path analysis of Rosa damascena Mill performance under Plants different conditions. Iranian Journal of Medical and Aromatic,27(4), 561-572. (In Farsi)##Oki, L.R. and Lieth, J.H.( 2001). Irrigation of rosa hybrida l. ‘kardinal’ based on soil moisture tension increases productivity and flower quality. III IS Rose Research Eds, 45, 213–219.##Omid baigy, R. and  Fakhr Tabatabai, S. M. (2005) Production and processing of Medicinal Plants. Mashhad: beh nashr. (In Farsi)##Oosterhuis, D. M., and Cartwright, P.M.(1983) Spike differentiation  and  floret survival in semidwarf  spring wheat as affected by water stress and photoperiod. Crop Sci., 23:711-717.##Phillips, R. and Rix, M.( 1993) The Quest for Rose. BBC Worldwide Publishing, London, UK.##Rahmani, N., Daneshian, J., Valadabadi, S.A.R. and Bigdeli, M.(2009). Effects of water deficit stress and application of nitrogen on yeld and growth characteristics of Calendula (Calendula officinalis L). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 7(2), 443-450. (In Farsi)##Sarmadnya, GH. and Koochaki, A. (1997). Physiological aspects of dryland farming. Mashhad University Jihad Publications. (In Farsi)##Sepaskhah, A. R., Tavakoli, A. R. and Mousavi, S. F. (2006). Principles and Applications of Deficit Irrigation. Iranian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage Ltd. 288pp. (In Farsi)##Sheikh, F., Toorchi, M., Valizadeh, M., Shakybaf, M. and Pasban Islam, B.(2005) .Evaluation of drought tolerance of Spring Canola (Brassica sp.). Journal of Agricultural Science, 15(1), 163-175. (In Farsi)##Shubhra, K., Dayal, J., Goswami, C.L., and Munjal,  R., (2004). Effects of water-deficit on oil of Calendula aerial parts. Biologia Plantarum, 48(3): 445-448.##Singh, J. and Patel, A. L. ( 1996). water statues , gaseous exchange , prolin accumulation and yield of wheat in response to water stress . Annual of Biology Ludhiana , 12, 77- 81.##Tabaei-Aghdaei, S. R., Sahebi, M., Jafari, A. A. and Rezaee, M. B.(2004). Evaluation of flower yield and morphological characteristics of 11 Rosa damascena Mill.genotypes using multivariate analyses. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Reserch, 20(2), 199-211. (In Farsi)##Valadabadi, S.A., Mazaheri, D., Nour-mohamadi, G. and Hashemi-Dezfuli, S.A. (2000). Performance of the effect of drought stress on qualitative and quantitative characters of corn, sorghum and millet. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 2 (1), 39-47. (In Farsi)##Yazdani, H( 2001). Compare methods surface irrigation and drip on Red Rose in Kashan. Project Institute of Soil and Water Research. Retrieved May2, 2014 from http://www.swri.ir. (In Farsi)##

0 ارزیابی مدل AquaCrop در پیش‌بینی عملکرد نیشکر و شوری پروفیل خاک تحت تنش شوری Assessment Aquacrop Model to Predict the Sugarcane Yield and Soil Salinity Profiles under Salinity Stress https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_56792.html 10.22059/ijswr.2015.56792 0 در سال‌های اخیر مدل‌های متعددی جهت روابط آب و خاک و گیاه ارائه‌شده است. یکی از آن‌ها مدل AquaCrop است که در تحقیق حاضر به‌منظور پیش‌بینی عملکرد نیشکر و شوری پروفیل خاک تحت تنش شوری در جنوب خوزستان استفاده شده است. به منظور دستیابی به برخی ضرایب ورودی مورد نیاز ابتدا کالیبره‌شدن انجام شد. مدل نسبت به پوشش کانوپی اولیه در زمان تکمیل 90 درصد سبزشدن (CC0)، حداکثر کانوپی گیاهی (CCx) و شاخص برداشت (HI) کالیبره شد. این ضرایب به‌ترتیب 2/7 سانتی‌مترمربع، 90 درصد و 40 درصد به‌دست آمد. سپس، مدل اجرا و مقادیر شبیه‌سازی و اندازه‌گیری‌شده با استفاده از شاخص‌های آماری مقایسه شد. ضریب تعیین بین مقادیر اندازه‌گیری و شبیه‌سازی‌شدة عملکرد 97/0، میانگین مربعات خطای نرمال‌شده 8 درصد، معیار کارایی نش- ساتکلیف 83/0 و ضریب باقیمانده 09/0- برآورد شد. به‌طورکلی، می‌توان گفت مدلAquaCrop توانایی مناسبی در شبیه‌سازی میزان عملکرد تحت تنش شوری دارد. همچنین، مقادیر شبیه‌سازی‌شده توسط مدل بیش از مقدار واقعی برآورد شده است. ضریب تعیین مدل در شبیه‌سازی شوری پروفیل خاک بیش از 80 درصد به‌دست آمد و نحوة قرارگیری داده‌های اندازه‌گیری و شبیه‌سازی‌شده نسبت به خط 1:1 بیانگر برآورد بیشتر مدل AquaCrop است. 1 Several models have within the recent years been presented for water, soil and plant relationships one of which is AquaCrop model, and which in this study was employed to predict sugarcane yield as well as soil salinity profiles under salinity stress in southern Khuzestan. In order to attain some of the required number of input factors, the model was calibrated, i.e. the surface of soil covered by individual seedlings, at their 90% emergence, maximum canopy cover as well as harvest index was determined. These coefficients were recorded as 7.2 (cm2), 90% and 40% respectively.  The model was then performed and simulated with the measured values being compared, using statistical indicators. The coefficient of determination between the measured vs simulated yield data was obtained 0.97, the normal Root Mean Square Error 8%, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency 0.83 and the coefficient of residual mass -0.09.  The results indicated that the model is of acceptable performance to estimate sugarcane yield and that the model, in the conditions of the current study, had overestimated the figure. Also, the coefficient of determination of soil salinity was estimated at over 80% and that the model had estimated the level of soil salinity more than that found through measurement.  685 694 منا گلابی Mona Golabi استادیار دانشکدة مهندسی و علوم آب دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز ایران mona_golabi@yahoo.com عبدعلی ناصری Abd Ali Naseri استاد دانشکدة مهندسی و علوم آب دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز ایران abdalinaseri@scu.ac.ir تنش شوری مدل AquaCrop نیشکر Droogers, P and G. Kite, 2001, Simulation modeling at different scales to evaluated the productivity of water, J. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Vol 26, No. 12, pp. 877-880.##Droogers, P., 2000, Estimating actual evapotranspiration using a detailed agro hydrological model, Journal of Hydrology, Vol 229, pp. 50-58.##Farahani H.J., Izzi G., and Oweis T.Y. 2009. Parameterization and Evaluation of The Aquacrop Model for Full and Deficit Irrigated Cotton. Agron. J. 101, 469–476.##Garcia-Vila M., Fereres E., Mateos L., Orgaz F., and Steduto P. 2009. Deficit Irrigation Optimization of Cotton with Aquacrop. Agron. J. 101, 477–487.##Golabi, M. (2009), Mathematical modelling of response sugarcane to drain water as irrigation water and application SALTMED model for sugarcane irrigation water management in semi-arid areas. Ph. D. thesis. Shahid Chamran University. (In Farsi)##Hsiao T.C., Hneg L.K., Steduto P., Rojas-Lara B., Raes D. and Fereres E. 2009. Aquacrop-The FAO Crop Model to Simulate Yield Responseto Water: III. Parameterization and Testing for Maiz. Agron. J. 101:448-459.##Iqbal M, Shen Y, Stricevic R, Pei H, Sun H, Amiri E, Penas A and del Rio S (2014). Evaluation of the FAO AquaCrop model for winter wheat on the North China Plain under deficit irrigation from field experiment to regional yield simulation. Agricultural Water Management, 135:61-72.##Khalili, N., K, Davari., A, Alizadeh., M, Najafi and H, Ansari. (2014). Simulation of rainfed wheat yield using AquaCrop model, Case study: Sisab rainfed researches station, Northen Khorasan, Journal of Water and Soil, 28 (5), 930-939. (In Farsi)##Khorsand, A., V, Verdinezhad and A, Shahidi. (2014). Evaluation Aquacrop model for simulation wheat yield, moisture and salinity of soil profiles under water and salinity stress, Journal of water and irrigation management, 4(1), 89-104. (In Farsi)##Liu, H. F., M. Genard, S. Guichard and N. Bertin, 2007, Model assisted analysis of tomato fruit growth in relation to carbon and water fluxes, Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol 58, No. 13, pp. 3567-3580.##Maymandinezhad, M. Ch. (1999). Ecologyfoundation, Tehran University, 808p. (In Farsi)##Moriasi, D. N., Arnold, J. G., Van Liew, M. W., Bingner, R. L., Harmel, R. D., and Veith, T. (2007). Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations, Transactions of the ASABE, 50, 885–900.##Raes D, Steduto P, Hsiao TC and Fereres E. (2012). Reference manual AquaCrop, FAO, Land and Water Division, Rome, Italy.##

0 بررسی و تحلیل متغیرهای جریان و هندسی بر عملکرد بهینۀ آبیاری نواری با استفاده از مدل WinSRFR Investigation and Analysis of Flow and Geometric Variables on Optimal Performance of Border Irrigation Using WinSRFR Model https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_56793.html 10.22059/ijswr.2015.56793 0 مسئلة اصلی روش‌های آبیاری سطحی  بازده اندک آب آبیاری است که اغلب از ضعف مدیریت و طراحی نامناسب ناشی می‌شود. هدف از این مطالعه، بهبود عملکرد آبیاری نواری براساس چهار متغیر شامل دبی ورودی، زمان قطع جریان، طول و شیب نوار بود. برای این منظور هشت سری دادة میدانی آبیاری نواری با سیستم انتهاباز در نظر گرفته شد. واسنجی پارامترهای نفوذ نوارها براساس روش بهینه‌سازی چندسطحی انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که روش بهینه‌سازی چندسطحی در تخمین پارامترهای نفوذ آبیاری نواری روشی قابل قبول و با دقت مناسب است. مطابق روش بهینه‌سازی چندسطحی، متوسط خطای نسبی تخمین حجم رواناب 5/0 درصد و متوسط ریشة میانگین مربعات خطای تخمین زمان پیشروی و پسروی به ترتیب 1/3 و 2/3 دقیقه محاسبه شد. با استفاده از منحنی‌های هم ‌راز بازده کاربرد و یکنواختی توزیع WinSRFR، عملکرد نوارها بهینه شد. براساس مدیریت متغیرهای جریان دبی ورودی و زمان قطع جریان، بازده کاربرد به‌طور متوسط 12 درصد (با فرض کفایت 100 درصد) برای هشت سری آزمایش نسبت به شرایط موجود افزایش‌پذیر است. نتایج نشان داد متغیرهای هندسی نوار (شیب و طول نوار) به همراه متغیرهای جریان، تأثیر کم بر عملکرد بهینه داشت و مطابق تمام متغیرهای جریان و هندسی نوار به عنوان متغیرهای تصمیم، بازده کاربرد به‌طور متوسط 35/13 درصد نسبت به شرایط موجود افزایش‌پذیر است. 1 Low irrigation application efficiency is the major problem confronted with in surface irrigation systems due to weak management and poor designs. The purpose followed in the present study was an improvement of border irrigation performance as based upon four variables of: inflow rate cut off time, slope as well as border length. To this end, 8 series of open-end downstream field experiment8al borders were considered. Calibration of infiltration parameters regarding borders were conducted as based on multilevel optimization method. The results indicated that the multilevel optimization method, for prediction of infiltration parameters in border irrigation, was an acceptable one. According to the multilevel optimization method, the mean relative error for the volume of run-off prediction was determined as 0.5% and the average Root Mean Square Error for advance and recession times predicted about 3.1 and 3.2 minutes, respectively. The performance of borders was optimized using application efficiency and distribution uniformity performance contours of the WinSRFR. Based on flow variables (inflow rate and cut off time), the average application efficiency could be promoted for about 12 % (with adequacy equal to 100%) for the 8 series of the field experiments as  compared with the current situation. Results finally indicated that with a consideration of the geometric variables (slope and border length), and as well the flow rates as decision variables, the average application efficiency could be promoted by about 13.35 % as compared with an evaluation of the prevalent situation. 695 706 وحید رضاوردی نژاد Vahid Rezaverdinejad استادیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران ایران rezaverdinejad@gmail.com رزا جنوبی Roza Jonoobi دانشجوی دکتری آبیاری و زهکشی، گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه ایران rjonubi@yahoo.com سینا بشارت Sina Besharat استادیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران ایران sina323@yahoo.com فریبرز عباسی Fariborz Abbasi استاد مؤسسة تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، کرج، ایران ایران fariborzabbasi@ymail.com روش بهینه‌سازی چندسطحی مدل آبیاری سطحی مدیریت آبیاری Abbasi, F. (2012). Principle Flow in Surface Irrigation. Iranian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage (IRNCID), p. 232, Tehran, Iran.##Abbasi, F. (1994). Border irrigation design using mathematical models. M.Sc. Thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.##Abbasi, F., Jolaini, M., Moayeri, M., Rezaee, H. T., and Shooshtari, M. M. (1999). Development a mathematical model to evaluate and design of surface irrigation systems. Technical Report No. 122, Iranian Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (IAERI), Karaj, Iran.##Ansari, H. (2011). Surface Irrigation: Evaluation, Design and Simulation. Jahad Daneshgahi Mashad, p. 352. Mashhad, Iran.##Bautista, E., Clemmens, A. J., Strelkoff, T. S., and Schlegel, J. (2009a). Modern analysis of surface irrigation systems with WinSRFR. Agricultural Water Management, 96, 1146-1154.##Bautista, E., Clemmens, A. J., Strelkoff, T. S., and Niblack, M. (2009b). Analysis of surface irrigation systems with WinSRFR-Example application. Agricultural Water Management, 96, 1162-1169.##Beykzadeh, E., Ziaei, A. N., Davari, K., and Ansari, H. (2014). Optimization of inflow rate and cutoff time using the full hydrodynamic model. Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 8 (2), 377-385.##Chen, B., Ouyang, Z., Sun, Z., Wu, L., and Li, F. (2013). Evaluation on the potential of improving border irrigation performance through border dimensions optimization: a case study on the irrigation districts along the lower Yellow River. Irrigation Science, 31,715–728.##Ebrahimian, H., Liaghat, A., Ghanbarian-Alavijeh, B., and Abbasi, F. (2010). Evaluation of various quick methods for estimating furrow and border infiltration parameters. Irrigation Science, 28, 479–488.##Hanson, B. R., Prichard, T. L., and Schulbach, H. (1993). Estimating furrow infiltration. Agricultural Water Management, 24(4), 281–298.##Elliott, R. L., and Walker, W. R. (1982). Field evaluation of furrow infiltration and advance functions. Transactions of the ASAE, 25 (2), 396-400.##Gonzlez, C., Cervera, L., and Fernandez, D. M. (2011). Basin irrigation design with longitudinal slope. Agricultural Water Management, 98, 1516– 1522.##Mailapalli, D. R., Wallender, W. W., Raghuwanshi, N. S., and Singh, R. (2008). Quick method for estimating furrow infiltration. Journal of Irrigation Drainage Engineering, 134(6), 788–795.##McClymont, D. J., and Smith, R. J. (1996). Infiltration parameters from optimization on furrow irrigation advance data. Irrigation Science, 17(1), 15–22.##Mokari-Gahrood, E., Liaghat, A. M., and Nahvinia, M. J. (2013). Application of WinSRFR3.1 model in furrow irrigation simulation. Iranian Journal of lrrigation and Drainage, 1(7), 59-67.##Moravejalahkami, B., Mostafazadeh-Fard, B., Heidarpour, M., and Abbasi, F. (2009). Furrow infiltration and roughness prediction for different furrow inflow hydrographs using a zero-inertia model with a multilevel calibration approach. Biosystems Engineering, 103 (3), 371-381.##Morris, M. R., Hussain, A., Gillies, M. H., and Halloran, N. J. (2015). Inflow rate and border irrigation performance. Agricultural Water Management, 155, 76-86.##Rodriguez, J. A. and Martos, J.C. (2008). SIPAR_ID: Freeware for surface irrigation parameter identification. Environmental Modelling and Software, 25(11), 1487-1488.##Shepard, J. S., Wallender, W. W., and Hopmans, J. W. (1993). One method for estimating furrow infiltration. Transactions of the ASAE, 36(2), 395–404.##Valiantzas, J. D., Aggelides, S., and Sassalou, A. (2001). Furrow infiltration estimation from time to a single advance point. Agricultural Water Management, 52, 17–32.##Walker, W. R. (2005). Multilevel calibration of furrow infiltration and roughness. Journal of Irrigation Drainage Engineering, 131 (2), 129–136.##Verdinejad, V., and Norjoo, A. (2014). Optimization of furrow irrigation performance using WinSRFR under furrow firming conditions of sugarbeet cultivation. 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0 اثر متقابل تداوم زهکشی و فاصلۀ زهکش‌های زیرزمینی در زهکشی میان‌فصل بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد برنج رقم هاشمی Interaction of Duration and Underground Drainage Distance in Mid-season Drainage on Yield and Yield Components of Rice, Hashemi Cultivar https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_56794.html 10.22059/ijswr.2015.56794 0 این تحقیق به منظور دستیابی به بهترین فاصلة زهکش‌های زیرزمینی و تداوم زهکشی در زهکشی میان‌فصل اراضی شالیزاری در سال 1393 در مزرعة آزمایشی مؤسسة تحقیقات برنج کشور در رشت با طول جغرافیایی 63/49 درجة شرقی و عرض جغرافیایی 16/37 درجة شمالی و ارتفاع 6/24 متر از سطح دریا در آرایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایة بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در کرت‌هایی به ابعاد 4×3 متر با فاکتور فاصلة زهکش در سه سطح 5/7، 10 و 15 متر و  فاکتور تداوم زهکشی میان‌فصل در دو سطح 7 و 11روز با زهکش‌هایی در عمق 90 سانتی‌متری روی برنج رقم هاشمی انجام شد. صفاتی نظیر ارتفاع بوته، تعداد پنجه، طول خوشه، تعداد دانة پر، وزن هزاردانه، مادة خشک، شاخص برداشت، عملکرد، رطوبت خاک و دبی خروجی از زهکش‌ها اندازه‌گیر‌ی شد. بر اساس نتایج اثر تداوم زهکشی میان‌فصل بر عملکرد، بیشترین عملکرد در تداوم زهکشی هفت روز با مقدار 3987 کیلوگرم در هکتار به‌دست آمد. همچنین، از نظر اثر فاصلة زهکش‌ها، فاصلة 15 متر بیشترین عملکرد با مقدار 3446 کیلوگرم در هکتار را داشت. تحلیل آماری اثر متقابل تداوم زهکشی میان‌فصل و فاصلة زهکش‌های زیرزمینی بر عملکرد بیانگر حصول بیشترین عملکرد (4384 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار تداوم هفت روز با فاصلة زهکش 15 متر بود که برای اجرا در منطقة مورد مطالعه توصیه می‌شود. 1 This study was conducted in 2014 to determine the most appropriate drainage distance and duration in mid-season drainage of paddy fields. The experimental field was located in Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht, Guilan Province, at 49.63˚ E and 37.16 ˚ N and an altitude of 24.6 m above sea level. The experiment was carried out on Hashemi cultivar in the plots of 3×4 m as a completely randomized design in three replications with the factors of drain distance at three levels of 7.5, 10 and 15 m and depth of 90 cm plus drainage duration within two levels of 7 and 11 days. Such characteristics as plant height, number of tillers, panicle length, filled grains, 1000-grain weight, dry matter, harvest index, yield, soil moisture and discharge of drains were determined. As a result, the effect of mid-season drainage duration on yield showed that the maximum yield was gained in the case of 7-day drainage duration with an amount of 3987 kg ha-1. Also, based on the effects of drains' distance on yield, a distance of 15m obtained led to a maximum yield of 3446 kg ha-1. Statistical analysis of drainage distance and mid-season drainage duration interaction on yield revealed that the maximum yield (4384 kg ha-1) was gained in the treatment of 7-day mid-season drainage duration and drains, distance of 15m, finally recommended for the study area. 707 714 پروین چاکانی Parvin Chakani دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد، دانشکدة علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران ایران p.chakani@gmail.com نادر پیرمرادیان Nader Pirmoradian استادیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکدة علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران ایران npirmorad@yahoo.com محمد رضا یزدانی Mohammad Reza Yazdani استادیار پژوهش، مؤسسة تحقیقات برنج، رشت، ایران ایران smryazdany@ yahoo.com مریم نوابیان Maryam Navvabian استادیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکدة علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران ایران ma_navabian@yahoo.com تداوم زهکشی زهکشی اراضی شالیزاری عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد فاصلة زهکش‌ها Agahi, K., Fotokian, M. H., and Farshadfar, E. (2007). 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0 ارائۀ رابطۀ رگرسیونی بین عملکرد گندم دیم و ویژگی‌های خاک در منطقه‌ای نیمه‌خشک در استان زنجان Development a regression relationship between rainfed wheat yield and soil properties in a semiarid region, Zanjan Province https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_56795.html 10.22059/ijswr.2015.56795 0 گندم دیم منبع غذایی اصلی غالب کشورهای درحال‌توسعه است که عوامل مختلفی بر تولید آن مؤثر است. هدف از این پژوهش ارائة مدلی است که عملکرد دانة گندم دیم را بر اساس ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک برآورد کند. بدین منظور، مقادیر عملکرد دانة گندم دیم و ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی در سه تکرار به‌طور جداگانه در یک سال زراعی ،1393، در 53 مزرعة گندم دیم، در سطح استان زنجان اندازه‌گیری شد. با به‌کارگیری روش رگرسیون حداقل مربعات جزئی، مدلی برای بیان رابطة عملکرد دانة گندم دیم و ویژگی‌های خاک ارائه شد (40n= و 6/0R2=). سیلت و کربنات کلسیم معادل، مؤثرترین عوامل بر عملکرد گندم دیم و ضرایب استانداردشدة آن‌ها در مدل برآوردکننده به ترتیب 23/0 و 24/0- بود. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که برخی ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک شامل میزان سیلت، کربنات کلسیم معادل و پتاسیم به ترتیب اولویت تأثیر بیشتری بر عملکرد دانة گندم دیم دارد. 1 Rainfed wheat is the main source of staple food for people in the developing countries. Various factors contribute to and affect the production of this crop. The aim followed in the present study was to develop a model to estimate rainfed wheat grain yield as based on physico-chemical properties of the soil. Therefore, wheat grain yield and soil physico-chemical properties were separately determined in triplicates at 53 rainfed wheat fields throughout Zanjan Province in growing season. Year 2014 Making use of partial least square regression, a model was developed to explain the relationship between rainfed wheat grain yield vs soil properties (n=40, R2= 0.6). Silt and calcium carbonate equivalent were the most effective soil properties affecting the crop's grain yield, with the standardized coefficients of the estimating model equal to 0.23 and -0.24, respectively. The results of the research revealed that some soil physico-chemical properties including silt, calcium carbonate and potassium, in order of priority, affected most the rainfed wheat grain yield. 715 725 فاطمه بابائی Fatemeh Babaei دانشجوی دکتری علوم خاک، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان ایران fbabaei_a@yahoo.com علی رضا واعظی Alireza Vaezi دانشیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان ایران vaezi.alireza@gmail.com مهدی طاهری Mehdi Teheri عضو هیئت علمی مرکز پژوهش‌های کشاورزی زنجان، زنجان ایران taheritekab136@gmail.com احسان زرین آّبادی Ehsan Zarrinabadi دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی‌ارشد علوم خاک دانشگاه زنجان ایران ehsan.zarrinabadi@gmail.com سیده فاطمه اسلامی Seyede Fatemeh Eslami دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد علوم خاک دانشگاه زنجان ایران eslamyfatemeh@gmail.com اعتبارسنجی ضربدری تجزیه مؤلفة اصلی رگرسیون حداقل مربعات جزئی Akimov, L. M. (2013). Space-time patterns of atmospheric droughts in Voronezh oblast during growing period, Arid Ecosystems, 3 (2), 65-70.##Angers, D. 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0 ارزیابی کارایی مدل‌های رگرسیون چند‌متغیره و شبکۀ عصبی مصنوعی (ANN) در پیش‌بینی فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان در شاخسارۀ گندم نان (Triticum aestivum) تحت سمیت کادمیم Evaluation of the Performance of Multiple Regression vs Neural Network Models to Predict the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Shoots of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) when under Cadmium Toxicity https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_56796.html 10.22059/ijswr.2015.56796 0 هدف از انجام این تحقیق مقایسة کارایی مدل‌های رگرسیون چند‌متغیره و شبکة عصبی مصنوعی (ANN) جهت پیش‌بینی مقدار فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان سوپراکسید دیسموتاز (SOD)، کاتالاز (CAT)، آسکوربات پراکسیداز (APX) و پراکسیداز (POX) در شاخسارة گندم (Triticumaestivum) رقم الوند در خاک آلوده به کادمیم بود. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل چهار سطح کادمیم (صفر (شاهد)، 25، 50 و 100 میلی‌گرم کادمیم در کیلوگرم خاک) بود. پس از گذشت 30 روز (هم‌زمان با مرحلة به ساقه رفتن) اقدام به برداشت نمونه‌ها و اندازه‌گیری ده پارامتر مختلف شامل وزن تر و خشک، غلظت کلروفیل‌های a و b، غلظت عناصر کادمیم، مس، آهن، منگنز، روی و پتاسیم شد. همچنین، مقدار فعالیت آنزیم‌های SOD، CAT، APX و POX اندازه‌گیری شد. در مرحلة بعد ضرایب همبستگی بین پارامترهای ده‌گانه و مقدار فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان تعیین شد. نتایج حاصل از مدل‌های بهینه‌شدة رگرسیون چند‌متغیره و شبکة عصبی مصنوعی نشان داد که کارایی مدل شبکة عصبی مصنوعی در پیش‌بینی مقدار فعالیت آنزیم‌های SOD و POX بیش از مدل رگرسیون چند‌متغیره بود. ضرایب همبستگی (r2) بین مقادیر اندازه‌گیری‌شده و پیش‌بینی‌شدة فعالیت آنزیم SOD برای مدل‌های رگرسیون چند‌متغیره و شبکة عصبی مصنوعی به ترتیب 76/0 و 87/0 بود. ضرایب همبستگی آنزیم POX برای مدل‌های رگرسیون چند‌متغیره و شبکة عصبی مصنوعی به ترتیب 96/0 و 98/0 بود. ضرایب همبستگی بین مقادیر اندازه‌گیری‌شده و پیش‌بینی‌شدة فعالیت آنزیم CAT برای مدل‌های رگرسیون چند‌متغیره و شبکة عصبی مصنوعی به ترتیب 97/0 و 98/0 بود. در رابطه با آنزیم APX این ضرایب برای مدل‌های رگرسیون چند‌متغیره و شبکة عصبی به ترتیب 97/0 و 99/0 بود. با توجه به نتایج این تحقیق می‌توان گفت کارایی مدل شبکة عصبی مصنوعی در پیش‌بینی مقدار فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان در شاخسارة رقم الوند تحت سمیت کادمیم به طور کلی بیش از مدل رگرسیون چند‌متغیره بود.      1 The aim followed in this study was to compare the performance of multiple regression vs neural network models to predict the activity of antioxidant enzymes Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD), CAT alase (CAT), Ascorbate Pero Xidase (APX) and PeroXidase (POX) in the shoots of wheat (Triticum aestivum), Alvand cultivar in a soil polluted with cadmium. The treatments consisted of four levels of cadmium (0 (control), 25, 50 and 100 mg kg-1 soil), respectively. After 30 days (almost simultaneous with the stage of the plant's stem elongation) plant samples were harvested. The following ten different parameters namely: wet and dry weight, chlorophyll a and b, concentrations of cadmium, copper, iron, manganese, zinc and potassium, were determined. The activities of the enzymes SOD, CAT, APX and POX were assessed. As a next step, the correlation coefficients between the ten parameters and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were determined. The results of multiple regression and neural network models optimized, showed that the efficiency of Artificial Neural Network, in predicting the activity of SOD and POX enzymes, was more pronounced than those of the Multiple Regression models. Coefficients of multiple determinations (r2) between measured and predicted values ​​of SOD activity for Multiple Regression and Neural Network models were recorded as 0.76 and 0.87 respectively. Coefficients of Multiple Determination (r2) ​​of POX activity for Multiple Regression vs Neural Network models were 0.96 and 0.98 respectively. Also the coefficients of Multiple Determination (r2) between the measured and predicted values ​​of CAT activity for multiple regression and neural network models were 0.97 and were 0.98 respectively. With regard to the APX enzyme, coefficients for Multiple Regression and Neural Network models were 0.97 and 0.99 respectively. According to the results of the research, in general the efficiency of artificial neural network model in predicting the activity of antioxidant enzymes in wheat shoots, and under toxicity of Cd was more than that of the multivariate regression model. 727 737 ایمان جوادزرین Iman Javadzarrin کارشناس‌ارشد، گروه مهندسی علوم خاک، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران. ایران javadzarin@ut.ac.ir بابک متشرع زاده Babak Motesharezadeh دانشیار گروه مهندسی علوم خاک، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران ایران moteshare@ut.ac.ir آلودگی خاک فلزات سنگین مدل‌سازی Amini, M. K.C. Abbaspour, H. Khademi, N. Fathianpour, M. Afyuni R. Schulin. (2005). Neural network models to predict cation exchange capacity in arid regions of Iran, European Journal Soil Science., Vol. 53, 748–757.##Altenbach, S.B. (2012). New insights into the effects of high temperature, drought and post-anthesis fertilizer on wheat grain development. Journal of Cereal Science 56, 39–50.##Aravind, P. Prasad, M. N. V. (2005). Cadmium–zinc interactions in a hydroponic system using Ceratophyllum demersum L.: adaptive ecophysiology, biochemistry and molecular toxicology. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 17: 3–20.##Arnon DI, (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts, polyphenoxidase in beta vulgaris. Plant physiology 24: 1–15.##Asada, K. (1984). Chloroplasts: formation of active oxygen and its scavenging. Methods Enzymology. 105, 422-429.##Balestrasse K.B., L. Gardey, S.M. Gallego, M.L. (2001). Tomaro, Response of antioxidant defense system in soybean nodules and roots subjected to cadmium stress, Australian Journal Plant Physiology. 28:  497-504.##Basso, B. Ritchie, J.T. Pierce, F.J. Braga, R.P. and Jones, J.W. (2001). Spatial validation of crop models for precision agriculture. Agricultural Systems 68: 97–112.##Batchelor, W.D. Yang, X.B. Tshanz, A.T. (1997). Development of a neural network for soybean rust epidemics. Transactions of the ASAE 40: 247–252.##Bolte, J. (1997). Biosystem modeling techniques. Biosystems Analysis Group, Oregon State University. (Online) Available at http://biosys.bre.orst.edu/BRE571/intro/intro_concepts.htm (verified 29th April. 2004).##Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of proteindye binding. Anal. Biochemistry. 72, 248-54.##Buszewski, B. Kowalkowski, T. (2006). A new model of heavy metal transport in the soil using non-linear artificial neural networks. Environmental Engendering Sciences. 23 (4): 589–595.##Cakmak, I. Strboe, D. and Marschner, H. (1993). Activities of hydrogen peroxide scavenging enzymes in germinating wheat seeds. Journal Experimental Botanic 44, 127-132.##Cherif, J. Mediouni, C. Ammar, W. B and Jemal, F. (2011). Interactions of zinc and cadmium toxicity in their effects on growth and in antioxidative systems in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). Journal of Environmental Sciences, 23(5): 837–844.##Cho, U.H. Seo, N.H. (2005). Oxidative stress in Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to cadmium is due to hydrogen peroxide accumulation. Plant Sciences. 168, 113–120.##De Maria, S. Rivelli, R. A. Kuffner, M. Sessitsch, A. Wenzel, W. W. Gorfer, M. Strauss, J. Puschenreiter, M. (2011). Interactions between accumulation of trace elements and macronutrients in Salix caprea after inoculation with rhizosphere microorganisms. Chemosphere, 84: 1256–1261.##Dhindsa, R.S. Dhinsa, P.P. Thorpe, T.A. (1980). Leaf senescence correlated with increased levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Journal Experimental Botanic. 32, 127-132.##Dudka, S. M and Piotrowska, H. T. (1996). Transfer of cadmium, lead and zinc from industrially contaminated soil to crop plants: A field study, Environmental Pollution 94:181–188.##Elizondo, D.A. McClendon, R.W. and Hoogenboom, G. (1994). Neural network models for predicting flowering and physiological maturity of soybean. Transactions of the ASAE 37:981–988.##Emami, A (1997). Methods of plant analysis. Volume I, Soil and Water Research Institute, Technical Bulletin No. 982.##Feieraband J., S. Engel, (1986). Photoinactivation of catalase in vitro and in leaves, Biochemistry Biophysics. 251: 567-576.##Gill, S.S. Tuteja, N. (2010). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 48, 909–930.##Gonçalves J F Fabiane G Antes J Maldaner L Belmonte P Luciane A Tabaldi R Rauber L Veronica R Dilson A Bisognin V Luiz D E´ rico M Moraes F And Fernando T (2009). Cadmium and mineral nutrient accumulation in potato plantlets grown under cadmium stress in two different experimental culture conditions. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. Number 47: 814–821.##Gussarson, M. H. Asp, S. A. and Jensen, P. (1996). Enhancement of cadmium effects on growth and nutrient composition of Birth (Betula pendula) by buthionine sulphoximine (BSO). Experimental Botany 47: 211–215.##Hassan, M. J. Z. Zhu, B. and Mahmood Q. (2006). Influence of cadmium toxicity on rice genotypes as affected by zinc, sulfur and nitrogen fertilizers. Caspin Journal Environmental Sciences. 4(1): 1–8.##Hecht, N. R. (1987). Kolmogorov mapping, neural network existence theorem, 1st IEEE ICNN, Vol. 3, san Diego, CA.##Hema, M. Krishnamoorthy, S, (2012). Evaluation of artificial neural network and multiple regression model for Cd (II) sorption on activated carbons. Elixir Pollution 50, 10414–10419.##Hertwig B., P. Streb, J. Feieraband, (1992). Light dependence of catalase synthesis and degradation in leaves and the influence of interfering stress conditions, Plant Physiology. 100: 1547-1553.##Hsu, Y.T. Kao, C.H. ( 2007). Heat shock-mediated H2O2 accumulation and protection against Cd toxicity in rice seedlings, Plant Soil sciences 300: 137–147.##Jalali, M and Khanlari, Z. V. (2008). Cadmium Availability in Calcareous Soils of Agricultural Lands in Hamadan, Western Iran. Soil and Sediment Contamination, 17: 256–268.##Khan N. A. Samiullah, S. Singh, R. Nazar, (2007). Activities of antioxidative enzymes, sulphur assimilation, photosynthetic activity and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars differing in yield potential under cadmium stress, Journal Agronomy Crop Sciences. 193:  435-444.##Keshavarzi A. and F. Sarmadian. (2010). Comparison of Artificial Neural Network and Multivariate Regression Methods in Prediction of Soil Cation Exchange Capacity. International Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 1:1.##Koekkoek, E.J.W. Booltink, H. (1999). Neural networks models to predict soil water retention. European Journal Soil Sciences. 50: 489–495.##Koji Y., M. Shiro, K. Michio, T. Mitsutaka, M. Hiroshi, (2009) Antioxidant capacity and damages caused by salinity stress in apical and basal regions of rice leaf, Plant Production Sciences. 12: 319-326.##Liu, M, Xiangnan, L., Mi, L., Meihong, F., Wenxue Chi. (2010). Neural network model for estimating leaf chlorophyll concentration in rice under stress from heavy metals using four spectral indices. Biochemistry systems engineering 106, 223–233.##Mc Bratney, A.B. Mendoca Santos, M.L. and Minasny, B. (2003). On digital soil mapping. Geoderma 117: 3–52.##MacRae E.A., I.B. Ferguson, (1985). Changes in catalase activity and hydrogen peroxide concentration in plants in response to low temperature, Physiolgy Plant. 65: 51-56.##Mhamdi, A. Queval, G. Chaouch, S. Vanderauwera, S. Van Breusegem, F. and Noctor, G. (2010). Catalase function in plants: a focus on Arabidopsis mutants as stress-mimic models. Journal ofExperimental Botany 61: 4197–4220.##Milone M.T., C. Sgherri, H. Clijters, F. Navari-Izzo, (2003). Antioxidative responses of wheat treated with realistic concentrations of cadmium, Environmental Exp Botany. 50: 265-273.##Minasny, B. Hopmans, J.W. Harter, T. Eching, S.O. Tuli, A. and Denton, M.A. (2004). Neural networks prediction of soil hydraulic functions for alluvial soils using multistep outflow data. Soil Sciences Society. Am. J. 68: 417–429.##Nagamiya K., T. Motohashi, K. Nakao, S.H. Prodhan, E. Hattori, S. Hirose, K. Ozawa, Y. Ohkawa, T. Takabe, T. Takabe, A. Komamine, (2007). Enhancement of salt tolerance in transgenic rice expressing an Escherichia coli catalase gene, katE, Plant Biotechnology. 1: 49-55.##Pachepsky, Ya.A. Timlin, D., and Varallyay, G. (1996). Artificial neural networks to estimate soil water retention from easily measurable data. Soil Science Society of American Journal 60: 727–733.##Parchami, A. Ivani, R and Mashinchi M. (2011). An application of testing fuzzy hypotheses: Soil study on the bioavailability of cadmium. Scientia Iranica. 18 (3): 470–478.##Persson, M. Sivakumar, B. Berndtsson, R. Jacobson, O.H. and Schjonning, P. (2002). Predicting the diaelectric constant water content relationship using artificial neural networks. Soil Sciences Society. Am. J. 66: 1424–1429.##Polidoros N.A., J.G. Scandalios, (1999). Role of hydrogen peroxide and different classes of antioxidants in the regulation of catalase and glutathione S-transferase gene expression in maize (Zea mays L.), Physiology Plant. 106: 112-120.##Poluektov R.A, Topaj A.G, (2001). Crop modeling: nostalgia about present or reminiscence about future. Agronomy Journal. 93: 653–659.##Rabunal R. J. and Dorrado, J. (2006). Artificial neural networks in real-life applications. Published by Idea Group Publishing.##Sarmadian, F., R. Taghizadeh Mehrjardi A. Akbarzadeh, (2009). Modeling of some soil properties using artificial neural network and multivariate regression in Gorgan province, north of Iran”, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences., Vol. 3, No. 1, 323–329.##Schaap, M.G. Leij, F.J. and van Genuchten, M.T. (1998). Neural networks analysis for hierarchical prediction of soil hydraulic properties. Soil Sciences Society American Journal. 62:847–855.##Sharma R K M. Agrawal and S B Agrawal (2008). Interactive effects of cadmium and zinc on carrots: Growth and biomass accumulation. Journal Plant Nutrition. 31: 19-34.##Vassilev, A and Yordanov, I. (1997). Reductive analysis of factors limiting growth of cadmium–treated plants: A review. Plant Physiology. 23(3-4): 114–133.##Wang, F. Fraisse, C.W. Kitchen, N.R. Sudduth, K.A. (2002). Site-specific evaluation of the CROPGROW-soybean model on Missouri clay pan soils. Agricultural Systems 76:985–1005.##Whisler, F.D. Acock, B. Baker, D.N. Fye, R.E. Hodges, H.F. Lambert, J.R. Lemmon, H.E. McKinion, J.M. and Reddy, V.R. (1986). Crop simulation models in agronomic systems. Advances inAgronomy 40: 141–208.##Xu, Q. Min, H. Cai, S. Fu, Y. Sha, S. Xie, K and Du, K. (2012). Subcellular distribution and toxicity of cadmium in Potamogeton crispus L. Chemosphere, 89: 114–120.##Yang, C. Prasher, S.O. Sreekanth, S. Patni, N.K. and Masse, L. (1997). An artificial neural network model for simulating pesticide concentrations in soil. Transactions of the ASAE 40, 1285–1294.##Amini, M. K.C. Abbaspour, H. Khademi, N. Fathianpour, M. Afyuni R. Schulin. (2005). Neural network models to predict cation exchange capacity in arid regions of Iran, European Journal Soil Science., Vol. 53, 748–757.##Altenbach, S.B. (2012). New insights into the effects of high temperature, drought and post-anthesis fertilizer on wheat grain development. Journal of Cereal Science 56, 39–50.##Aravind, P. Prasad, M. N. V. (2005). Cadmium–zinc interactions in a hydroponic system using Ceratophyllum demersum L.: adaptive ecophysiology, biochemistry and molecular toxicology. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 17: 3–20.##Arnon DI, (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts, polyphenoxidase in beta vulgaris. Plant physiology 24: 1–15.##Asada, K. (1984). Chloroplasts: formation of active oxygen and its scavenging. Methods Enzymology. 105, 422-429.##Balestrasse K.B., L. Gardey, S.M. Gallego, M.L. (2001). Tomaro, Response of antioxidant defense system in soybean nodules and roots subjected to cadmium stress, Australian Journal Plant Physiology. 28:  497-504.##Basso, B. Ritchie, J.T. Pierce, F.J. Braga, R.P. and Jones, J.W. (2001). Spatial validation of crop models for precision agriculture. Agricultural Systems 68: 97–112.##Batchelor, W.D. Yang, X.B. Tshanz, A.T. (1997). Development of a neural network for soybean rust epidemics. Transactions of the ASAE 40: 247–252.##Bolte, J. (1997). Biosystem modeling techniques. Biosystems Analysis Group, Oregon State University. (Online) Available at http://biosys.bre.orst.edu/BRE571/intro/intro_concepts.htm (verified 29th April. 2004).##Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of proteindye binding. Anal. Biochemistry. 72, 248-54.##Buszewski, B. Kowalkowski, T. (2006). A new model of heavy metal transport in the soil using non-linear artificial neural networks. Environmental Engendering Sciences. 23 (4): 589–595.##Cakmak, I. Strboe, D. and Marschner, H. (1993). Activities of hydrogen peroxide scavenging enzymes in germinating wheat seeds. Journal Experimental Botanic 44, 127-132.##Cherif, J. Mediouni, C. Ammar, W. B and Jemal, F. (2011). Interactions of zinc and cadmium toxicity in their effects on growth and in antioxidative systems in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). Journal of Environmental Sciences, 23(5): 837–844.##Cho, U.H. Seo, N.H. (2005). Oxidative stress in Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to cadmium is due to hydrogen peroxide accumulation. Plant Sciences. 168, 113–120.##De Maria, S. Rivelli, R. A. Kuffner, M. Sessitsch, A. Wenzel, W. W. Gorfer, M. Strauss, J. Puschenreiter, M. (2011). Interactions between accumulation of trace elements and macronutrients in Salix caprea after inoculation with rhizosphere microorganisms. Chemosphere, 84: 1256–1261.##Dhindsa, R.S. Dhinsa, P.P. Thorpe, T.A. (1980). Leaf senescence correlated with increased levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Journal Experimental Botanic. 32, 127-132.##Dudka, S. M and Piotrowska, H. T. (1996). Transfer of cadmium, lead and zinc from industrially contaminated soil to crop plants: A field study, Environmental Pollution 94:181–188.##Elizondo, D.A. McClendon, R.W. and Hoogenboom, G. (1994). Neural network models for predicting flowering and physiological maturity of soybean. Transactions of the ASAE 37:981–988.##Emami, A (1997). Methods of plant analysis. Volume I, Soil and Water Research Institute, Technical Bulletin No. 982.##Feieraband J., S. Engel, (1986). Photoinactivation of catalase in vitro and in leaves, Biochemistry Biophysics. 251: 567-576.##Gill, S.S. Tuteja, N. (2010). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 48, 909–930.##Gonçalves J F Fabiane G Antes J Maldaner L Belmonte P Luciane A Tabaldi R Rauber L Veronica R Dilson A Bisognin V Luiz D E´ rico M Moraes F And Fernando T (2009). Cadmium and mineral nutrient accumulation in potato plantlets grown under cadmium stress in two different experimental culture conditions. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. Number 47: 814–821.##Gussarson, M. H. Asp, S. A. and Jensen, P. (1996). Enhancement of cadmium effects on growth and nutrient composition of Birth (Betula pendula) by buthionine sulphoximine (BSO). Experimental Botany 47: 211–215.##Hassan, M. J. Z. Zhu, B. and Mahmood Q. (2006). Influence of cadmium toxicity on rice genotypes as affected by zinc, sulfur and nitrogen fertilizers. Caspin Journal Environmental Sciences. 4(1): 1–8.##Hecht, N. R. (1987). Kolmogorov mapping, neural network existence theorem, 1st IEEE ICNN, Vol. 3, san Diego, CA.##Hema, M. Krishnamoorthy, S, (2012). Evaluation of artificial neural network and multiple regression model for Cd (II) sorption on activated carbons. Elixir Pollution 50, 10414–10419.##Hertwig B., P. Streb, J. Feieraband, (1992). Light dependence of catalase synthesis and degradation in leaves and the influence of interfering stress conditions, Plant Physiology. 100: 1547-1553.##Hsu, Y.T. Kao, C.H. ( 2007). Heat shock-mediated H2O2 accumulation and protection against Cd toxicity in rice seedlings, Plant Soil sciences 300: 137–147.##Jalali, M and Khanlari, Z. V. (2008). Cadmium Availability in Calcareous Soils of Agricultural Lands in Hamadan, Western Iran. Soil and Sediment Contamination, 17: 256–268.##Khan N. A. Samiullah, S. Singh, R. Nazar, (2007). Activities of antioxidative enzymes, sulphur assimilation, photosynthetic activity and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars differing in yield potential under cadmium stress, Journal Agronomy Crop Sciences. 193:  435-444.##Keshavarzi A. and F. Sarmadian. (2010). Comparison of Artificial Neural Network and Multivariate Regression Methods in Prediction of Soil Cation Exchange Capacity. International Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 1:1.##Koekkoek, E.J.W. Booltink, H. (1999). Neural networks models to predict soil water retention. European Journal Soil Sciences. 50: 489–495.##Koji Y., M. Shiro, K. Michio, T. Mitsutaka, M. Hiroshi, (2009) Antioxidant capacity and damages caused by salinity stress in apical and basal regions of rice leaf, Plant Production Sciences. 12: 319-326.##Liu, M, Xiangnan, L., Mi, L., Meihong, F., Wenxue Chi. (2010). Neural network model for estimating leaf chlorophyll concentration in rice under stress from heavy metals using four spectral indices. Biochemistry systems engineering 106, 223–233.##Mc Bratney, A.B. Mendoca Santos, M.L. and Minasny, B. (2003). On digital soil mapping. Geoderma 117: 3–52.##MacRae E.A., I.B. Ferguson, (1985). Changes in catalase activity and hydrogen peroxide concentration in plants in response to low temperature, Physiolgy Plant. 65: 51-56.##Mhamdi, A. Queval, G. Chaouch, S. Vanderauwera, S. Van Breusegem, F. and Noctor, G. (2010). Catalase function in plants: a focus on Arabidopsis mutants as stress-mimic models. Journal ofExperimental Botany 61: 4197–4220.##Milone M.T., C. Sgherri, H. Clijters, F. Navari-Izzo, (2003). Antioxidative responses of wheat treated with realistic concentrations of cadmium, Environmental Exp Botany. 50: 265-273.##Minasny, B. Hopmans, J.W. Harter, T. Eching, S.O. Tuli, A. and Denton, M.A. (2004). Neural networks prediction of soil hydraulic functions for alluvial soils using multistep outflow data. Soil Sciences Society. Am. J. 68: 417–429.##Nagamiya K., T. Motohashi, K. Nakao, S.H. Prodhan, E. Hattori, S. Hirose, K. Ozawa, Y. Ohkawa, T. Takabe, T. Takabe, A. Komamine, (2007). Enhancement of salt tolerance in transgenic rice expressing an Escherichia coli catalase gene, katE, Plant Biotechnology. 1: 49-55.##Pachepsky, Ya.A. Timlin, D., and Varallyay, G. (1996). Artificial neural networks to estimate soil water retention from easily measurable data. Soil Science Society of American Journal 60: 727–733.##Parchami, A. Ivani, R and Mashinchi M. (2011). An application of testing fuzzy hypotheses: Soil study on the bioavailability of cadmium. Scientia Iranica. 18 (3): 470–478.##Persson, M. Sivakumar, B. Berndtsson, R. Jacobson, O.H. and Schjonning, P. (2002). Predicting the diaelectric constant water content relationship using artificial neural networks. Soil Sciences Society. Am. J. 66: 1424–1429.##Polidoros N.A., J.G. Scandalios, (1999). Role of hydrogen peroxide and different classes of antioxidants in the regulation of catalase and glutathione S-transferase gene expression in maize (Zea mays L.), Physiology Plant. 106: 112-120.##Poluektov R.A, Topaj A.G, (2001). Crop modeling: nostalgia about present or reminiscence about future. Agronomy Journal. 93: 653–659.##Rabunal R. J. and Dorrado, J. (2006). Artificial neural networks in real-life applications. Published by Idea Group Publishing.##Sarmadian, F., R. Taghizadeh Mehrjardi A. Akbarzadeh, (2009). Modeling of some soil properties using artificial neural network and multivariate regression in Gorgan province, north of Iran”, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences., Vol. 3, No. 1, 323–329.##Schaap, M.G. Leij, F.J. and van Genuchten, M.T. (1998). Neural networks analysis for hierarchical prediction of soil hydraulic properties. Soil Sciences Society American Journal. 62:847–855.##Sharma R K M. Agrawal and S B Agrawal (2008). Interactive effects of cadmium and zinc on carrots: Growth and biomass accumulation. Journal Plant Nutrition. 31: 19-34.##Vassilev, A and Yordanov, I. (1997). Reductive analysis of factors limiting growth of cadmium–treated plants: A review. Plant Physiology. 23(3-4): 114–133.##Wang, F. Fraisse, C.W. Kitchen, N.R. Sudduth, K.A. (2002). Site-specific evaluation of the CROPGROW-soybean model on Missouri clay pan soils. Agricultural Systems 76:985–1005.##Whisler, F.D. Acock, B. Baker, D.N. Fye, R.E. Hodges, H.F. Lambert, J.R. Lemmon, H.E. McKinion, J.M. and Reddy, V.R. (1986). Crop simulation models in agronomic systems. Advances inAgronomy 40: 141–208.##Xu, Q. Min, H. Cai, S. Fu, Y. Sha, S. Xie, K and Du, K. (2012). Subcellular distribution and toxicity of cadmium in Potamogeton crispus L. Chemosphere, 89: 114–120.##Yang, C. Prasher, S.O. Sreekanth, S. Patni, N.K. and Masse, L. (1997). An artificial neural network model for simulating pesticide concentrations in soil. Transactions of the ASAE 40, 1285–1294.##

0 اثر کربنات کلسیم و pH بر سینتیک تثبیت فسفر در خاک های مختلف Effect of Calcium Carbonate and pH on the Kinetics of P Fixation in Different Soils https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_56797.html 10.22059/ijswr.2015.56797 0 در این بررسی آثار کربنات کلسیم و pH بر سینتیک تثبیت فسفر در چهار خاک غیرآهکی تیمار‌شده با سطوح متفاوت کربنات کلسیم خالص، همچنین، در شش خاک تنظیم‌شده با pH 5 تا 9 مطالعه شد. خاک‌ها قبل از آزمایش با K2HPO4 به میزان mgP/kg45 تیمار شد. سپس، در اینکوبیتور به مدت صد روز در دمای C○25 نگهداری شد. در زمان‌های مشخص از خاک‌ها نمونه‌گیری و غلظت فسفر در آن‌ها به روش Olsen اندازه‌گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که واکنش فسفر با خاک‌‌ها دو فازی و متشکل از دسته‌ای از واکنش‌های سریع و دسته‌ای از واکنش‌های کند است. سرعت کاهش فسفر قابل‌استفاده (Olsen-P) در طول روز اول خیلی سریع، سپس تا پنجاه روز به تدریج کاهش یافت. بعد از آن در بسیاری از خاک‌ها به سمت صفر میل کرد. به‌علاوه، با افزایش درصد کربنات کلسیم در خاک‌ها، میانگین بازیابی فسفر به طور معناداری (در سطح 5 درصد) افزایش یافت. اما این اثر در همة خاک‌ها یکسان نبود، به‌طوری که در یک خاک افزایش درصد کربنات کلسیم تا 35 درصد هیچ تأثیری بر بازیابی فسفر نداشت. اثر pH بر قابلیت استفادة فسفر از روند معینی پیروی نکرد. در بعضی خاک‌ها افزایش pH از 2/5 به 8/8 اثر معناداری بر قابلیت استفادة فسفر نداشت، در حالی‌که در خاک‌های دیگر میزان Olsen-P در pHهای بالا به‌طور معناداری کمتر یا به‌عکس، بیشر از pH پایین بود. این آثار متفاوت pH در خاک‌ها را می‌توان به این صورت توضیح داد که تغییر pH در خاک باعث تغییر هم‌زمان چند عامل مرتبط با قابلیت استفاده از فسفر شامل حلالیت کانی‌های فسفر، ویژگی‌های باری سطوح جامد خاک، گونه‌گونه‌شدن فسفر محلول و تغییر نسبت غلظت یا فعالیت این گونه‌های فسفر و سرعت معدنی‌شدن فسفر آلی در خاک می‌شود. اثر خالص این تغییرات با تغییر pH در خاک‌های مختلف متفاوت است. 1 Effects of calcium carbonate and pH on the kinetics of P fixation were studied on four non-calcareous soils treated with different levels of pure CaCO3, and also on six soils which were adjusted for pH within the range of 5 to 9. Soils were also treated with K2HPO4 at the rate of 45 mg P/kg before they were incubated for a period of 100 days at 25○C. Soil samples were taken at certain predetermined times and the concentration of P measured through Olsen method. It became evident that the reaction of P with soil was biphasic, composed of a set of fast reactions vs a set of slow ones. The rate of reduction in available P (Olsen-P) was very fast during the first day, and then it gradually diminished for duration of 50 days, thereafter approaching zero in most of the soil samples. In addition, an increase in the level of CaCO3 content of the soils resulted in a significant (5% level) increase in the mean P recovery from the soils, however, the effect was not observed as the same in all the soils. It occurred that in one of the soils, an increase in CaCO3 up to 35% had no effect on P recovery. The effect of pH on P availability was not the same in different soils. In some soils an increase in the pH from 5.2 to 8.8 had no significant effect on P availability, while in others; the amount of Olsen-P was either higher or lower at higher pH values. The different effects of pH on P availability was explained by the variable effects of a change in pH on such available-P related parameters as solubility of P minerals, charge characteristics of the soil surface, speciation of soluble P and change in concentration or activity of P species and as well the rate of organic P mineralization. It was finally proved that the net effect of these changes, as a result of a change in pH, could be different in various soils. 739 748 حسن توفیقی Hasan Towfighi دانشیار، دانشکدة مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران ایران htofighi@ut.ac.ir مصطفی شیرمردی Mustafa Shirmardi دانشجوی دکتری، دانشکدة مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران ایران shirmardi@ardakan.ac.ir اولسن بازیابی فسفر قابل‌استفاده کربنات کلسیم معادل Afif, E., Matar, A., and Torrent, J. (1993). Availability of phosphate applied to calcareous soils of West Asia and North Africa. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 57, 756–760.##Anderson, G. (1980). Assessing organic phosphorus in soils. In The Role of Phosphorus in Agriculture. Eds. F E Khasawneh, E C Sample and E J Kamprath, pp 411-431. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin.##Awan, A. B. (1964). Effect of lime on availability of phosphate in Zamorano soils. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 28, 672-673.##Barrow, N. J. (1984). Modelling the effects of pH on phosphate sorption by soils. Journal of Soil Science, 35, 283-297.##Barrow, N. J. and Shaw, T. C. (1975). The Slow Reactions Between Soil and Anions: 2. Effect of Time and Temperature on the Decrease in Phosphate Concentration in the Soil Solution. Soil science, 119, 167-177.##Bertrand, I., Holloway, R. E., Armstrong, R. D., and McLaughlin M. J. (2003). Chemical characteristics of phosphorus in alkaline soils from southern Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 41, 61-76.##Borrero, C., Pena F., and Torrent, J. (1988). Phosphate Sorption by Calcium Carbonate in some Soils of the Mediterranean Part of Spain. Geoderma, 42, 261-269.##Bouyoucos, G. J. (1962). Hydrometer  Method  Improved  for  Making Particle  Size  Analyses  of  Soils. Agronomy Journal, 54, 464-465.##Bubba, M. O., Arias, C. A., and Porix, H. (2003). 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Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 35, 540-542.##Griffin, R. A. and Jurinak J. J. (1973). The Interaction of Phosphate with Calcite. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 37, 847-850.##Havlin, J. L., Beaton, J. D., Tisdale, S. L., and Nelson, W.L. (1999). Soil Fertility and Fertilizers: an Introduction to Nutrient Management. 6th edition. Prentice Hall, Inc. Saddle River, New Jersey.##Haynes, R.J. (1982). Effects of liming on phosphate availability in acid soils. A critical review. Plant and Soil. 68: 289-308.##Holford I. C. R and Mattingly, G. E. G. (1975). The high- and low-energy phosphate adsorbing surfaces in calcareous soils. Journal of Soil Science, 26, 407-417.##Ibrahim, H. S. and Pratt, P. F. (1982). Effects of Rate of Application and Time on Phosphorus Sorption by Soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 46, 926-928.##Janghorbani, M., Roberts, S., and Jackson, T. L. (1975). 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0 بررسی تأثیر کمپوست زبالۀ شهری و باکتری‎های تجزیه‎کنندۀ هیدروکربن‎های نفتی بر جذب عناصر غذایی در نهال سپستان (Cordia myxa L.)در خاک آلوده به نفت خام Effects of Municipal Solid Waste Compost and Petroleum Hydrocarbon Decomposing Bacteria on Nutrient uptake by Cordia myxa L. Seedlings in Soil Contaminated with Crude Oil https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_56798.html 10.22059/ijswr.2015.56798 0 استخراج و پالایش سوخت‎های فسیلی، سبب آلودگی منابع خاک و از دسترس خارج‌شدن قسمت عظیمی از اراضی شده است. این تحقیق با هدف بررسی تأثیر سطوح مختلف مادة آلی و باکتری‎های تجزیه‎کنندة هیدروکربن‎ها بر میزان عناصر غذایی نهال سپستان صورت پذیرفت. تیمارها شامل نفت خام (0، 3 و 6 درصد وزنی)، کمپوست زبالة شهری (0، 5 و 10 درصد حجمی) و باکتری (بدون باکتری و دارای باکتری psu141 و psu27ps) بود. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین غلظت عناصر غذایی نیتروژن در شاخساره، فسفر، پتاسیم، منگنز، آهن و روی در شاخساره و ریشه به ترتیب 69/3، 22/0، 15/0، 82/1، 52/1 درصد و 91/94، 66/123، 15/110، 01/1068، 44/32 و 67/79 میلی‎گرم بر کیلوگرم، در سطح 10 درصد کمپوست و در حضور باکتری بود. بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش، حضور عوامل زیستی سبب افزایش جذب عناصر غذایی و بهبود وضعیت تغذیه‎ای گیاه سپستان در شرایط تنش آلودگی نفتی شد. 1 Extraction and refinement processes of fossil fuels have led to contamination of soil resources and consequently causing a considerable part of lands get out of profitable reach. This study aimed at an evaluation of the effect of different levels of organic matter and hydrocarbon decomposing bacteria on nutrient uptake of Cordia myxa seedlings. Treatments included crude oil (0, 3 and 6 w/w) municipal solid waste compost (0, 5 and 10% v/v) and bacteria (with bacteria of psu141 and psu27ps vs no bacterial content). The results indicated that the highest nitrogen concentration in shoot, along with phosphorus, potassium, manganese, iron and zinc concentrations in shoot and root were found in samples with compost level of 10%, with the figures of: 3.69%, 0.22%, 0.15%, 1.82%, 1.52% and 94.91, 123.66, 110.15, 1086.01, 32.44, and 79.67 mg/kg, respectively. The concentrations of these elements, in the presence of bacteria, were significantly higher than those in the control. 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0 اثر تعداد چرخه های تر و خشک شدن بر پایداری ساختمان، توزیع اندازۀ ذرات و سیستم منافذ خاک Effects of the Number of Wetting-Drying Cycles on Structure Stability, Particle Size Distribution and Pore System of Soil https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_56799.html 10.22059/ijswr.2015.56799 0 چرخه‌های تر و خشک‌شدن از فرایندهای مهم محیطی است که معمولاً از سازوکارهای تغییر سیستم منافذ خاک به‌شمار می‌روند. همچنین، رس و مادة آلی از ویژگی‌های ذاتی خاک است که در خصوصیات ساختمان خاک اهمیت دارد. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی رابطة بین تعداد چرخه‌های تر و خشک‌شدن، میزان رس و مواد آلی خاک با پایداری ساختمان، توزیع اندازة ذرات و سیستم منافذ خاک بود. برخی ویژگی‌های فیزیکی نمونه‌های خاک پس از یک، سه و پنج چرخة تر و خشک‌شدن تعیین شد. سپس، با پایداری خاکدانه‌های خاک اولیه (خاک بدون تر و خشک‌شدن) مقایسه شد. نتایج نشان داد که بهبود و توسعة خاکدانه‌سازی و پایداری ساختمان خاک برای خاک‌های رسی به‌ویژه خاک رسی که مادة آلی بیشتری داشت، بیشتر بود. یک و سه چرخة تر و خشک شدن تنها در دو نمونه خاک رسی سبب افزایش بیشتر خاکدانه‌سازی نسبت به نمونه‌های خاک دارای رس کمتر شد؛ ولی با افزایش تعداد چرخه‌های تر و خشک‌شدن (پنج چرخه)، پایداری خاکدانه‌ها کاهش یافت. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان داد که تشکیل خاکدانه‌های بزرگ غالباً به ویژگی‌های بافت خاک بستگی دارد تا به میزان مادة آلی خاک؛ و اثر مواد آلی خاک هنگامی که با میزان بالای رس خاک همراه باشد، مؤثر است. همچنین، تراکم ایجادشده در حین نمونه‌برداری طی چرخه‌های تر و خشک‌شدن تعدیل می‌شود و تناوب این چرخه‌ها سازوکار مهمی در بهبود ساختمان خاک است. 1 Soil wetting and drying cycles are important environmental processes that often act as mechanisms of soil pore system change. Also, clay and organic matter contents are two of the soil intrinsic properties involved in soil structure building properties. The aim followed in this study was to investigate the relationship of a number of wetting and drying cycles, clay content and soil organic matter with the soil structure stability, particle size distribution as well as soil pore system. Some soil physical properties were determined after one (T1), three (T3) and five (T5) wetting and drying cycles and compared with the aggregate stabilities of initial untreated soils (soil undergoing no wetting and drying cycles). The results showed that the improvement in aggregation was most pronounced in the clayey soils especially when containing a high level of organic matter. Following once and thrice wetting and drying cycles, only two clay soil samples more aggregated than soils with less clay content; but further wetting and drying cycles (5 cycles) resulted in a decrease in stability of aggregates. The findings indicated that the macro aggregation depended mostly on soil texture attributes rather than organic matter content; and the former were more effective in aggregating when combined with high amount of clay content. Also it became evident that the compaction caused by sampling could be amended through wetting and drying cycles and the alternation of these cycles is an important mechanism for soil structure improvement. 759 767 آزاده صفادوست Azadeh Safadoust استادیار گروه خاکشناسی، دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا ایران safadoust@gmail.com تراکم خاکدانه‌سازی نمونه‌برداری ویژگی‌های ذاتی Angers, D.A. and Carter, M.R. (1996) Aggregation and organic matter storage in cool, humid agricultural soils. In Carter, M. R., Stewart, B. A. (eds): Structure and Organic Matter Storage in Agricultural Soils. CRC Press, p. 193–211.##Black, G.R. and Hartge, K.H. (1986) Bulk density. In: Klute, A. (Ed.) ˝Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods˝. SSSA/ASA. 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In: Smith, K.A. and Mullins, C.E. (Eds). Soil and Environmental Analysis: Physical Methods. 2nd Edition. Marcel Dekker, Inc. pp. 405–433.##Elustondo, J., Angers, D.A., Laverdiere, M.R. and N'dayegamiye, A. (1990) Itude comparative de l’agrégation et de la matiére organique associée aux fractions granulométriques de sept soils sous culture de maïs ou en prairie. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 70, 395–402.##Franzluebberes, A.D. (2002) Water infiltration and soil structure related to organic matter and stratification with depth. Soil and Tillage Research, 66, 197–205.##Gee, G.W. and Bauder, J.W. (1986) Particle-size distribution. PP. 384-411. In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd ed., Agron. Monog. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI.##Grant, C.D., Dexter, A.R. and Oades, J.M. (1992) Residual effects of additions of calcium compounds on soil structure and strength. Soil and Tillage Research, 22: 283–297.##Horn, R., and Dexter, A.R. 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0 اثر فرسایش شخم بر میزان جابجایی و توان تولید خاک (مطالعۀ موردی: توتکابن در استان گیلان) Effect of Tillage Erosion on Soil Displacement and Productivity (Case Study: Tutkabon, Guilan) https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_56800.html 10.22059/ijswr.2015.56800 0 در تحقیق حاضر که در بخشی از اراضی دیم‌کاری در جنوب استان گیلان صورت گرفت، تأثیر فرسایش ناشی از شخم بر جابه‌جایی و توان تولید خاک بررسی شد. به این منظور هجده نقطة نمونه‌برداری در موقعیت‌های مختلف زمین بر مبنای همجواری با مرز زمینی ایجادشده در هفت قطعه زمین مجاور هم در نظر گرفته شد. ویژگی‌های حاصلخیزی خاک در عمق 0 تا 30 سانتی‌متری، همچنین اجزای عملکرد گندم در هر نقطة نمونه‌برداری تعیین شد. آنالیز داده‌ها با تجزیة خوشه‌ای به روش ward، خاک را با توجه به مقدار نیتروژن، فسفر، پتاسیم و کربن آلی و توان تولید را بر مبنای ویژگی‌های تعداد سنبله، وزن هزاردانه، تعداد دانه در سنبله و عملکرد دانه در سه گروه تقسیم‌ کرد. بین مناطق گروه‌بندی‌شده از نظر حاصلخیزی با گروه‌های عملکرد ارتباط معناداری وجود نداشت که به نظر می‌رسد به دلیل تفاوت در مدیریت زراعی زمین‌های مجاور مورد بررسی باشد. نتایج نشان داد اختلاف ارتفاع ایجادشده بین قطعات در جهت شیب بین 1 تا 2/3 متر و در جهت جانبی بین 1 تا 3/1 متر است. همچنین، حجم خاک جابه‌جاشده در این دو جهت به ترتیب بین 8 تا 36 و 5 تا 22 تن در هکتار در سال برآورد شد. 1 This research was conducted in a part of the dry farming lands of the southern Guilan Province, aimed at examining the impact of tillage erosion on the soil displacement and consequently its productivity. In order to achieve the research aims, 18 sampling points were spotted in some different locations of the landscape in seven adjacent fields, based on the adjacency to the field ridges (borders). Soil fertility characteristics at 0-30 cm depth as well as components related to wheat yield were determined at each sampling point. Cluster analysis by the Ward method grouped the soils in three as based on their fertility as well as productivity. The criteria considered in grouping soils' fertility consisted of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and organic carbon contents. The productivity of the soil was classified as based on ear number, one thousand grain weight, number of grains in ear as well as grain yield. There was no significant relationship found between the grouped points, in terms of fertility and productivity, probably due to differences in crop management in the adjacent fields. The terrace elevation formed between two fields was observed to be 1 to 3.2 meters in the slope direction, and 1 to 1.3 meters in the lateral direction. In addition, the soil volume displaced in the two directions was estimated to be 8 to 36 and 5 to 22 tons per hectare per year, respectively. 769 780 سیده نساء سیدالعلما Seyedeh Nesa Seyed Olama کارشناس‌ارشد علوم خاک، دانشکدة علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان ایران nesa.olama@yahoo.com حسین اسدی Hossein Asadi دانشیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکدة علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان ایران ho.asadi@ut.ac.ir محسن زواره Mohsen Zavareh استادیار گروه زراعت، دانشکدة علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان ایران m_zavareh@yahoo.com پشتة خاکی جابه‌جایی خاک شخم طولانی‌مدت فرسایش مکانیکی Alvarez, R. and Steinbach, H. S. (2009). A review of the effects of tillage systems on some soil physical properties, water content, nitrate availability and crops yield in the Argentine Pampas. Soil and Tillage Research, 104: 1–15.##Asadi, H.; Raeisvandi, A.; Rabiei, B. and Ghadiri, H. (2012). Effect of land use and topography on soil properties and agronomic productivity on calcareous soils of semiarid region, Iran. Land Degradation and Development, 23: 496-504. DOI: 10.1002/ldr.1081##Asghari-Meidani, E., Karimi, S. and Mousavi, B. (2010). Tillage effects on water yield and soil water content and bulk density in dryland wheat- fallow rotation, in Maragheh. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Water and Soil Science, 60(16): 119-128. (In Farsi)##Asghari-Meydani, J. (2001). Recommendation for tillage and dryland wheat harvest. Technical Publications of Assistance Popularization. (In Farsi)##Boardman, J. and Poesen, J. (2006). Soil Erosion in Europe. John Willy and Sons Ltd. Chi Chester.##Bybordi, A. and Malakouti, M. J. (2001). Effects of different levels phosphorus and zinc on cadmium content of two potato varieties in Sarab, East Azarbayjan. 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0 تأثیر اسید سیتریک بر ویژگی های جذب روی در دو خاک آهکی Effect of Citric Acid on Characteristics of Zinc Sorption in Calcareous Soils https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_56801.html 10.22059/ijswr.2015.56801 0 روی یکی از عناصر ریزمغذی ضروری برای گیاهان، حیوانات و انسان‌هاست. قابلیت دسترسی روی برای ریشة گیاه، از طریق واکنش‌های جذب کنترل می‌شود. برای بررسی تأثیر اسید سیتریک بر رفتار جذب روی، آزمایشی به صورت بچ (Batch) روی دو نوع خاک (S1 و S2) با درصدهای رس و کربنات کلسیم مختلف با سه سطح اسید سیتریک (0، 5/0، 1 میلی‌مولار) و 12 سری غلظتی روی (0 تا450 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر) در محلول زمینة 05/0 مولار NaCl انجام شد. داده‌های جذب با مدل‌های لانگمویر (95/0-76/0=R2)، فروندلیچ (95/0-83/0=R2)، تمکین (92/0-62/0=R2)، دوبینین- رادشکویچ (92/0–44/0=R2) و ایلوویچ (90/0–54/0=R2) برازش داده شد. نتایج نشان داد پارامترهای جذب شامل حداکثر جذب تک‌لایه‌ای لانگمویر (qmax)، انرژی جذب لانگمویر (KL) و فاکتورهای ظرفیت و شدت جذب فروندلیچ (Kf و n)، ضرایب تمکین (A، KT) و حداکثر ظرفیت جذب دوبینین- رادشکویچ (qm) با افزودن اسید سیتریک کاهش یافت. مقادیر پارامترهای جذب در خاک S1 (با مقادیر رس و کربنات کلسیم پایین) کمتر از خاک S2 (با مقادیر رس و کربنات کلسیم بالا) به‌دست آمد. متوسط انرژی جذب محاسبه‌شده از طریق معادلة دوبینین- رادشکویچ و پارامتر انرژی آزاد گیبس (Gr∆) نشان‌دهندة سازوکار جذب فیزیکی و خودبه‌خودی روی است. می‌توان نتیجه گرفت اسید سیتریک احتمالاً با تشکیل کمپلکس‌های محلول با روی موجب کاهش جذب توسط ذرات خاک و افزایش روی محلول خاک می‌شود. بنابراین، اصلاح گیاهان برای ترشح بیشتر اسید سیتریک در افزایش جذب روی در گیاهان مؤثر است.   1 Zinc­ (Zn) is an essential micro­nutrient needed by plants, animals and humans. Bioavailability of Zn to plant root is controlled through sorption process in soils. To evaluate the effect of citric acid on Zn sorption,­ a batch experiment was conducted with two soil samples (S1, S2), that differed in their clay and calcium carbonate contents. Three levels of citric acid (0,­ 0.5, 1 mM) and twelve various Zn concentrations (0 to 450 mg ­L-1) in a medium of  0.05 M NaCl solution were applied to the soils. Adsorption data were fitted to Langmuir (R2=0.76-0.95), Freundlich (R2=0.83-0.95), Temkin (R2=0.62-0.92), Dubinin-Radushkevich (R2=0.44-0.92) and Elovich (R2=0.54-0.90) isotherm models. Sorption parameters including maximum adsorption of Langmuir (qmax)­, Freundlich capacity and intensity factors (KF, n), coefficients of Temkin equation (A, KT) and maximum adsorption capacity Dubinin-Radushkevich (qm) decreased by application of citric acid. The above mentioned sorption parameters related to S1 (low clay and calcium carbonate) were lower than those belonging to S2 (high levels of clay and calcium carbonate). The sorption energy parameter of D-R isotherm and Gibbs free energy change (ΔGr) indicated that the Zn adsorption processes were physical and spontaneous. The results of the experiments revealed that the application of citric acid significantly decreased Zn sorption by soil particles, probably due to formation of soluble complexes, and consequently increased Zn availability to plants. 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0 ارزیابی تغییرات جذب عناصر معدنی در گیاه دارویی بالنگوی شهری (Lallemantia iberica) تحت تاثیر مقادیر مختلف مس و روی Evaluation of Trends in Mineral Nutrition Uptake in Balangu (Lallemantia iberica) under Different Copper and Zinc Application Rates https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_56802.html 10.22059/ijswr.2015.56802 0 روی و مس از عناصر غذایی ضروری کم‌مصرف گیاه و در غلظت‌های زیاد، عاملی تنش‌زا برای گیاهان و محدودکنندة رشد و جذب سایر عناصر غذایی‌ به‌شمار می‌روند. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی جذب عناصر کم‌مصرف (مس، روی، آهن و منگنز) و پرمصرف (فسفر و پتاسیم) در گیاه دارویی بالنگوی شهری در خاک دچار کمبود، کفایت و بیش‌بود عناصر مس و روی است. تیمارها شامل سه سطح مس (صفر، 5 و 25 میلی‌گرم مس در کیلوگرم از منبع سولفات مس) و سه سطح روی (صفر، 10 و 50 میلی‌گرم روی در کیلوگرم خاک از منبع سولفات روی) به همراه ترکیبی از تمام سطوح فوق (در مجموع 9 تیمار) بود. نتایج نشان داد که تمام تیمارهای اعمال‌شده موجب اثر مثبت بر جذب مس و روی ریشه شد؛ اما در اندام هوایی، مس و روی در غلظت‌های پایین (به ترتیب 5 و 10 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم خاک) و بالا (به ترتیب 25 و 50 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم خاک) به ترتیب اثر مثبت و منفی بر جذب همدیگر داشتند. اثر منفی سطوح بالای روی بر جذب مس اندام هوایی بیش از سطوح بالای مس بر جذب روی اندام‌ هوایی بود. میزان جذب پتاسیم ریشه و اندام‌ هوایی نیز به غیر از سطوح بالای مس و تیمارهای ترکیبی روی با سطوح بالای مس افزایش داشت. این نتایج هشداری سودمند در استفادة کنترل‌شده از مس و روی در کشت‌وکار گیاه دارویی بالنگوی شهری است. 1 Zink and copper are among the essential micronutrients needed by plants. They, on the other hand (when at extra high concentrations) can act as stress factors, limiting a plant's uptake of other nutrients, and conseqently stunting the plant's grwth. The aim followed in the present study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of Cu and Zn on micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) and on macronutrients' (P and K) uptake in Dragon’s Head plant with the soil in a state of Zn and Cu deficiency,suficcientcy or toxicity level. The treatments consisted of three levels of Cu (0, 5 and 25 mg/Kg obtained from CuSO4 source) and three levels of Zn (0, 10 and 50 mg/Kg obtained from a ZnSO4 source) plus across combination of the two. The study was carried out to the effect of different concentrations of Cu (zero, 5 and 25 mg per kg of soil) and Zn (zero, 10 and 50 mg per kg of soil) on the uptake of Cu, Zn, Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Potassium (K) and Phosphorus (P) within the roots and shoots of Balangu (Lallemantia iberica F. & CM). The results indicated that all the treatments positivly affected the uptake of ether Cu or Zn in roots, but in shoots, and when Cu and Zn at their low concentrations (5 and 10 mg per kg of soil, respectively) vs high concentrations (25 and 50 mg kg soil), had respectively positive vs negative effects on the uptake of these element.  The negative effect of high levels of Zn on Cu absorption was more pronounced than the similar levels of Cu on zinc absorption within plant's shoots. Porassium uptake by root and shoots increased in all the treatments except in those of high levels of Cu and Zn combined with the treatment of high levels of copper. These nutritional findings could be used as  useful alerts in controlled use of Cu and Zn in Balangu cultivation. 791 799 حمایت عسگری لجایر Hemayat Asgari Lajaier کارشناس‌ارشد گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک دانشگاه تهران و دانشجوی دکتری گروه مهندسی علوم خاک دانشگاه تبریز ایران asgarihemayat@gmail.com غلامرضا ثواقبی فیروزآبادی Gholamreza Savaghebi Firoozabadi استاد فقید، و دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج ایران savagheb@ut.ac.ir بابک متشرع زاده Babak Motesharezadeh استاد فقید، و دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج ایران moteshare@ut.ac.ir جواد هادیان Javad Hadian پژوهشکده گیاهان دارویی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی ایران javadhadian@gmail.com بالنگوی شهری تنش جذب گیاه دارویی Alaoui-Sossé, B., Genet, P., Vinit-Dunand, F., Toussaint, M . L., Epron, D., Badot, P. M. (2004) Effect of copper on growth in cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) and its relationships with carbohydrate accumulation and changes in ion contents. 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0 برخی آثار کمپوست قارچ مصرفی و بیوچار باگاس بر فعالیت فسفاتاز قلیایی و فراهمی فسفر در چند خاک آهکی Some effects of spent mushroom compost and bagasse biochar on alkaline phosphatase activity and phosphorus availability in some calcareous soils https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_56804.html 10.22059/ijswr.2015.56804 0 کمبود فسفر یکی از مشکلات اصلی کشاورزی در خاک‌های آهکی است. به منظور بررسی اثر کمپوست قارچ مصرفی (SMC) و بیوچار باگاس نیشکر (B) بر فعالیت آنزیم فسفاتاز قلیایی و فراهمی فسفر در سه خاک لوم، لوم‌ رسی و لوم شنی مطالعة انکوبه‌کردن انجام‌ گرفت. تیمارها شامل سطوح بیوچار B1 و B2 (15و30 تن در هکتار)، سطوح کمپوست SMC1، SMC2 (20و40 تن در هکتار) و شاهد (C) بود. بعد از اعمال تیمارها در زمان‌های 14 (T1)، 60 (T2) و 120 (T3) روز فسفر قابل‌جذب و pH و در زمان T3 فعالیت فسفاتاز قلیایی اندازه‌گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد SMC در هرسه خاک سبب افزایش فعالیت فسفاتاز در خاک می‌شود، ولی بیوچار در خاک لوم شنی بی‌تأثیر بود. میانگین فعالیت فسفاتاز تیمار شاهد در سه بافت لوم شنی، لوم و لوم رسی به ترتیب 2090، 2931 و 2888 µg PNP.g-1Soil. h-1بود که برای تیمار SMC2 به ترتیب به 3034، 3709 و 3533 µg PNP.g-1Soil. h-1افزایش پیدا کرد. همچنین، هر دو سطح SMC سبب افزایش فراهمی فسفر شد، در حالی که مصرف بیوچار اثر کمتری داشت. SMC2 بهترین اثر را در افزایش فراهمی فسفر داشت، به طوری که میانگین فسفر قابل‌جذب در سه بافت لوم شنی، لوم و لوم رسی به ترتیب از 4/19، 8/8 و 9/3 mg.Kg-1در تیمار شاهد به 37، 28 و 22 mg.Kg-1در تیمار SMC2 افزایش یافت. کمپوست قارچ pH خاک‌ها را کاهش و بیوچار را افزایش داد. نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد SMC در خاک‌های آهکی مورد آزمایش، سبب افزایش فراهمی فسفر و بهبود سایر خصوصیات از جمله pH شده است. 1 Phosphorus deficiency is a common disorder for agriculture in calcareous soils. To study the effects of spent mushroom compost (SMC) and sugar cane bagasse biochar (B) on alkaline phosphatase activity and phosphorus availability in three soil types (that is) loam, clay loam, and sandy loam, an incubation experiment was conducted. The treatments included levels of biochar B1 and B2 (15 and 30 ton.ha-1), levels of spent mushroom compost SMC1 and SMC2 (20 and 40 ton.ha-1) and the control (C). After applying treatments in 14, 60, and 120 days, T1, T2, and T3 respectively, available phosphorus and pH were measured and alkaline phosphatase activity at T3 period was also measured. The results indicated that in all soil samples SMC increased phosphatase activity, But biochar was ineffective in sandy loam soil. Average phosphatase activity in control treatment was 2090, 2931 and 2888 µg PNP.g-1Soil. h-1 at sandy loam, loam and clay loam, respectively and was increased to 3034, 3709 and 3533 µg PNP.g-1Soil. h-1 in SMC2 treatment, respectively. Both levels of SMC also caused increase in phosphorus availability, while biochar was less effective on that. SMC2 treatment showed the best effectiveness on increasing phosphorus availability. So that available phosphorus average was increased from19.4, 8.8 and 3.9 mg. Kg-1 in control treatments to 37, 28 and 22 mg.Kg-1 in SMC2 treatment for sandy loam, loam and clay loam soils respectively. Application of SMC reduced soils pH while biochar increased that. Results indicated that SMC has a positive effect on phosphorus availability and improves other properties including pH in calcareous soils. 801 812 ارژنگ فتحی گردلیدانی Arzhang Fathi Gerdelidani دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکدة مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران arzhangfathi@ut.ac.ir حسین میر سید حسینی Hossein Mirseyed Hosseini دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکدة مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران mirseyed@ut.ac.ir محسن فرحبخش Mohsen Farahbakhsh استادیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکدة مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران mfbakhsh@ut.ac.ir بیوچار فراهمی فسفر فسفاتاز قلیایی کمپوست قارچ Akça, M. O., and Namli, A. (2015). Effects of poultry litter biochar on soil enzyme activities and tomato, pepper and lettuce plants growth. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 4(3), 203-210.##   Barahimi, N., Afyuni, M., Karami, M., and Rezaee Nejad, Y. (2009). 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