Seyed Mohammadali Zomorodian Associate Professor, University of Shiraz, Iran author Mojtaba Aghli MSc. Student, University of Shiraz, Iran author text article 2014 per A large number of authors have studied to find out how to control scouring around a pier along direct stream. The objective of this research is then to study a scour pattern around such piers on curves rivers due to the fact that there may be a difference between a flow pattern on a direct line and the meander. Thus, this study tries to check whether the use of cable and collar alone and in a combination of cable and collar affects scouring around bridge pier group constructed on rivers meander. In this study two thickness of cable 0.2D and 0.4D and three steps 0.2D, 0.5D and D are used. The results showed that more scouring depth is decrease as a cable diameter increases and the pitch of helix decrease. About pier groups that are in the direction of water flow, scour depth for first pier is more than single pier, that represents increase of reinforcing phenomenon, also scouring depth for middle and back piers due to sheltering phenomenon, is less than single pier. About piers perpendicular to the flow direction, the maximum scour depth is observed in middle pier, also at this case scour depth is reduced by increasing distance between piers. Using collar is more effective than cable for small distances between piers.  Also it is found that using a combination of cable and collar results the most reduction in scoring depth. University of Tehran 2008-479X 45 v. 1 no. 2014 1 10 https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_51166_669c0b364a342c54372b77d4b8a41f2e.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2014.51166 Mahsa Jamshidi MS Student, IKIU, Qazvin, Iran author Peyman Arasteh Assistant Professor, IKIU, Qazvin, Iran author Abas Sotoodehnia Assistant Professor, IKIU, Qazvin, Iran author text article 2014 per Application of outflow water from treatment plants for irrigation as a non-usual water resource is being developed due to the lack of usual water resources in Iran. Activated carbon as a conditioner in water treatment procedures causes undesired changes in hydraulic properties of porous media and soil degradation. In this paper, the effects of activated carbon concentration on hydrodynamic properties of a sand soil were studied through a physical modeling activity. Variation of saturated hydraulic conductivity, bulk density and porosity of the sand was measured for two categorical tests. First, for the flowing of fresh water through a soil-carbon mixture with 1 to 7 mass percent and the other for the mixture of water-carbon with 0.5 to 2 mass percent through the sand. The results showed that the saturated hydraulic conductivity of sand decrease 80 percent due to mixture of 7 percent sand-carbon and reduced from 0.06 cm/s to 0.014 cm/s, porosity was reduced from 0.44 to 0.426 and bulk density was increased from 1.5 to 1.507 g/cm3. Also, reduction of 91.5% and 6% for saturated hydraulic conductivity and porosity, respectively and an increase of 0.71% in bulk density were observed due to flowing water-carbon through the sand column with concentration of 2%. University of Tehran 2008-479X 45 v. 1 no. 2014 11 17 https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_51167_52994218eb4927814d6bd820405998ff.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2014.51167 Bahram Choubin PhD Candidate, Sari University of Agriculture Science & Natural Resources, Sari, Iran author Arash Malekian Assistant Professor, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran author Farzaneh Sajedi Hosseini MSc. Student, Sari University of Agriculture Science & Natural Resources, Sari, Iran author Omid Rahmati PhD Student, University of Lorestan, Lorestan, Iran author text article 2014 per Modeling in arid regions to better manage water resources is very important. Groundwater is an important water resource in arid regions. The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of adaptive neuro fuzzy inference (ANFIS) and time series models to predict the water table. In this study, groundwater levels of Shiraz plain for one month ahead were forecasted by using time series models and ANFIS model. In the ANFIS model has been used Gamma and M-test for determine of the optimal input combination and training and testing data length. Performance of different models was compared with the parameters of the error and Taylor diagrams. ANFIS model results showed that this model with membership function of Π-shaped has better performance than the rest of membership functions. Performance comparison of the models indicated very suitable performance of the ARIMA (2, 1, 2) model than ANFIS models with different membership functions. University of Tehran 2008-479X 45 v. 1 no. 2014 19 28 https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_36606_e366e0e3e5cdc381b26925650443efaf.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2014.36606 Elham Darvishi PhD. Candidate, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran author Sallah Koochakzadeh Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran author John Fenton Professor, Vienna University of Technology, Austria author Abdolhosein Hoorfar Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran author text article 2014 per The assumptions considered in developing the Saint-Venant equations limit their application in many practical situations. The modified Boussinesq equation was presented to overcome the limitation imposed by Saint-Venant equation due to the presence of non-hydrostatic pressure distribution and steep slope. In this paper a computational model was developed for solving the modified and the traditional Boussinesq equations for unsteady flow condition. Verification of the numerical results was accomplished by compiled discharge experimental data in the range 7 and 30 l/s. The relative errors associated with the results of both equations were calculated. The average relative errors were 4 and 18 percent respectively for the modified Boussineq and the traditional one in predicting discharge. This highlighted the importance of the slope impact on the accuracy of the results. Also, the modified equation is able to produce the stage-dischrge relationship for trapezoidal weir with high accuracy. University of Tehran 2008-479X 45 v. 1 no. 2014 29 35 https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_51168_0a8ce46477975cfc1d908497a1cc3887.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2014.51168 System Mahboubeh Sadat Mollaee Previous MSc. Student, Water Engineering Department, Imam Khomeini International University, Iran author Ali Mahdavi Mazdeh Assistant Professor, Water Engineering Department, Imam Khomeini International University, Iran author Alireza Vatankhah Assistant Professor, Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering Department, University of Tehran, Iran author text article 2014 per In this study, Hydraulic properties of low pressure drip irrigation systems were studied under laboratory conditions and using of the pipes that exist in Iran. Therefore, effect of various heads from 0.45 to 1.8m was evaluated for lateral pipe with outside diameter 32mm and length of 16, 30, 60 and also the lateral pipe with length 16 and outside diameter of 16, 20, 25 and 32mm, on hydraulic characteristics consist of average emitter discharge, variation coefficient, uniformity and loss. Emitters used in this study were micro-tube with length of 0.7m and outside diameter of 3mm that inserted to the lateral at 1m intervals. Results showed low pressure trickle irrigation system supplied necessary discharge in all of the lateral length and diameters to the end of it. Moreover, examine effect of lateral length and diameter on emitter coefficient uniformity indicated that desirable uniformity obtain in the lateral with length of 89m and outside diameter of 16mm and also the least head. University of Tehran 2008-479X 45 v. 1 no. 2014 37 45 https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_51169_77669d8e2740ffcbbc51750163b81928.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2014.51169 Ahmad Doosti MSc. student, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Imam Khomeini International University, Iran author Abbas Sotoodehnia Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Imam Khomeini International University, Iran author Abdolhamid Liaghat Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Iran author Peyman Daneshkar Arasteh Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Imam Khomeini International University, Iran author text article 2014 per Dry drainage could be considered as a natural system which evaporates water from fallow areas to control water table depth and soil salinity in neighboring cropped area. The technique requires the retirement of part of the irrigated land. One of the most notable design criteria for this system is to estimate the ratio of cropped to fallow Strip width. A Plexiglas physical model with the dimensions of 60 cm length, 20 cm width and 50 cm height designed and built. The model was divided into two equal parts in which the first half was regularly irrigated while the other left fallow during the test. A précised scale was used to measure the evaporation. The minimum evaporation rate was 2.7 mm per day when the soil was mainly covered with salt crusts. As this measured value is close to the common drainage coefficient in most parts, hence with a low risk, the ratio of 50% fallow area to 50% cropping was recommended. It seems however, that with a good management and salt scraping one can expect a higher ratio of cropped to non-cropped ratio. University of Tehran 2008-479X 45 v. 1 no. 2014 47 54 https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_51170_ab06d7e011152a01d67f422cbe47328f.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2014.51170 Mohammadjavad Rousta Assistant Professor, National Salinity Research Center, Yazd, Iran author Rouhollah Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi Assistant Professor, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Ardakan, Iran author Fereydoun Sarmadian Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran author Mohammadhasan Rahimian Instructor, National Salinity Research Center, Yazd, Iran author text article 2014 per Up to now, different methods have been applied to calibrate electromagnetic induction data. Therefore, at present research, we applied multi-linear regression (MLR) and artificial intelligence techniques (i.e. ANFIS, GA, ANNs) to calibrate the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa)- measured using an electromagnetic induction instrument and electrical conductivity (ECe)- measured in saturation paste. 600 soil samples collected from Ardakan in central Iran and divided into two subsets for calibration (80%) and testing (20%) of the models. To evaluate models, some evaluation parameters such as root mean square, average error and coefficient of determination were used. Results showed that the ANFIS model gives better estimation than the other techniques whereas this model increased accuracy of predictions about 9, 9, 5 and 2% for EC15, EC30, EC60, and EC100, respectability. Higher performance of ANFIS to predict soil salinity might be because of uncertainty. After ANFIS model, GA and ANN had better accuracy than multivariate regression. As a whole, results indicated that artificial intelligence methods had higher performance than regression technique to calibrate electromagnetic induction data. University of Tehran 2008-479X 45 v. 1 no. 2014 55 65 https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_51171_60e8ec5627f42dc217be9c25c9dcd0ba.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2014.51171 Mina Imani MSc Graduated, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran author Hosseinali Bahrami Associate Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran author Reza Sokouti Scientific Member, Research Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources, West Azerbaijan, Iran author Fazeze ghorbannezhad MSc Graduated, GIS, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran author text article 2014 per Salinization and alkalization are the most problem in the arid and semi-arid regions, where precipitation is low than evapotranspiration. Under such a climatic condition, soluble salts are accumulated in the soil, which cause lessening of the soil productivity and fertility. So, the identification of the salt affected areas is essential for sustainable soil management. The specific objective of this research is mapping of saline soils by the Hyperion EO-1 satellite images in the Uremia Plain. In this study, spectra responses of the 40 saline soil samples were conducted by the Spectroradiometer Fieldspace 3 and Hyperion image in order to mapping of the soil salinity was acquired from the United State geological survey (USGS) archives. Results indicated a significant correlation (R2= 0.89) between Soil saline Content (SSC) and reflectance percent at the 42 and 219 bands. A soil salinity spectral index (SSI) was constructed from Continuum Removed Reflectance (CR-Reflectance) at 0.762 and 2.345 micrometers. Then, a model for estimation of SSC with SSI was constructed using univariate regression. Model validation yielded a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 1.23 ms/cm and an R2= 0.8. The model was calibrated with a Hyperion reflectance image, on a pixel-by-pixel basis, and reasonable agreements with overall accuracy of 75% and Kappa Coefficient of 0.65. The findings of this project suggest that the satellite hyperspectral data have potential for predicting SSC in this study area. University of Tehran 2008-479X 45 v. 1 no. 2014 67 74 https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_51172_481468e08dc12133a472b683df304dca.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2014.51172 Rahim Motalebifard PhD Candidate, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran author Nosratollah Najafi Associate Professor, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran author Shahin Oustan Associate Professor, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran author Mohammadreza Nyshabouri Professor, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran author Mostafa Valizadeh Professor, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran author text article 2014 per This study was conducted for evaluating the combined effect of soil moisture, phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) levels on the growth attributes of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Agria). This investigation was arranged as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with Zn at three levels (0, 10 and 20mg Zn per kg dry soil as zinc sulfate), P at three levels (0, 30 and 60mg per kg dry soil as monocalcium phosphate) and soil moisture at three levels (50-60% FC, 70-80% FC and 90-100% FC) using three replications. The growth attributes of potato such as stem and leave numbers and lengths, chlorophyll index, stomatal conductivity, relative water content (RWC) and dry weight were measured. The results showed that the drought stress resulted in a significant decrease in stem and leaf length, stomatal conductivity, stem dry weight and RWC. Application of P increased significantly the leaf number, stem and leaf length, stomatal conductivity and stem dry weight. Application of Zn also, affected significantly the stem and leaf length, chlorophyll index, stomatal conductivity and stem dry weight. The P×soil moisture and Zn×soil moisture interaction effects were significant for stomatal conductivity and stem growth rate. The P×Zn×soil moisture interaction effect was significant for chlorophyll index, stomatal conductivity and stem dry weight. The results showed that the two way interactions of Zn, P and soil moisture were mainly synergistic on above mentioned attributes. In general, to achieve the optimum growth of potato in similar soils, application of 20 mg Zn and 30 mg P per kg dry soil would be recommended under normal irrigation conditions while at water deficit conditions application of 20 mg Zn and 60 mg P per kg dry soil could be recommended. University of Tehran 2008-479X 45 v. 1 no. 2014 75 86 https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_51173_0b4d7d6f2afe5c345dae19c61e60ac2f.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2014.51173 Ali Reza Vaezi Associate Professor, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agiculture, University of Zanjan, Iran author Saeedeh Akbari MSc. Student, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agiculture, University of Zanjan, Iran author Mohammadhosein Mohammadi Associate Professor, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agiculture, University of Zanjan, Iran author text article 2014 per Rainfall erosion processes a long with the rainfall characteristics can be affected by soil properties. The study was conducted to investigate the susceptibility of the aggregates in different soil textures to the rainfall erosion processes. The experiment was done on thirty soil samples recognized in four soil textures with different replications as the completely randomized design. Ninety boxes were filled with aggregates (6-8 mm) and were exposed to the simulated rainfall for 30 minutes. Results indicated that there were significant differences among different soil textures in the aggregate breakdown (P< 0.001), soil compaction (P< 0.001), and soil particles splash (P< 0.01). The highest aggregate breakdown was observed in sandy loam soils, whereas the highest soil compaction and soil particles splash occurred in clay loam soils. The aggregate breakdown was significantly affected by silt particles (r= -0.63, P<0.01) and clay particles (r= -0.70, P<0.01). Nevertheless, the soil compaction and particles splash were significantly increased by silt and clay particles. Sand contrary to other soil particles (silt and clay) had different effect on the rainfall erosion processes. University of Tehran 2008-479X 45 v. 1 no. 2014 87 94 https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_51174_19385fdc6132c45f204a834936f71fd3.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2014.51174 Mostafa Abdolahpour Former MSc. student, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran author Rasoul Rahnemaie Assistant Professor, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran author Malihe Talebi-Atouei Former MSc. student, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran author Fateme Aghamir Former MSc. student, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran author text article 2014 per Soil colloid particles influence soil chemical and physical properties by their surface electrical charge. With respect to the importance of this issue from both agricultural and environmental points of view, charging behavior of a kaolinite sample was studied in the pH range of 4 to 10 and at three background electrolyte concentrations, including 0.005, 0.05, 0.5 M NaCl, by potentiometric titration. Using a combination of mass and electrolyte titrations, kaolinite point of zero charge (PZC) was determined to be at pH=7.6. Increase in pH from the initial value of 4 caused at first a gradual decrease in positive surface charge and then a gradual increase in negative surface charge, indicating a net positive surface charge at pH<PZC and a net negative surface charge at pH>PZC. Increase in ionic strength reduced positive surface charge at pH<PZC and enhanced negative surface charge at pH>PZC. The adverse effect of ionic strength on the surface charge at pH<PZC was ascribed to the competition between proton and sodium ions for adsorption on the kaolinite planer surfaces, where some permanent negative charge exist. University of Tehran 2008-479X 45 v. 1 no. 2014 95 101 https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_51175_5fccb03e86e1c10b9cabb64509c5b62c.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2014.51175 Parisa-Sadat Ashofteh PhD Candidate, Department of Irrigation & Reclamation, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran author Omid Bozorg Haddad Associate Professor, Department of Irrigation & Reclamation, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran author text article 2014 per In this study, long-term trends and abrupt changes of hydro-climatic variables was investigated in the observed period 1971-2000 for Aidoghmoush basin using Mann-Kendall nonparametric test and cumulative curve of climatic variables-runoff, respectively. Results show decrease trends for rainfall and runoff and increase trend for temperature by the Mann-Kendall test with a confidence level of 99%. Change of cumulative curve gradient of climatic variability-runoff indicates that the relationship between climatic variables-runoff could be affected by the human activities. With identification of curve gradient change point, observed period was divided to two sub-periods: base line period and period associated with human activities. To determine the effects of human activities on runoff, hydrological model was calibrated and verified in baseline period and by introducing hydro-climatic in period associated with human activities to model, runoff was produced. The results show that contribution of climatic variability and human activities in runoff decrease is 79 and 21%, respectively. University of Tehran 2008-479X 45 v. 1 no. 2014 103 112 https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_51176_610d96aaad73d0d132082c6867eda856.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2014.51176 text article 2014 per University of Tehran 2008-479X 45 v. 1 no. 2014 1 12 https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_52124_74af89e447ab5f4ae7008f110f16831c.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2014.52124